Guidelines for Analysing a Short Story

FOCUS ON COMPOSITION

- exposition (orientation)

- conflict (complications)

- suspense

- climax

- denouement

FOCUS ON DISCOURSE TYPES

- description

- narration

- commentary

- dialogue

- interior monologue

FOCUS ON CHARACTERISATION

- direct

- indirect

- types of characters (round, flat)

FOCUS ON THE NARRATOR

- first person

- third person

EMOTIONAL FOCUS

- imagery

- level of formality

- expressive diction

- expressive syntax

Text # 5

Reginald in Russia

Hector H. Munro (Saki)

Reginald sat in a corner of the Princess’s salon and tried to forgive the furniture, which started out with an obvious intention of being Louise Quinze, but relapsed at frequent intervals into Wilhelm II.

He classified the Princess with that distinct type of woman that looks as if it habitually went out to feed hens in the rain.

Her name was Olga; she kept what she hoped and believed to be a fox-terrier, and professed what she thought were socialist opinions. It is not necessary to be called Olga if you are a Russian Princess; in fact, Reginald knew quite a number who were called Vera; but the fox-terrier and the socialism were essential.

‘The Countess Lomshen keeps a bull-dog,’ said the Princess suddenly. ‘In England is it more chic to have a bull-dog than a fox-terrier?’

Reginald threw his mind back over the canine fashions of the last ten years and gave an evasive answer.

‘Do you think her handsome, the Countess Lomshen?’ asked the Princess.

Reginald thought the Coutess’s complexion suggested an exclusive diet of macaroons and pale sherry. He said so.

‘But that cannot be possible,’ said the Princess triumphantly, ‘I’ve seen her eating fish-soup at Donon’s.’

The Princess always defended a friend’s complexion if it was really bad. With her, as with a great many of her sex, charity began at homeliness and did not generally progress much farther.

Reginald withdrew his macaroons and sherry theory, and became interested in a case of miniatures.

‘You English are always so frivolous,’ said the Princess. ‘In Russia we have too many troubles to permit of our being light-hearted.’

Reginald gave a delicate shiver, and resigned himself to the inevitable political discussion.

‘Nothing that you hear about us in England is true,’ was the Princess’s hopeful beginning.

‘I always refused to learn Russian geography at school,’ observed Reginal; ‘I was sure some of the names must be wrong.’

‘Everything is wrong with the system of government,’ continued the Princess placidly. ‘The Bureaucrats think only of their pockets, and the people are exploited and plundered in every direction, and everything is mismanaged..’

‘With us,’ said Reginald, ‘a Cabinet usually gets the credit of being depraved and worthless beyond the bounds of human conception by the time it had been in office about four years.’

‘But if it is a bad Government you can turn it out at the election,’ argued the Princess.

‘As far as I remember, we generally do,’ said Reginald.

‘But here it is dreadful, everyone goes to such extremes. In England you never go to extremes.’

‘We go to Albert Hall,’ explained Reginald.

‘There is always a see-saw with us between repression and violence,’ continued the Princess; ‘and the pity of it is the people are really not inclined to be anything but peaceable. Nowhere will you find people more good-natured, or family circles where there is more affection.’

‘There I agree with you,’ said Reginald. ‘I know a boy who is a case in point. He plays bridge well, even for a Russian, which is saying much. I don’t think he has any other accomplishments, but his family affection is really of a very high order. When his maternal grandmother died he didn’t go as far as to give up bridge altogether but he declared on nothing but black suits for the next three months. That, I think, was really beautiful.’

The Princess was not impressed.

‘I think you must be very self-indulgent to live only for amusement,’ she said. ‘A life of pleasure-seeking and card-playing and dissipation brings only dissatisfaction. You will find that out some day.’

‘Oh, I know it turns out that way sometimes,’ assented Reginald. ‘Forbidden fizz is often the sweetest.’

But the remark was wasted on the Princess, who preferred champagne that had at least a suggestion of the dissolved barley-sugar.

‘I hope you will come and see me again,’ she said in a tone that prevented the hope from becoming too infectious; adding as a happy after-thought, ‘you must come and stay with us in the country.’

Her particular part of the country was a few hundred versts the other side of Tamboff, with some fifteen miles of agrarian disturbance between her and the nearest neighbour. Reginald felt that there is some privacy which should be sacred from intrusion.

Text # 6