Exercise 9.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.
1. Coccidiosis in cattle is ….
2. Coccidiosisis transmittedfrom ….
3.Coccidiaoocysts are shed ….
4.Infected fecal material can contaminate ….
5.Calves may become infected by ….
6. Parasites invade the cells of ….
7. Disease occurs when large numbers of ….
8.Coccidiosis usually occurs in calves between ….
9.Sick animals usually have ….
10.Coccidiosis is diagnosed by ….
Exercise 10. a) Make up collocations using words from both columns.
| high | losses |
| economic | appetite |
| poor | rate |
| decreased | nutrition |
| mortality | measures |
| prevention | morbidity |
b) Fill in the gaps with the collocations from above.
1. The disease is characterized by …, with moderate deaths and impaired performance of calves that recover.
2. … result from poor growth rates, occasional deaths and treatment costs.
3. Disease occurs when large numbers of the infective form of the protozoa (oocysts) are ingested or, when the animal’ resistance is lowered by stress, … or other disease.
4. Sick animals usually have …and mild depression.
5. Nervous signs and a high … (80%–90%) are seen in some calves with acute clinical coccidiosis.
6. The purpose of … is not only to prevent disease in animals, but also to decrease the concentration of parasites on the premises.
Exercise 11. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.
1. Coccidiosis in cattle is an acute destruction of (слизистаякишечника) by (простейшиевидов) Eimeria. 2. The disease is characterized by (высокаязаболеваемость), with moderate deaths and impaired performance of calves that (выздоравливать). 3. (Экономическиепотери) resultfrom (плохиетемпыроста), occasionaldeathsand (затратыналечение). 4. Coccidiaoocysts (выделяться) in the feces of both (пораженныеживотные) showing symptoms and (животныеносители) not showing symptoms. 5. Infected fecal material can (заражать) feed, water or soil; therefore, cattle can (подхватитьзаболевание) by eating and drinking from (зараженныеисточники), or by licking itself or other animals. 6.Older cattle are less (восприимчивый) to disease than younger cattle unless they are experiencing extreme stress or have (ослабленнаяимуннаясистема). 7.(Нервныесимптомы) and (высокаясмертность) (80%–90%) are seen in some calves with (острыйклинический) coccidiosis.
Exercise 12. Give the Russian equivalents for the following symptoms.
Decreased appetite; labored breathing; diarrhea; muscular tremor; severe depression; dehydration; pale mucous membranes; emaciation; cough; mucopurulent discharges; fever; weight loss.
Exercise 13. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Кокцидиоз крупного рогатого скота встречается повсеместно, чаще всего у молодых животных, размещенных в небольших помещениях. 2. Заболевание характеризуется высоким уровнем заболеваемости, умеренной смертностью и плохой производительностью телят, которые выздоровели. 3. Ооцисты кокцидий выделяются с фекалиями пораженных заболеванием животных, а также животных-носителей заболевания. 4. Инфицированные каловые массы могут заразить источники еды и питья других животных. 5. Крупный рогатый скот может заразиться кокцидиозом от зараженных кокцидиями источников еды и питья, а также облизывая других животных. 6. Кокцидиоз обычно встречается у телят 3-8 месяцев от роду, но иногда встречается и у телят менее 4 недель от роду. 7. Болеезрелыйскотменеевосприимчивккокцидиозу.
Exercise 14. The answers to the following questions are the summary of text. Answer these questions and give the summary of the text.
1. What is coccidiosis?
2. Why is it one of the most economically important diseases?
3. What do you know about its transmission?
4. What damage do parasites cause to the host animal?
5. Cattle of what age group is most susceptible to coccidiosis?
6. What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?
7. What does severity of coccidiosis depend on?
8. How is coccidiosis diagnosed?
9. What does effective control of coccidiosis include?
10. What do we call preventive drugs used for coccidiosis treatment?
TEXT C
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN CATS
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C
| blindness n | [ˈblaɪndnɪs ] | слепота |
| bradyzoiten | [brædiˈzəʊaɪt] | видтрофозоида |
| cyst n | [ˈsist] | циста |
| definitiveadj | [diˈfinətiv] | окончательный (хозяин) |
| excrete v | [ɪkˈskriːt ] | выделять (из организма) |
| host n | [həʊst ] | хозяин |
| intermediateadj | [ˌɪn.təˈmiː.di.ət ] | промежуточный |
| jaundice n | [ˈdʒɔːn.dɪs ] | желтуха |
| neurologic adj | [ˌnjʊə.rəˈlɒdʒ.ɪk ] | неврологический |
| oocyst n | [ˈəʊəˌsist] | ооциста |
| penetrate v | [ˈpen.ɪ.treɪt] | проникать |
| pray v | [preɪ] | охотиться |
| raw adj | [rɔː] | сырой |
| scrap n | [skræp] | кусочек |
| sheddingv | [ʃedɪŋ] | выделение (вируса и т.д.) |
| sporulation n | [sporjʊˈleɪʃən] | споруляция |
| tachizoiten | [ˈtɑːkɪˈzəʊaɪt] | вид трофозоида |
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a single-cell protozoan parasite calledToxoplasma gondii.It is one of the most common parasitic diseases and is found in nearly all warm-blooded animals (pets, livestock and birds). People can be infected withToxoplasmagondii,too.
The life cycle ofToxoplasma gondiiis complex and involves two types of host – definitive and intermediate.Of all animals susceptible to toxoplasmosis, only cats (both wild and domestic) are the definitivehost forToxoplasmagondii. This means that they are the only animals that pass oocysts, the environmentally resistant stage of the parasite, in their stool to infect other animal species.Other animals, including humans, are intermediatehosts ofToxoplasmagondii. They can be infected, but they do not produce oocysts.Cats are most commonly infected withToxoplasmagondiiwhen they prey on infected mice, birds and other small animals. For indoor-only cats, the most likely source of infection is uncooked meat scraps or raw meat. When a cat ingests an infected prey (or other infected raw meat), the parasite is released into the cat’s digestive tract. The organisms then multiply in the wall of the small intestine and produce oocysts during the intra-intestinal infection cycle. These oocysts are then excreted in great numbers in the cat’s feces. Cats previously unexposed to Toxoplasmagondiiwill usually begin shedding oocysts between 3 and 10 days after ingestion of infected tissue, and continue shedding for around 10 to 14 days, during which time many millions of oocysts may be produced. Oocysts are very resistant and may survive in the environment for over a year.After the initial shedding period (about 2 weeks), most cats will not continue to pass oocysts in their feces. Cats that are shedding oocysts do not usually appear ill, and the oocysts are not visible to the naked eye.
During the intra-intestinal infection cycle in the cat, someToxoplasmagondiiorganisms released from the ingested cysts penetrate more deeply into the wall of the intestine and multiply as tachyzoite forms. These forms then spread out from the intestine to other parts of the cat’s body, starting the extra-intestinal infection cycle. Eventually, the cat’s immune system restrains this stage of the organism, which then enters a dormant or “resting” stage by forming cysts in muscles and brain. These cysts contain bradyzoites, or slowly multiplying organisms.
Oocysts passed in a cat’s feces are not immediately infectious to other animals. They must first go through a process called sporulation, which takes 1 to 5 days depending on environmental conditions. Once sporulated, oocysts are infectious to cats, people, and other intermediate hosts. Intermediate hosts become infected through ingestion of sporulated oocysts, and this infection results in formation of tissue cysts in various tissues of the body. Tissue cysts remain in the intermediate host for life and are infectious to cats, people and other intermediate hosts if the cyst-containing tissue is eaten.
Most infected adult cats appear healthy. They become immune to the disease through exposure to the parasite. However,immunocompromised kittens and cats appear to have increased risk of illness. They may develop pneumonia, liver damage, and other health problems if infected. Signs of illness in cats include lethargy, loss of appetite, coughing, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, jaundice,blindness, eye problems, and other neurologic problems.
There is currently no vaccine available forToxoplasmagondii, but treatment can be effective if the disease is diagnosed early. A blood test forToxoplasmagondiiantibodies can help in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in sick cats. Most cats that have toxoplasmosis can recover with treatment. Treatment usually involves a course of antibiotic. Treatment must be started as soon as possible after the diagnosis is made, and continued for several days after disappearance of clinical signs.
EXERCISES TO THE TEXT
Exercise 15.Look through the text and find information about:
- causative agent of toxoplasmosis;
- species susceptible to toxoplasmosis;
- the definitive host of Toxoplasmagondii;
- the main source of toxoplasmosis infection for cats;
- intra-intestinal infection cycle of Toxoplasmagondiiin cats;
- sporulation of Toxoplasmagondiioocysts;
- clinical signs of toxoplasmosis in cats;
- diagnostics and treatment of taxoplasmosis in cats.