Exercise 19. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.

1. Sporotrichosis infects through (ссадинынакоже). 2. The first symptoms may appear 1 to 12 weeks after (первичныйконтакт) to the fungus. 3. (Серьезные осложнения) candevelopin (пациенты с ослабленной иммунной системой). 4. Animalswithchronicdiseasemaybe (лихорадочный, подавленный, страдающий отсутствием аппетита). 5. Diagnosisismadeby (микроскопическое исследование) or (образцы биопсии). 6. Thereisno (реальный способ) to (предотвратить заражение). 7. (Зараженныеживотные) shouldbeisolatedtoprevent (распространениеорганизма).

Exercise 20. Read and translate the following extracts. Explain what these methods are used for.

Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingprotocol is used frequently in histology to examine thin sections of tissue. Haematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red. Eosin is strongly absorbed by red blood cells, colouring them bright red.

Wright's stainis named after James Homer Wright, who devised it in 1902. It is a histologic stain that facilitates the differentiation of blood cell types. It is classically a mixture of eosin (red) and methylene blue dyes. It is used primarily to stain peripheral blood smears, urine samples, and bone marrowaspirates,which are examined under a light microscope. In cytogenetics, it is used to stain chromosomes to facilitate diagnosis of syndromes and diseases.

Exercise 21. Find more information on histopathology visiting the link:http://www.life-worldwide.org/fungal-diseases/histopathology.

Prepare a small report on different methods of diagnosis of fungal infections.

TEXT D

HISTOPLASMOSIS

VOCABULARYLISTTOTEXTD

coopn	[ku:p]	курятник
excavation n	[ˌekskǝˈveɪʃǝn]	раскопки, земляные работы
guarded adj	[ˈga:dɪd]	осторожный
labored adj	[ˈleɪbǝd]	затрудненный
manure n	[mǝˈnjuǝ]	навоз
roost n	[ru:st]	насест
tarry adj	[ˈta:rɪ]	дегтеобразный

Histoplasmosis is a chronic, non-contagious disease of animals and people caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The organism is commonly found in soil that contains bird and bat manure. It produces mycelial growth in the soil and in culture at room temperature and grows in a yeast form in tissues and in cultures at 37°C.

Humans and animals most commonly get this infection by inhaling fungal spores, which then reach the lower airways where they multiply and set up a localized infection. The organism may also enter the body through the mouth, and from there set up an infection in the intestines. The fungal infection may remain localized in the lungs or the intestines, or it may spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, causing a generalized or systemic infection. With a generalized infection, the fungus may become established in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, skin, or eyes.

The symptoms and clinical signs of histoplasmosis are variable and are often non-specific. Non-specific signs typically include mild fever, depression, weight loss, loss of appetite. If the lungs are the primary site of infection, the animal may have labored breathing or a chronic cough. If the intestinal tract is involved, symptoms may include persistent diarrhea, tarry or bloody stools. If the disease has become more generalized veterinarian may detect enlargements in the liver, spleen and/or lymph nodes, evidence of ulceration in the throat or intestinal tract, draining skin lesions, infection in the eyes, or joint involvement.

In order to find the correct course of treatment, the symptoms of histoplasmosis must be differentiated from the symptoms of other diseased conditions. A chemical blood profile, complete blood count, and urinalysisshould be conducted. While blood tests may confirm the presence of histoplasmosa antibodies, this only means that the animal has been exposed to the fungus, and not necessarily is in a diseased state as the result of exposure. Further differential testing will confirm or rule out the actual state of histoplasmosis. Definitive diagnosis is based on cytologic or histologic identification of the fungus.

The prognosis depends on the extent of disease and can range from guarded to excellent. Vaccination against histoplasmosis is not available in cats and dogs, so the recommended method of protection is preventing exposure to potentially Histoplasma contaminated areas, such as chicken coops, bird and bat roosts, and construction and excavation sites.

Exercise 22. Look through the text and find information about:

- histoplasmosis causative agent;

- ways of getting this infection;

- body organs that might be affected by the fungus;

- symptoms of histoplasmosis;

- ways ofhistoplasmosis differentiation from other diseases;

- methods of protection against histoplasmosis.

Exercise 23. a) Make up collocations using words from both column.