Exercise 19. Consider whether these sentences are true or false, and if they are false explain why.
1. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a fatal muscular degenerative disease in cattle that causes a spongy degeneration of the skeletal and smooth muscles.
2. Once affected cattle immediately manifest clinical signs.
3. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy has been proved to be harmless for humans.
4. Tissues or fluids of infected animal may provide risk to humans.
5. Animals under 30 months are supposed to be safe for human consumption.
Exercise 20. a) Make up collocations using words from both columns:
| spongy | occurrence |
| histopathological | consumption |
| human | degeneration |
| abnormal | examination |
| spontaneous | gait |
b) Fill in the gaps with the collocations from above.
1. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease (encephalopathy) in cattle that causes a … of the brain and spinal cord.
2. BSE possibly originated as a result of feeding cattle meat-and-bone meal that contained BSE-infected products from a … of BSE case or scrapie-infected sheep products.
3. Some cattle have been observed to have an …, changes in behavior, tremors and hyper-responsiveness to certain stimuli.
4. The traditional method of diagnosis relies on … of the medulla oblongata of the brain, and other tissues.
5. Other control measures include banning the use of mechanically recovered meat from the vertebral column of cattle, sheep, and goats for human food and BSE testing of all cattle more than 30 months of age destined for … .
Exercise 21. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.
1. Research indicates that the first probable infections of BSE in cows occurred during the 1970's with… . 2.There is strong evidence and general agreement that the outbreak and … . 3. The disease may be most easily transmitted to humans by… . 4. Hindlimb ataxia affects the animal’s gait and … . 5. Behavioural changes may include ... . 6. Additionally, nonspecific symptoms have also been observed which include … . 7. The traditional method of diagnosis relies on histopathological examination of the medulla oblongata of the brain, and other… . 8. Immunohistochemistry can be used to … . 9. Public health control measures, such as surveillance, culling sick animals, or banning specified risk materials, have been … .10. Сontrol measures include… .
Exercise 22. Give the English equivalents for the Russian words in brackets.
1. Bovine (губчатаяэнцефалопатия) (BSE), commonly known as (коровьебешенство), is a fatal neurodegenerative disease (encephalopathy) in cattle that causes a spongy degeneration of the brain and (спинноймозг). 2. There is strong evidence and general agreement that the (вспышка) and (распространение) of the disease throughout the United Kingdom (животноводство) was then amplified by feeding prion-infected, bovine meat-and-bone meal to young calves. 3. Some cattle have been observed to have an abnormal gait, (измененияповедения), tremors and hyper-responsiveness to (определённыестимулы). 4. Behavioural changes may include aggression, (беспокойство, вызванноеопределённымиситуациями), nervousness, frenzy or an overall change in temperament. 5.Some rare but (наблюдавшиесяранее) symptoms also include (рысистыедвижения), rubbing or licking. 6.(Есливозникликлиническиесимптомы), they typically get worse over the upcoming weeks and months, eventually leading to recumbency, coma and death.
Exercise 23. Make up a plan of examination for BSE patient.
Exercise 24. Search for information aboutBSEoutbreak at the following websites:
http://agro2b.ru/en/news/27838-France-confirmed-outbreak-mad-cow-disease.html;
http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/1040/mad-cow-disease/timeline-mad-cow-disease-outbreaks#.
TEXT D
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT D
| cervidsn, pl | ['seːvɪds] | семейство плотнорогие |
| dam n | [dæm] | самка |
| elk n | [elk] | лось |
| fetus n | ['fiːtəs] | плод |
| listlessness n | [ˈlɪstlɪsnəs] | апатия |
| moosen | [muːs] | американский лось |
| mule deern | [mjuːl] | чернохвостый олень |
| necropsyn | ['nekrɔpsɪ] | вскрытие |
| neuroendocrine adj | [ˌnjuərə 'endəukraɪn] | нейроэндокринный |
| sawv | [sɔː] | распиливать |
| thoroughlyadv | ['θʌrəlɪ] | тщательно |
| tonsiln | [ˈtɔns(ə)l] | миндалина |
| wapitin, pl | ['wɔpɪtɪ] | североамериканский олень |
| wasting (disease) adj | ['weɪstɪŋ] | изнуряющий |
Chronic Wasting Disease(CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) ofcervids:mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk (or “wapiti”), and moose (“elk” in Europe)born both in captivity and in the wild.
The origin and mode of transmission of the prions causing CWD is unknown, but recent research indicates that prions can be excreted by deer and elk, and are transmitted by eating grass growing in contaminated soil. Based on epidemiology, transmission of CWD is thought to be lateral (from animal to animal) and maternal (from dam to fetus).As for lateral transmission, an infected deer's saliva is able to spread the CWD prions, this leads to contamination of shared food and water sources (alimentary way). Another type of lateral transmissionof CWD is the direct contact through infected bodily tissues and bodily fluids.
Up to 2013, there has been no evidence of transmission to humans from cervids, orof being infectedby eating cervids, but both channels remain a subject of public health surveillance and research.
Most cases of CWD occur in adult animals; the youngest animal diagnosed with natural CWD was 17 months. The disease is progressive and always fatal. The first sign is difficulty in movement. The most obvious and consistent clinical sign of CWD is weight loss over time. Behavioral changes also occur in the majority of cases, including decreased interactions with other animals, listlessness, lowering of the head, tremors, repetitive walking in set patterns, and nervousness. Excessive salivation and grinding of teeth arealso observed. Most deer show increased drinking and urination; increased drinking and salivation may contribute to the spread of the disease.
Diagnosis is based on post mortem examination and testing; examination of the dead body is not definitive as many animals die early in the course of the disease. On microscopic examination, lesions of CWD in the central nervous system resemble those of other TSEs. In addition, scientists use immunohistochemistry to test brain, lymph, and neuroendocrine tissues for the presence of the abnormal prion protein to diagnose CWD.
Public health and wildlife officials advise hunters to take the following precautions when pursuing or handling deer and elk that may have been exposed to CWD:
1. Do not shoot, handle or consume any animal that is acting abnormally or appears to be sick. Contact your state game and fish department if you see or harvest an animal that appears sick.
2. Wear latex or rubber gloves when field dressing your deer or elk.
3. Bone out the meat from your animal. Don’tsaw through bone, and avoid cutting through the brain or spinal cord (backbone).
4. Minimize the handling of brain and spinal tissues.
5. Wash hands and instruments thoroughly after field dressing is completed.
6. Avoid consuming brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, tonsilsand lymph nodes of harvested animals.
7. Avoid consuming meat from any animal that tests positive for the disease.
8. If you have your deer or elk commercially processed, request that your animal is processed individually, without meat from other animals being added to meat from your animal.
Exercise 21. Look through the text and find the information about:
- сhronic wasting disease causative agent;
- animals that are susceptible to CWD;
- clinicalsignsofCWD;
- precautionsforhunters.