Training and certification to practice

Clinical psychologists undergo many hours of graduate training—usually 4 to 6 years post-
Bachelors—in order to gain demonstrable competence and experience. About half of all clinical
psychology graduate students are being trained in Ph.D. programs—a model that emphasizes
research and is usually housed in universities—with the other half in Psy.D. Programs, which has
more focus on practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law). Both models are
accredited by the American Psychological Association and many other English-speaking
psychological societies. A smaller number of schools offer accredited programs in clinical
psychology resulting in a Masters degree, which usually take 2 to 3 years post- bachelors.

The practice of clinical psychology requires a license in the United States. Although each of the U.S. states is somewhat different in terms of requirements and licenses, there are three common elements.

1. Graduation from an accredited school with the appropriate degree

2. Completion of supervised clinical experience

3. Passing a written examination and, in some states, an oral examination.

All U.S. states licensing boards are members of the Association of state and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).

What do clinical psychologists do?

The Clinical Psychologist is educated and trained to generate and integrate scientific and professional knowledge and skills so as to further psychological science, the professional practice of psychology, and human welfare. Clinical Psychologists are involved in research, teaching and supervision, program development and evaluation, consultation, public policy, professional practice, and other activities that promote psychological health in individuals, families, groups, and organizations. Their work can range from prevention and early intervention of minor problems of adjustment to dealing with the adjustment and maladjustment of individuals whose disturbance requires then to be institutionalized.

Practitioners of Clinical Psychology work directly with individuals at all developmental levels (infants to older adults), as well as groups (families, patients of similar psychopathology, and organizations), using a wide range of assessment and intervention methods to promote mental health and to alleviate discomfort and maladjustment.

Researchers study the theory and practice of Clinical Psychology, and through their publications, document the empirical base of Clinical Psychology. Consultants, Teachers, and Clinical Supervisors share the Clinical Psychology knowledge base with students, other professionals, and non-professionals. Clinical Psychologists also engage in program development, evaluate Clinical Psychology service delivery systems, and analyze, develop, and implement public policy on all areas relevant to the field of Clinical Psychology. Many Clinical Psychologists combine these activities.

Assessment in Clinical Psychology involves determining the nature, causes, and potential effects of personal distress; of personal, social, and work dysfunctions; and the psychological factors associated with physical, behavioral, emotional, nervous, and mental disorders. Examples of assessment procedures are interviews, behavioral assessments, and the administration and interpretation of tests of intellectual abilities, aptitudes, personal characteristics, and other aspects of human experience and behavior relative to disturbance.

Занятие №5

Тема “Health Service in Great Britain”.

2. Значение изучения темы: приобщение студентов к социо-культурной среде носителей английского языка, развитие профессионального интереса.

3.Цели занятия: отработка лексического материала по теме “Health Service in Great Britain”, отработка навыков изучающего и ознакомительного чтения, повторение грамматического материала: употребление времен группы Perfect (Passive voice).

План изучения темы.

4.1. Исходный контроль знаний.

1. Индивидуальный устный опрос темы “Medical Education in the USA”.

4.2. Изучение нового материала.

1. Введение нового лексического материала:

the NHS, a health center, to be free, to provide, private patient, nursing home, full range, to have access, unified comprehensive health, GP – general practitioner, to apply.

2. Повторение грамматического материала – употребление времен группы Perfect (Passive voice).

3. Изучающее чтение текста «Health Service in Great Britain».

Задания:

1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1) When was the NHS Act brought into operation?

2) Are there private patients in Great Britain?

3) Why do many people who have enough money prefer to be private patients?

4) What is the role of the family doctor in the NHS system?

5) What is the role of health centers in the health service system in Great Britain?

6) Are there any consultant services in health centers?

2. Прочитайте и скажите, какое предложение не соответствует содержанию текста.

1. The general practitioner services include the family doctor service, the dental service, the pharmaceutical service, and the ophthalmic service.

2. The GPs do very important work, which consists in filtering off 90 percent of the total medical work.

3. Health centers are institutions where various medical services, both preventive and curative are brought together.

4. The patients are the most important people in the health centre and the doctors should direct all their energy towards helping them as much as possible.

5. The patient is never given a definite time at which to attend the doctor’s consultation.

4.3. Самостоятельная работа по теме.

1. Составьте сообщение на английском языке от лица начинающего врача об обслуживании пациентов в государственной клинике, используя словосочетания, приведенные ниже:

to send to a hospital, special treatment, hospital treatment, free treatment, to choose a particular doctor, an out-patient clinic, to be on duty … times a week, to have little spare time, to see patients, to make diagnosis, to prescribe drugs, to arrange consultations of specialists, to take private work.

2. Обсудите ситуацию в парах.

1. There is an old saying “Misery (несчастье) loves company”.

What do you understand by it? After some experimentation in this area Schachter pointed out that it should be modified into “Misery loves miserable company”. Do you agree? Could you advise an experiment to prove it?

4.4. Итоговый контроль знаний.

Индивидуальный контроль сообщения, исправление ошибок, выставление оценок за самостоятельную работу и работу на занятии.

Основные понятия и положения темы.

Первое занятие по теме «Здравоохранение в Великобритании» знакомит студентов с историей развития Национальной Системы Здравоохранения, ее основными составляющими. Занятие помогает студентам лучше понимать проблемы здравоохранения, а также лучше узнать культуру страны изучаемого языка. Материал информативен, интересен. Материал занятия обеспечивает возможность подходить к анализу текста, выделять терминологические единицы, пользоваться специальными словарями, что в дальнейшем послужит хорошей основой для эффективного освоения медицинской и психологической лексики.

National Health Service Act was passed through Parliament in 1946 and in 1948 this Act received the Royal Assent and was brought into operation. Further administrative changes were introduced by a number of other Health Service Acts.

The National Health Service provides free medical care both in hospital and in the out-patient clinic. But people may use the NHS or they may go to doctors as private patients. Many people who have enough money still prefer to be private patients because they think that they can in that way establish a closer relationship with the doctor or because they do not want to be put in a large room with other patients. A patient can choose between NHS and private treatment at any time. Moreover he can take some of his medical care through the NHS, and some privately. If a patient dissatisfied with his NHS family doctor or dentist, he may change to another one. 97 per cent of the population uses the NHS.

Family doctors (General Practitioners) are very important. GP does invaluable work by filtering off 90 per cent of the total medical work.

The rights of doctors: they can choose whether they want to join the NHS or not, and whether they will have NHS patients or private ones. The majority work in the NHS hospitals. 70 per cent of hospitals are small. At the same time they have more than 150 health centers in the UK. These health centers are an integral part of a unified comprehensive health service. Health centers provide all the special diagnostic and therapeutic services which family doctor may need. Health centers are the basis of primary care.

Выполняются упражнения, на повторение грамматического материала, времен группы Perfect (Passive voice).

Страдательный залог группы Perfect образуется по формуле to be + III форма глагола. (Инфинитив от глагола to write – to be written).

Поставив вспомогательный глагол to be в Perfect Tense, получим to have been + III форма глагола.

Это – формула страдательного залога группы Perfect, так как глагол to be, являющийся вспомогательным глаголом для образования страдательного залога, стоит в Perfect; to have been written (страдательный перфектный инфинитив).

В формуле Perfect Passive: to have been + III форма (written) спрягается первый вспомогательный глагол to have:

To have been written

Present Past Future

Havebeen written had been written shall have been written

Hasbeen written will havebeen written

Отрицание not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола, например:

The book has not been written yet.

Для образования вопросительной формы первый вспомогательный глагол выносится перед подлежащим, например:

Hasthe book been published this year?

Задания для уяснения темы занятия.

6.1. Вопросы для самоподготовки.

1. Вставьте правильную форму глагола.

1. Some of the patients … from the hospital. (have been discharged, have discharged).

2. The tasty cakes … (have been eaten, have eaten) by the children

3. These windows … (have been washed, have washed) by the nurse.

4. Mr. Green … (has just cooked the dinner, has been just cooked).

5. The shop … (will have been closed, will have closed) by the grocer by six o’clock.

6. The boys … (had eaten some ice cream, had been eaten some ice cream) before their mother came home.

2. Образуйте вопросительную и отрицательную форму из предложений упражнения 2.

6.2. Тестовые задания по теме.

1. Переведите с русского языка на английский.

1) Граждане Великобритании имеют право на бесплатное медицинское обслуживание.

2) Государственная служба здравоохранения была установлена во всем Объединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии в 1948 году.

3) Те, кто раньше не имел возможности получать бесплатную медицинскую помощь, теперь получили доступ к государственному медицинскому обслуживанию.

4) Врач, работающий в государственной службе здравоохранения, может также принимать частных пациентов.

5) Пациент может сам выбирать себе врача или сменить врача, если он того желает.

2. Замените активный залог на пассивный, не изменяя времени.

1. Somebody has broken the window. 2. The cat has caught a mouse. 3. Somebody has left on the electric light all night. 4. Most people have heard this story. 5. Has somebody broken the window? 6. The shot had frightened the birds. 7. Lightning had struck the house. 8. Shall we spend the money? 9. The commander had studied all maps of the district before he made the attack. 10. Richard had eaten all the cakes when Fred arrived home. 11. The thief had stolen the notebook while the policeman was talking to Mr. Green. 12. The cat has just drunk its milk.

3. Из утвердительных предложений, образуйте отрицательную форму.

1. The doctor has treated the patient with pneumonia. 2. I have been treated at the clinic. 3. The lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs has been delivered today. 4. Several new psychological centers have been founded in our town recently. 5. The reports have been checked up by the professor. 6. The letters have been written by the teacher. 7. The room had been decorated before the children came to the party. 8. A small present had been bought for every little guest when they arrived. 9. I have just finished the work. 10. She has been speaking for twenty minutes.

6.3. Cитуационные задачи.

1. There is an old saying “Misery (несчастье) loves company”.

2. Describe a research study that you would be interested in carrying out.

7. Список тем по УИРС, предлагаемый кафедрой.

1. Do library research and Internet research on the problems of Health Care in Britain and in Russia.

2. Training and certification to practice for clinical psychologists

8. Рекомендуемая литература.

Основная: тексты: “Health Service in Great Britain”, “The National Health Service in Great Britain”, “A typical day”.

Дополнительная: словари, грамматические справочники.