Exercise 38. Test yourself by answering these questions to see how much you remember and understand.
1. What kind of disease is tetanus?
2. What is it caused by?
3. How do bacteria enter the body?
4. Does this disease spread from animal to animal?
5. What is the incubation period of tetanus?
6. What does tetanus toxin affect?
7. What are the clinical signs of tetanus?
8. What do you know about treatment and prevention of tetanus?
Exercise 39. Match symptoms to the disease.
| blackleg | rapid course of the disease, fever, staggering, dyspnea, depression, stupor, convulsions, respiratory or cardiac distress, bloody discharges from body openings, death |
| bovine TB | the onset is sudden, acute, severe lameness, marked depression, gaseous swellings develop in the hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck; death may occur in 12 to 48 hours |
| tetanus | muscular stiffness and spasm, unsteady gait, difficulty in eating and moving, convulsions, death from respiratory failure |
| anthrax | early signs are not visible; in later stages – emaciation, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, light fever, pneumonia with chronic, moist cough |
UNIT 5
FUNGI
TEXT A
KINGDOM FUNGI
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
| chlorophyll n | [ˈklɔrǝfɪl] | хлорофилл |
| commensaln | [kəˈmensl] | комменсал |
| conidium (conidia) n | [kəˈnɪdɪəm][-ɪə] | конидия |
| cutaneousadj | [kju:ˈteɪnɪəs] | кожный |
| epidermis n | [epɪˈdǝ:mɪs] | эпидермис |
| fascian | [ˈfeɪʃə] | фасция |
| fungus(fungi) n | [ˈfʌŋgǝs][-dʒaɪ] | гриб |
| heterotrophicadj | [ˈhetərəˌtroufɪk] | гетеротрофный |
| hypha (hyphae) n | [ˈhaɪfǝ][-fɪ:] | гифа |
| keratinized adj | [ˈkerǝtǝnaɪzd] | ороговевший |
| mildewn | [ˈmɪldju:] | ложномучнистая роса |
| mouldn | [mǝuld] | плесень |
| myceliumn | [maɪˈsi:lɪəm] | мицелий, грибница |
| mycosis n (pl-es) | [maɪˈkəʊsɪs] | микоз |
| saprotroph n | [ˈsæprɔˌtrǝuf] | сапротроф |
| scab n | [skæb] | парша (болезнь растений) |
| spore n | [spɔ:] | cпора |
| subcutaneousadj | [sʌbkju:ˈteɪnɪəs] | подкожный |
| superficialadj | [sju:pǝˈfɪʃǝl] | поверхностный |
| thread n | [θred] | нить |
| virulent adj | [ˈvɪrulənt] | вирулентный,опасный |
| yeast n | [jiːst] | дрожжи |
Названия болезней
| aspergillosis n | [ˈæspədʒəˈləʊsɪs] | аспергиллёз |
| blastomycosisn | [ˈblastəmaɪˈkəʊsɪs] | бластомикоз |
| coccidioidomycosis n | [kækˌsɪdɪˌɔɪdɪmaɪˈkəʊsɪs] | кокцидиоидомикоз |
| cryptococcosisn | [ˈkrɪptəkəˈkəʊsɪs] | криптококкоз, торулоз |
| dermatophytosisn | [ˈdǝmǝtǝufaɪˈtəʊsɪs] | дерматомикоз |
| favusn | [ˈfeɪvǝs] | фавус, парша |
| histoplasmosis n | [ˈhɪstǝplæzˈməʊsɪs] | гистоплазмоз |
| onychomycosis n | [ˈɔnɪkɔmaɪˈkəʊsɪs] | онихомикоз |
| pityriasis versicolor | [ˈpɪtǝˈraɪǝsǝsˈvɜːsɪˈkʌlǝ] | отрубевидный (разноцветный) лишай |
| ringworm n | [ˈrɪŋwɜːm] | стригущий лишай |
| sporotrichosisn | [ˈsporǝtraɪˈkəʊsɪs] | споротрихоз |
A fungus(plural: fungi) is eukaryotic (having a nucleus), heterotrophic (using organic carbon for growth), unicellular (such as yeasts and moulds) or multicellular (such as mushrooms) spore-producing organism. Unlike plants, fungi do not have chlorophyll, leaves and roots. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. It has been estimated at 1.5 million to 5 million species, with about 5% of these having been formally classified. The branch of biology concerned with the systematic study of fungi is called mycology.
The main body of most fungi is made up of fine, branching, usually colorless threads called hyphae. Each fungus will have vast numbers of these hyphae all interconnected to make up a tangled web called the mycelium (the feeding network of the fungus). The cell walls of the hyphae are composed of chitin, a modified polysaccharide containing nitrogen, which is strong and flexible.
Fungi play essential roles in the global ecosystem. Their activities, especially if they live as saprotrophs on dead organic matter, are to recycle nutrients, to degrade organic matter, to create soils, and to promote plant growth. Fungi are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material. Some of them are parasites of plants causing diseases such as mildew or scab. Some may become significant pathogens of humans and animals.
Fungal pathogens can be divided into two distinct groups; true or primary fungal pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. True or primary pathogens can cause serious infections in any individual, regardless of their health status. These fungi are usually endemic (restricted geographically). They are highly virulent and may result in life-threatening systemic and progressive malady, especially in immune compromised animals. For causing deep mycoses, conidia (spores of fungi) of the mould phase of these pathogens usually gain access into the host via respiratory tract. This group consists of Coccidioidesimmitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomycesdermatitidis, Paracoccidioidesbrasiliensis.
Opportunistic fungi (also called secondary pathogens) are widely distributed in the environment or live as body commensals. They cause diseases in hosts with compromised defences or in animals receiving prolonged immune-suppressive or antibacterial therapy. They are not true pathogens. This group consists of numerous fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus.
Fungal infection of an animal is calledmycosis (plural: mycoses). These infections are quite common and may develop under a variety of conditions, both environmental and physiological. Mycoses are classified according to the tissue levels initially colonized.
Superficial mycoses are limited to the outer layers of the skin and hair. Examples: pityriasis versicolor and superficial dermatophytoses of hair.
Cutaneous mycoses extend deeper into the epidermis, they are restricted to the keratinized layers of the skin, hair, and nails.Unlike the superficial mycoses, they may evoke cellular immune response. Because of this, a variety of pathologic changes may occur in the deeper layers of the skin. Examples: ringworm, favus, onychomycosis.
Subcutaneous mycoses involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle and fascia. These infections are chronic and can be initiated by piercing trauma to the skin,which allows the fungi to enter the body. Examples: sporotrichosis, primary subcutaneous blastomycosis.
Systemic or deep mycoses originate primarily in the lungs and may spread to many organ systems. Examples: blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis.
EXERCISES TO THE TEXT