About myself and my future profession
Введение
Цель данного пособия – активизация и совершенствование речевых компетенций профессиональной направленности. Курс обучения опирается на коммуникативную лингвистику, психологию деятельности и отражает единую концепцию кафедры– формирование профессионального качества врача – речевую компетентность средствами иностранного языка.
В представленном учебно-методическом пособии находят отражение такие этапы обучения, как постановка задачи, практическая работа, самостоятельная работа, содержащая указания по выполнению творческих заданий, которые могут также являться проверкой качества знаний.
Данное учебно-методическое пособие является результатом обобщения педагогического и методического опыта преподавателей английского языка кафедры иностранных языков ОмГМА, а также может представлять интерес для преподавателейдругих гуманитарных дисциплин. В пособии достаточно широко представлены современные научные взгляды на темы, представленные дляобсуждения.
Поскольку язык является проявлением речевой деятельности человека, то фиксирование в языке значение слов, отражающий социальный опыт, приобретают в связи индивидуальным опытом индивидуальность значение или смысл, отражающие личную позицию говорящего. Для осуществления результативной речевой деятельности будущему специалисту необходимо обладать такими профессиональным качествам как речевая компетенция. Речевая компетентность регулирует профессиональную речь, определяет её направленность, адекватность употребления речевых средств и индивидуальное своеобразие.
Целевое назначение учебного пособия состоит в том, чтобы опираясь на цели обучения иностранному языку в соответствии с Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования третьего поколения, Программой по иностранному языку для медицинских и фармацевтических вузов, и, учитывая потребности, интересы и ценности будущих врачей, их представление о себе как о формирующимся профессионале, содействовать формированию базового профессионального качества – речевой компетенции.
В соответствии с ФГОС ВПО дисциплина «Иностранный язык» формирует следующие компетенции, в рамках которых осуществляется изучение предмета
для специальностей 060101 ЛЕЧЕБНОЕ ДЕЛО, 060103 ПЕДИАТРИЯ:
ОК-1 (способность и готовность анализировать социально-значимые проблемы процессы, использовать в практике методы гуманитарных, естественнонаучных, медико-биологических и клинических наук в различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности);
ОК-5 (способность и готовность к логическому и аргументированному анализу, к публичной речи, ведению дискуссий и полемике, к редактированию текстов профессионального содержания, к осуществлению воспитательной и педагогической деятельности, к сотрудничеству и разрешению конфликтов, к толерантности);
ОК-6 (способностью и готовностью овладеть одним из иностранных языков на уровне бытового общения, к письменной и устной коммуникации на государственном языке);
ПК-31 (способностью и готовностью изучать научно-медицинскую информацию, отечественный и зарубежный опыт по тематике исследования),
ПК-32 (способностью и готовностью к участию в освоении современных теоретических и экспериментальных методов исследования с целью создания новых перспективных средств, в организации работ по практическому использованию и внедрению результатов исследований);
для специальности 060201 СТОМАТОЛОГИЯ:
все общекультурные компетенции указанные выше (ОК-1, ОК-5, ОК-6), а также
ПК-3(способностью и готовностью к формированию системного подхода к анализу медицинской информации, опираясь на всеобъемлющие принципы доказательной медицины, основанной на поиске решений с использованием теоретических знаний и практических умений в целях совершенствования профессиональной деятельности)
для специальности 060301 ФАРМАЦИЯ:
все общекультурные компетенции указанные выше (ОК-1, ОК-5, ОК-6), а также
ПК-47 (способностью и готовностью к проведению информационно-просветительской работы по пропаганде здорового образа жизни и безопасности жизнедеятельности);
ПК-48 (способность и готовность работать с научной литературой, анализировать информацию, вести поиск, превращать прочитанное в средство для решения профессиональных задач (выделять основные положения, следствия из них и предложения).
для специальностей 060105 МЕДИКО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЛО:
ОК-1 (способность и готовность анализировать социально-значимые проблемы процессы, использовать в практике методы гуманитарных, естественнонаучных, медико-биологических и клинических наук в различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности);
ОК-2 (владение письменной и устной речью на государственном языке Российской Федерации, знание одного иностранного языка как средства делового общения, умение вести дискуссии и полемики, способность и готовность к подготовке и редактированию текстов профессионального и социально значимого содержания)
ПК -5 (готовностью к работе с информацией, полученной из различных источников, к применению современных информационных технологий для решения профессиональных задач)
По завершении данного курса студенты должны:
1. знать все основные грамматические явления и конструкции;лексический минимум в объеме 4000 учебных лексических единиц общего и терминологического характера;основную медицинскую и фармацевтическую терминологию на иностранном языке;
2. уметьчитать и понимать литературу по специальности на иностранном языке, анализировать прочитанное, высказывать свое мнение и владеть грамматическим материалом;использовать не менее 900 терминологических единиц и терминоэлементов; участвовать в дискуссиях, вести беседы на иностранном языке;
3. владетьиностранным языком в объеме необходимом для возможности получения информации из зарубежных источников; навыками самостоятельного усвоения иностранного языка, используя определенные рациональные способы его изучения;навыками изложения самостоятельной точки зрения, анализа и логического мышления, публичной речи, морально- этической аргументации, ведения дискуссий и круглых столов, принципами врачебной деонтологии и медицинской этики.
Учебное пособие представляет собой целостную систему, образованную структурными компонентами, подразделяемые на две взаимосвязанные сферы: содержащие материал подъязыка медицины и языковый материал общеупотребительного уровня. Профессионально-ориентированное содержание учебника имеет объективные возможности: симулирование речемыслительной деятельности студента, формирование мотивационной, эмоциональной, ценностной сферы будущего врача.
Theme 1
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Theme 2
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Theme 3
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Theme 4
At the Polyclinic
Health services in Russia are represented by state, municipal and private medical units. Medical preventive units representing state and municipal health services include a wide range of medical institutions: hospitals, specialized hospitals, clinics, outpatient clinic, medical institutions of maternity and child protection, medical institutions of urgent and emergency aid, sanatorium and health resorts.
Outpatient medical units are divided into five groups according to the number of patients they can provide with medical care in one shift: local, district, municipal, regional hospitals and polyclinics. To receive medical care free of charge a person is to obtain the certificate of obligatory medical insurance. This certificate is given to each Russian citizen regardless of gender and age.
Polyclinic is a medical preventive institutionaimed to provide population with diseases’ preventive measures, medical aid at home, diagnostic services and examinations of temporary disability. In general, responsibilities of any policlinic are centered on prevention,prophylaxisand treatment of diseases among local people. People are assigned to the polyclinic according to the place they live, work or study and have their personal ‘patient’s card’ containing information about their visits to doctors, results of laboratory tests and other relevant information.
According to the age criteria there are polyclinics for children (up to fourteen years old) and for adults. Polyclinics have their own laboratories, X-ray rooms; physiotherapy, surgery and dental departments. Each polyclinic has a number of general practitioners (therapeutists), doctors specialized in some particular medical field (e.g. allergists, oculists, neuropathologists, surgeons etc.) and attached nurses.
To receive medical care at polyclinic one should be registered there. This can be done by phone, personally orthrough the Internet. To register means to provide information about yourself and to book the date and time of visiting the doctor according to the polyclinic’s timetable.
A therapeutist working day consists of consultation hours and home visits. While consulting a therapeutist asks patients about any complaints they may have and makes notes in the patients’ card. Then he takes patients’ blood pressure, feels his pulse and listens to his lungs and heart. He may also check patients’ temperature. If it is necessary for making a diagnosis the therapeutistrecommends his patient to undergo some specialtests: urinalysis, X-ray examination, blood test, etc. Only after the diagnosis is proved, proper treatment is prescribed and recommendations are given.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 5
The Human Body
All medical students must know the structure of the human body perfectly well. Human body is a very complex system consisting of three chief parts: the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities.
The frame of the body is the skeleton which is composed of more than 200 bones of various sizes and shapes. They give firm but flexible support to soft tissues, muscles and organs.
The skull is composed of 26 cranial and facial bones. The cranial part contains the brain. The facial bones form the face which consists of the forehead, the eyes the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external, the middle and the internal ear. The mouth has the upper and the lower lips. There are 2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palatein the mouth. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.
The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column (the spine) and the chest (the ribs and the breastbone).The trunk is divided into two cavities. The upper cavity (the chest) contains the heart, the lungs and the gullet (esophagus).The principal organs of the lower (abdominal) cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines.
The spine of an adult consists of 32 or 34vertebrae.They are divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.
The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12pairs of ribs.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder and is divided into the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Each hand has 4 fingers and 1 thumb. The parts of the lower extremity are: the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.
The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles. Each has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective tissue framework.
The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body).
There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the excretory and the reproductive.
The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.
The regulation between various systems of organs can be demonstrated by the coordinated changes in their activities. Intensification of the activity of one organ or system of organs is accompanied by the changes in the other system.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 6
Outstanding Foreign and Russian Doctors
From ancient time people studied human body and tried to treat various diseases. To begin with, it is worth mentioning an ancient outstanding physician and scientist Hippocrates. He was born in Greece in 460 or 459 B.C. and his name is still surrounded by an aureole of glory. Galen regarded him as “the wonderful inventor of all that is beautiful”. Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition. He established the fact that disease was a natural process and its symptoms were the reactions of the body to the disease. The chief function of the physician was to aid the natural forces of the body. Although we know very little of Hippocrates personality we have a complete exposition of his methods in the Hippocratic Collection or “Corpus Hippocraticum”. He created medicine on the basis of experience.
Our country is proud of its prominent doctors: N.I.Pirogov, I.P.Pavlov, S.P.Botkin, Bechterev, N.I.Burdenko. For centuries Russian medical science has accumulated knowledge in different brunches of medicine. The surgery is not an exception. The brightest representative of Russian surgery school is N.I.Pirogov. He was born in Moscow on November, 25, 1810.In1836 he became a professor of surgery. “There is no medicine without surgery and no surgery without anatomy” was his motto. The greatness of his work is in generalization of isolated ideas in surgery which he placed on a solid scientific basis. Pirogov created the “Topographic Anatomy” atlas which is still helping to train generations of surgeons. N.I.Pirogov was the first performed osteoplastic operation, operation on the intestines in cases of bullet wounds. The great surgeon was also the initiator of the extensive use of anesthesia during operations.
In the field of medicine and health protection, S.P. Botkin was an outstanding public figure. He was born on September 17, 1832. He graduated from the Medical faculty of the Moscow University in 1853. At the age of 28 he began working at the Medico-Surgical Academy in Petersburg. He worked during the epoch of the most rapid progress in natural science and physiology. He made every effort to turn clinical medicine into an exact science.S.P. Botkin is known as an exceptional therapeutist and a brilliant diagnostician. He was the first to advance the idea of an infectious origin of hepatitis. The term “Botkin’s disease” was introduced into medicine in 1940. One of his greatest scientific achievements was the theory of nervism – the most progressive theory in clinical medicine.
An outstanding English physician Alexander Fleming was born in 1881.He performed his research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.Accidentally he discovered a substance which was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria. Fleming called it “penicillin”. He was in the middle of his career when World War I began.He served in the Royal Army Medical Corp. In 1942 Fleming tried his own experiment. His friend was very ill, even dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for his great discovery.
Task6. Retell the text.
Theme 7
Childhood diseases
From the medical point of view a child is a person who has not reached puberty. And from the legal point of view a child is a person who has not attained majority. In Russia, for example, a child attains majority at eighteen years old.
In the period between the time of birth and adolescence children may experience some diseases. The term “childhood disease” is sometimes subjective, and does not refer to an accepted, categorical list. Nearly all the diseases in this list can also be contracted by adults, and, of course, all children can contract diseases not categorized as "childhood diseases".Classification of all childhood diseases is extensive and includes several groups:
· common infectious diseases (chickenpox, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, scarlet fever, mumps, etc.);
· upper respiratory tract infections (adenoviral infection, influenza, herpes simplex, etc.);
· intestinal infections (dysentery, rotavirus infection, polio, typhoid, etc.);
· diseases caused by parasites.
Some of childhood diseases are vaccine-preventable. Childhood vaccination schedule contains information about vaccine-preventable diseases. In Russia such schedule is officially named as National Vaccination Calendar and issued by the Ministry of Health. This calendar lists diseases and recommended ages they should be done at. Against some diseases a child must be vaccinated two or three times at the definite age.According to this schedule, children in RF should be vaccinated against: Haemophilusinfluenzae type B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus (lockjaw), poliomyelitis (polio), measles, rubella (German measles), mumps and acute viral hepatitis B.
Any person must be prepared to recognize if a child is ill and care of him. This is just aneveryday part of providing quality child care. Symptoms of illness canappear very rapidly. Care of an ill child who begins with making the child comfortable.Every child care facility needs a quiet place where an ill child can have a rest and can be closely supervised by an adult. Notify the parent or alternate as soon as you have determined that their child is ill. The parent can then begin to make alternate work arrangementsor call for a doctor’s appointment as soon as she/he learns of the illness. Ifa child is seriously ill, ask the parent or alternate to come immediately. It is important to be knowledgeable in first aid and CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) inthe event of a true emergency.
WHO and UNICEF have drawn up a list of essential drugs to treat the most common childhood diseases. They include: oral antibiotics, an antimalarial drug, oral rehydration salts, vitamin A, treatment for intestinal worms, and treatments for eye and skin infections and mouth ulcers. Meanwhile improved training of health workers would help ensure rapid diagnosis of life-threatening diseases - especially where children are suffering from more than one condition.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 8
Task6.Retell the text.
Theme 9
Oral Health and Hygiene
Good oral health is important not only for our appearance but also for our overall health. Cavities and gum diseases may influence many serious conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, etc. Untreated cavities can also be painful and lead to serious infections. Proper oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. Good oral health should be a priority at all life stages, in order to keep the teeth till old age. Smoking is a major risk factor for oral and dental disease; it may cause oral cavity cancer.
There are 5 steps to keep oral health:
· see your dentist regularly; some pre cancerous lesions often are detected by dentist when the patient comes for check up.
· clean your teeth twice a day. Use a soft-bristle toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste to remove plaque and bacteria causing cavities, periodontal and gum diseases. Fluoride makes the surface of teeth more resistant to acids during the process of demineralization. The use of dental floss is an important element of the oral hygiene, since it removes the plaque between teeth. Make flossing your habit and do it regularly.
· eat a well-balanced diet. Healthy food is good for your general health and your oral health. Bread and cereals are rich in vitamin B while fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C, both of which contribute to healthy gum tissue. Lean meat, fish, and poultry provide magnesium and zinc for teeth. Drink fluoridated water.
· check your mouth regularly. Be aware of warning signs of periodontal disease. Gum disease is one of the main reasons why adults lose their teeth.
· don’t smoke or chew tobacco.
Dental caries is another name for tooth decay where bacterial infection affects the hard outer layer lining of the teeth which consists of enamel, cementum and dentin. The bacteria live in plaque and break down sugars from diet to produce acid. Diagnosis for tooth caries is quite simple. Less obvious decays can only be detected by an X-ray test. The decayed part of the tooth is removed using a dentist’s drill and is filled in with paste. If the decay is beyond repair, the tooth will be extracted.
Periodontal disease also called Periodontitis or Gum Disease is a bacterial infection that destroys the supporting structures holding the teeth in their place. The main etiologic agent is bacterial plaque. Left untreated, this disease can lead to bone grafts, gum grafts, and ultimately tooth loss. Some of the early warning signs are slight bleeding when you brush, gums are getting softer andare changing their colour from pink to red.
Thrushof mouth is a yeast infection that may appear in an individual’s mouth that is caused by uncontrollable growth of an organism known as Candida albicans. One of the leading and primary reasons of oral thrush is gorge of antibiotics. Candidiasis is not generally a critical condition. The exception is that it enters the blood and then multiplies in organs particularly in people with weakened immune systems. For this reason an antifungal prescription can be administered.
The best way to prevent dental diseases is to practice good oral and to make your check up regularly.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 10
Healthy Lifestyle
Healthy lifestyle is defined as the state giving a person the optimal level of physical or mental health. It implies the absence of disease. Health status can be assessed by measuring life expectancy, mortality rates, illnesses and disabilities.
Nowadays our life is getting tougher. People live under thepress of different problems, such as social, ecological, economic ones. They constantly suffer from stress, noise and pollution in big cities, diseases and instability. A person should be strong and healthy in order to overcome all difficulties. To achieve this aim people should take care of their physical and mental health. There are several ways to do it. The state of the human organism depends on time people spend doing sports. At least everybody should do morning exercises every day. The healthiest kinds of sports are swimming, jogging and cycling.
Healthy food is also a very important factor. Obesity is the main health hazard nowadays and it causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product, which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and etc. There is no universal food product containing all nutrients in optimum quantity and in proper ratio. Healthy nutrition is possible only having a variety of different food to maintain the required balance of nutrients. On the other hand, modern diets are very popular especially among women. But some diets may be harmful for health.
Physical inactivity also arise substantial public health problems. It has been estimated that between 9 and 16% of deaths can be attributed to a sedentary lifestyle. People who are physically active tend to be healthier than their lazy peers: they experience fewer chronic degenerative diseases, especially coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke and osteoporosis. It is estimated that exercise is associated with improved immune function and decreased risk of cancer.
To be healthy, people should get rid of bad habits. Everyone should consider that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs destroy both body and brain. Cigarette smoking in combination with alcohol intake significantly increases the risk of oral cancer. Alcohol abuse is one of causative factors for liver cirrhosis. And it may result in consequential social and mental problems. Besides according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
In addition it is recommended to watch TV less, avoid stress and observe proper daily routine. Unfortunately it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every person should make his choice.
Task6. Retell the text.
Theme 11
Outstanding Dentists
With the demise of the Western Roman Empire about the year 475AD (Christian Era), medicine in Europe declined into a torpor. Monasteriesbecame the only places where medicine or surgery was still practiced.The only people who had any rudimentary knowledge of surgery were the barbers. They helped monks in their surgical ministrations.They stepped into the breach, calling themselves barber-surgeons. They practiced simple dentistry, including tooth extractions and cleaning of teeth. In the 1600s a number of barber-surgeons restricted their activity and dropped the word “barber,” simply calling themselves surgeons. By the early 1700s, dentistry was considered a lesser part of medicine. By the end of the 18th century, it began to emerge as an independent discipline. In the late 1750s the term “dentist”, borrowed from the French, started to be used in Britain to describe tooth operators. The 20th century saw an explosion of new materials, techniques and technology in dentistry thanks to great scientists.
Implantology did not start yesterday. We can trace the origin of mini implants in Europe with the work of Dr. Chercheve in 1963. Chercheve, in his efforts to improve on earlier spiral designs, proposed several theories on the relationship of the metallic endosteal implant to its osseous environment. After that, it seemed that the use of mini- implants was limited to temporary situations as a stabilizer and support for prosthesis. Due to their short-term success, some dentists decided to test their limits by manufacturing implants with the same material as the standard implant and start using them for longer-term anchorage. However, their use spread slowly to stabilization of partials and in some cases, fixed teeth.
Dr. Leonard I. Linkow graduated from NewYork College of Dentistry in 1952 and soon after began pioneering the modern field of implant dentistry. He developed and introduced to the profession many different implant systems and transformed them into elegant and practical realities. Dr. Linkow placed his first complete unilateral subperiosteal implant to support a posterior unilateral fixed restoration, soon after his graduation from dental school. He published his first article about implantology in Dental Digest Magazine in 1953. Since that time, Linkow dedicated his life to the dental implantology furthering. Dr. Linkow is the author of multiple textbooks on oral implantology. Each of these books is prefaced with words of admiration from other respected leaders in the field. Dr. Linkow is considered as the father of modern implantology by his colleagues throughout the world.
Morrison (Dec. 5, 1829 -Dec. 22, 1917) began his study of dentistry as a 19-year- old apprentice in Steubenville. Morrison invented the first adjustable dental chair and acquired both British and United States patents for it. He also marketed the chair throughout Europe and continued to make improvements to its design which he also patented. In 1870 he made his first major contribution to restorative dentistry with the invention of power-driven dental tools. His dental engine consisted of a moveable arm and hand piece onto which a drill was attached and was powered by a foot treadle. He acquired a patent for this invention, continually making improvements to it. At the same time he was also inventing a variety of dental accessories and instruments.
Task6. Retell the text.
Theme 12
AFuturePharmacist
Pharmacy (from the Greek word φάρμακυ = drug) is a transitional field between health sciences and chemical sciences. Pharmacist is a professionalcharged with ensuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists (chemists) have compounded and dispensed medications bypractical physicians’ orders. Recently, pharmacy became involved in patient care including clinical practice, medication review and information about new drugs launch. So, pharmacists are experts in medicines who can help their customers to make the right choice and provide them with necessary information.
Pharmacists must know the use, clinical effects, and compositions of drugs, including their chemical, biological, and physical properties. Compounding - the actual mixing of ingredients to make powders, tablets, capsules, ointments, and solutions – is a small part of pharmacist’s practice, because most medicines are produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and mass production form. Pharmacists are responsible for the accurate fulfillment of every prescription given.
Moreover, pharmacists are engaged not only intheir traditional work butgradually some of them are being involved in research work for pharmaceutical manufacturers. They help develop new drugs and therapies, and test their effects on people. Other may work in marketing or sales, providing expertise of drugs use effectiveness and possible side effects. They may alsocooperate with health insurance companies. Moreover, some pharmacists are employed as full time or part time college tutors teaching classes and performing research in a wide range of areas.
Pharmacists work in clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated premises. Many of them spend most of the workday standing on their feet. While working with sterile or dangerous pharmaceutical products, chemists wear gloves and masks and use other special protective equipment. Many municipal and hospital pharmacies are open day and night. Consultant pharmacists may visithospitals, nursing homesand other medical institutions to monitor drug therapy and its effects.
The personnel of an average pharmacy consists of a manager, a dispensing chemist who takes prescriptions and delivers drugs; a chemist who controls the prescriptions, (i.e. physical, physico-chemical and pharmacological compatibility of the ingredients of the compound prescribed by a physician); a chemist-analyst, who controls effectiveness of the drug.
There are pharmacists which are in charge of supplying customers with medicines. All of them are highly trained in all aspects of medicines and their professional code ensures that any information the customers share remains confidential. Any pharmacist can supply medicines for a range of problems and can advise the buyers about the best way of treating minor problems such as coughs and colds, sprains and bruises, skin problems and others. If you have questions about your medicine after you leave the doctor’s office, the pharmacist can answer many of them. For example, a pharmacist can tell you how and when to take your medicine, whether this drug may affect another medicine you are taking, and any side effects you might have. Also, the pharmacist can answer questions about over-the-counter medications.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Theme 13
Medicinal Plants
Plants have always been of interest to man. The collection and the use of medicinal plants began many thousands years ago. At an early period men distinguished and named some kinds of plants they found.
Hippocrates, the father of medicine who described drugs made of such medicinal plants as hemlock, gentian and many others.
The word drug itself comes from the Dutch word “droog” (via the French word “drogue”), which means “dried plant”. Some examples are quinine (from the cinchona [siηkounə]), morphine and codeine (from the poppy) and digoxin (from the foxglove).
Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies e.g. opium, aspirin, digitalis (foxglove) and quinine. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the world’s population presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.
In addition to the use in the developing world, herbal medicine is used in industrialized countries by alternative medicine practitioners such as homeopaths.
All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These are divided into primary metabolites, such as sugars and fats, found in all plants, and secondary metabolites, compounds not essential for basic function found in a smaller range of plants, some useful ones found only in a particular genus or species.
Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and animals. These include aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives such as tannins. In many cases, substances such as alkaloids serve as defense mechanisms against microorganisms, insects. Many herbs and spices used by humans yield useful medicinal compounds.
The functions of secondary metabolites are varied. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination.Today many drug plants are cultivated and many are collected from fields and woods.Some drugs are made from fruits, leaves, flowers, roots and seeds of the plants.
Here are some medicines made of plants and their use:
Rhubarb [ru:ba:b]: The rhizomes [raizəmz] of the rhubarb are collected from six to seven year old plants just before the flowering season.The rhizomes are dried either in the sun or in ovens. After the drying operation the rhizomes are peeled. Rhubarb was used in China more than 4000 years ago. It was used by the Greek and Roman physicians and was used in Europe in the Middle Ages.Rhubarb was used for its purgative action.
Althaea[ǽlθiə]: The generic name, Althaea, is derived from the Greek altho (to cure), from its healing properties. The name of the family, Malvaceae, is derived from the Greek malake (soft), from the special qualities of the Mallows in softening and healing. Biennial roots of this plant are collected, dried and peeled. After peeling it is cut into small pieces. Althaea is used as a sedative in the form of mucilage or in the form of syrup. Famous Marshmallow is a confection that has been softened in hot water and whipped to a spongy consistency. This is the modern version of a medicinal confection made from Althaea, the marshmallow plant.
Interesting facts.
The 16th-century French diplomat JeanNicotbeing in Portugal saw a miraculous plant imported from Americaand brought tobacco leaves to Franceto treat Catherine de Medici for her migraines.Nicot believed that the plant could cure cancer, headaches and many other diseases. But time showed that he was absolutely wrong. We owe Nicot the word “nicotine”.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 14
Atthe Pharmacy
Pharmacy is a specialized shop, where medicines and items for medical care are sold. There are usually two departmentsthere: prescription department and chemist’s department and also there are some working rooms for the stuff. At the prescription department medicines are made up according to the doctor’s administration. At the chemist’s department medicines and medicinal plants may be bought without any prescriptions. The working areas of a pharmacy include rooms for glassware washing, drying and sterilization; an analytical laboratory, special rooms for medicines storing and dispensing.
At the pharmacy medicines are kept either in special drug cabinets or on the open shelves or in refrigerators. For instance, strong medicines and toxic agents must be kept separately and locked. The drugs prepared at the pharmacy for the immediate use should be stored in a refrigerator. Powders, galenical preparations, and medicines made of medicinal plants are usually held at a constant room temperature on the shelves protected from light. Medical care items (hot-water bottles, medicine droppers, thermometers, bandages etc), and some goods which are not connected directly to medicine (cosmetics, shampoos, tooth pastes and others) are kept and displayed separately from drugs.
Every bottle or box with a medicine should be labeled indicating its name, dosage, intake directions, indications or contraindications information about the manufacturer and the expiry date. It’s very important for sick people as well as for those who take care of them to know all necessary information before using a particular medicine.
There are various kinds of packages and production forms of medicines: boxes and parcels of different powders, ampoules for intramuscular and intravenous injections; tubesof rubbing ointments ,various pills, , tablets, etc. As a rule all medicines are classified and arranged in the pharmacy’s glass cases according to their therapeutic use: drugs for cough, cardiac medicines, pain or fever relievers and so on. For exampled:
· analgesics - to kill pain;
· antiarrhythmics -to control irregular heartbeat;
· antibiotics - to fight bacteria;
· anticoagulants - to prevent blood clotting;
· antidepressants - for changing mood;
· antihistamines - to fight allergies;
· antihypertensives - to lower blood pressure;
· anti-inflammatories - to reduce inflammation;
· diuretics - to get rid the body of excess fluids;
· immunesuppressants - to prevent the body from rejecting organ transplants;
· laxatives - to increase bowel movements;
· sedatives - to suppress anxiety and relax the muscles;
· vitamin supplements - for inadequate diet and digestive disorders.
To protect the public, all medicines must be tested and officially authorized to make sure that they are safe i.e. produced in accordance with quality standards.Pharmacists are regarded as experts in pharmacology and can help their customers to make the right choice.
Task 6. Retell the text.
Theme 15
Vitamins
Vitamin is an organic compound required by the organism as a nutrient in tiny amounts. In other words, an organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present.
| The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources | ||
| Year of discovery | Vitamin | Food source |
| Vitamin А (Retinol) | Cod liver oil | |
| Vitamin В1(Thiamine) | Rice bran | |
| Vitamin С (Ascorbic acid) | Citrus, most fresh foods | |
| Vitamin D (Calciferol) | Cod liver oil | |
| Vitamin В2(Riboflavin) | Meat, eggs | |
| Vitamin Е (Tocopherol) | Wheat germ oil, unrefined vegetable oils | |
| Vitamin В12(Cobalamins) | liver, eggs, animal products | |
| Vitamin К1(Phylloquinone) | Leafy green vegetables | |
| Vitamin В5 (Pantothenic) | Meat, whole grains, in many foods | |
| Vitamin В7(Biotin) | Meat, dairy products, eggs | |
| Vitamin В6 (Pyridoxine) | Meat, dairy products | |
| Vitamin В3(Niacin) | Meat, eggs, grains | |
| Vitamin В9 (Folic acid) | Leafy green vegetables |
Vitamins are classified according to their biological and chemical activity, but not to their structure. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (e.g., vitamin D), or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g., some forms of vitamin A). Others function as antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (e.g., B complex vitamins) function as precursors for enzyme cofactors, that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. Vitamins may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes, detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules. For example, folic acid carries various forms of carbon group–methyl, formyl, and methylene– in the cell. Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins’ best-known function, the other vitamin functions are equally important.
The term vitamin was derived from “vitamine”, a combination word made up by Polish scientist Casimir Funk from vital and amine, meaning amine of life, because it was suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be chemical amines. This proved incorrect for the micronutrient class, and the word was shortened to vitamin.
Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. There are 13 vitaminsin humans: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins are dissolved easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats).
Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Humans must consume vitamins periodically but with differing schedules, to avoid deficiency. Being overdosed, some vitamins cause side-effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.
Task 6.Retell the text.
Введение
Цель данного пособия – активизация и совершенствование речевых компетенций профессиональной направленности. Курс обучения опирается на коммуникативную лингвистику, психологию деятельности и отражает единую концепцию кафедры– формирование профессионального качества врача – речевую компетентность средствами иностранного языка.
В представленном учебно-методическом пособии находят отражение такие этапы обучения, как постановка задачи, практическая работа, самостоятельная работа, содержащая указания по выполнению творческих заданий, которые могут также являться проверкой качества знаний.
Данное учебно-методическое пособие является результатом обобщения педагогического и методического опыта преподавателей английского языка кафедры иностранных языков ОмГМА, а также может представлять интерес для преподавателейдругих гуманитарных дисциплин. В пособии достаточно широко представлены современные научные взгляды на темы, представленные дляобсуждения.
Поскольку язык является проявлением речевой деятельности человека, то фиксирование в языке значение слов, отражающий социальный опыт, приобретают в связи индивидуальным опытом индивидуальность значение или смысл, отражающие личную позицию говорящего. Для осуществления результативной речевой деятельности будущему специалисту необходимо обладать такими профессиональным качествам как речевая компетенция. Речевая компетентность регулирует профессиональную речь, определяет её направленность, адекватность употребления речевых средств и индивидуальное своеобразие.
Целевое назначение учебного пособия состоит в том, чтобы опираясь на цели обучения иностранному языку в соответствии с Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования третьего поколения, Программой по иностранному языку для медицинских и фармацевтических вузов, и, учитывая потребности, интересы и ценности будущих врачей, их представление о себе как о формирующимся профессионале, содействовать формированию базового профессионального качества – речевой компетенции.
В соответствии с ФГОС ВПО дисциплина «Иностранный язык» формирует следующие компетенции, в рамках которых осуществляется изучение предмета
для специальностей 060101 ЛЕЧЕБНОЕ ДЕЛО, 060103 ПЕДИАТРИЯ:
ОК-1 (способность и готовность анализировать социально-значимые проблемы процессы, использовать в практике методы гуманитарных, естественнонаучных, медико-биологических и клинических наук в различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности);
ОК-5 (способность и готовность к логическому и аргументированному анализу, к публичной речи, ведению дискуссий и полемике, к редактированию текстов профессионального содержания, к осуществлению воспитательной и педагогической деятельности, к сотрудничеству и разрешению конфликтов, к толерантности);
ОК-6 (способностью и готовностью овладеть одним из иностранных языков на уровне бытового общения, к письменной и устной коммуникации на государственном языке);
ПК-31 (способностью и готовностью изучать научно-медицинскую информацию, отечественный и зарубежный опыт по тематике исследования),
ПК-32 (способностью и готовностью к участию в освоении современных теоретических и экспериментальных методов исследования с целью создания новых перспективных средств, в организации работ по практическому использованию и внедрению результатов исследований);
для специальности 060201 СТОМАТОЛОГИЯ:
все общекультурные компетенции указанные выше (ОК-1, ОК-5, ОК-6), а также
ПК-3(способностью и готовностью к формированию системного подхода к анализу медицинской информации, опираясь на всеобъемлющие принципы доказательной медицины, основанной на поиске решений с использованием теоретических знаний и практических умений в целях совершенствования профессиональной деятельности)
для специальности 060301 ФАРМАЦИЯ:
все общекультурные компетенции указанные выше (ОК-1, ОК-5, ОК-6), а также
ПК-47 (способностью и готовностью к проведению информационно-просветительской работы по пропаганде здорового образа жизни и безопасности жизнедеятельности);
ПК-48 (способность и готовность работать с научной литературой, анализировать информацию, вести поиск, превращать прочитанное в средство для решения профессиональных задач (выделять основные положения, следствия из них и предложения).
для специальностей 060105 МЕДИКО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЛО:
ОК-1 (способность и готовность анализировать социально-значимые проблемы процессы, использовать в практике методы гуманитарных, естественнонаучных, медико-биологических и клинических наук в различных видах профессиональной и социальной деятельности);
ОК-2 (владение письменной и устной речью на государственном языке Российской Федерации, знание одного иностранного языка как средства делового общения, умение вести дискуссии и полемики, способность и готовность к подготовке и редактированию текстов профессионального и социально значимого содержания)
ПК -5 (готовностью к работе с информацией, полученной из различных источников, к применению современных информационных технологий для решения профессиональных задач)
По завершении данного курса студенты должны:
1. знать все основные грамматические явления и конструкции;лексический минимум в объеме 4000 учебных лексических единиц общего и терминологического характера;основную медицинскую и фармацевтическую терминологию на иностранном языке;
2. уметьчитать и понимать литературу по специальности на иностранном языке, анализировать прочитанное, высказывать свое мнение и владеть грамматическим материалом;использовать не менее 900 терминологических единиц и терминоэлементов; участвовать в дискуссиях, вести беседы на иностранном языке;
3. владетьиностранным языком в объеме необходимом для возможности получения информации из зарубежных источников; навыками самостоятельного усвоения иностранного языка, используя определенные рациональные способы его изучения;навыками изложения самостоятельной точки зрения, анализа и логического мышления, публичной речи, морально- этической аргументации, ведения дискуссий и круглых столов, принципами врачебной деонтологии и медицинской этики.
Учебное пособие представляет собой целостную систему, образованную структурными компонентами, подразделяемые на две взаимосвязанные сферы: содержащие материал подъязыка медицины и языковый материал общеупотребительного уровня. Профессионально-ориентированное содержание учебника имеет объективные возможности: симулирование речемыслительной деятельности студента, формирование мотивационной, эмоциональной, ценностной сферы будущего врача.
Theme 1
About myself and my future profession
This year is the crucial one in my life because Ihave left school. Before people leave school, they should understand that the time to choose their future profession has already come. It's not an easy task to make the right choice.
Someone goes further in his education and enter an institute, university or college. Others can start their working career or go into business. Usually there are a lot of universities and institutes in every big city. Our city is not an exception.
There are a huge number of professions to choose. But we should take our time while choosing our future career. Some teenagersmake their choiceaccording to their parents will, others do it in their own way and there are some boys and girls, who want nothing. Anyway it is a dilemma for all the family.
Fathers usually want their children to follow their footsteps. Mothers don't want their sons and daughters to leave the native town or city. So, sometimes they persuade their kids to enter local colleges. But only hard work and personal life experience can help us to find out the best from the best that is to separate the wheat from the chaff.
To make the right choice, we should consider our possibilities, character traits and routine aspects of the future job. To become a good doctor, you must be patient, easygoing and smart. A graduate from the MedicalAcademy may choose his place of work and occupation from a number of possible ones. He can be either a therapeutist or a surgeon; he can also be a dentist, apaediatrician, an emergency doctor, etc. As for me, I always wanted to become a doctor. I think it is a very prestigious and noble occupation. I was good at biology and zoology at school. I want to help people, who have health problems. I know that a doctor should be kind and attentive to people, honest and prudent. A doctor who is selfish and dishonest can't be successfulin his profession. So I’ll try to do my best to develop my personality this way.
More and more people realize now that every educated person should know a foreign language. That is why all students of our academy study one foreign language and Latin. For instance, I study English. I liked it from the first lesson we started lea