Make your choice of the words in italics.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
Health centreshospital
ambulance
drug-store surgery
emergency
maternity home
polyclinic
chemist’s
nursing centre
health- resort
to take to the hospital
waiting room
ward
medical record (card)
patient’s file
urgent call
to be admitted to a hospital
to be discharged from a hospital
to call an ambulance
stretcher
emergency case
examination couch
instrument table
indisposition disease
injury
illness
malady
sickness
ailment
to be in poor / no / critical condition
to be unfit for something
to be weakened / indisposed
a bout of depression
(non) communicable diseases
(in)curable, catching, contagious diseases
epidemic
Pneumonia is a chest disease, which makes breathing very difficult.
________________________
Human bodyhair
throat
armpit
head
shoulder
waist
lung
stomach
back
heart
belly
liver
intestine
side
kidney
skin
ankle
breast
joint
bowels
brain
windpipe
vein
artery
bronchus
lung
gullet
bladder
blood circulation
nervous system
hip
muscle
chest fist elbow
wrist palm thigh
calf heel instep
sole toe limbs
chin temple forehead
jaw tongue eyelid
eyelashes pupil iris
bones skull collar bone
shoulder-blade breastbone forearm
backbone/spine hip-bone kneecap
ribs
medicines drug mixture antibiotic
pill drops antiseptic
capsule ointment anaesthetic
tablet cream pain killer
powder iodine medical herb
extract gargle tranquillizer
to make up a medicine
to take a medicine (for)
a tablespoonful , a teaspoonful,
to take these pills three times a day, every two
hours
after / before meals, on an empty stomach
to take for a headache/cough/ a cold
to apply a mustard plaster
to be inoculated against
to put a dressing
to put a hot water bottle( to)
to remove the bandage
You must take these tablets to reduce the inflammation.
You can only get this ointment on prescription.
medical bandage heating pad stethoscope
appliances syringe plaster cotton-wool
thermometer injection inhalation
to give a shot ( injection )
The doctor protected the wound from the air by putting a bandage over it.
symptoms pain sore eyes runny nose
chest ~ sore throat shiver
ache sore back vomit
stomach ~ swollen ear diarrhoea
headache insomnia dizziness
earache fainting giddiness
temperature bleeding sleepiness
fever cough fatigue
inflammation sneezing rash
My throat is sore. It hurts to swallow.
complaints to feel bad / sick / ill / dizzy / giddy / feverish / faint
to fall ill / be taken ill
to suffer from
to complain of / about
to have / develop pain in kidneys / liver / stomach
to have a sore throat / headache / temperature
high blood pressure
to feel stiff
to catch cold / have a cold
to fall over
to pull a muscle
to twist one’s ankle
to have a heart attack
to have poor vision
to faint
to have pain in the stomach
to have a runny / stuffed-up nose /clogged nose
to have a nervous breakdown
to be depressed / tired
to lose appetite / voice
to have a chill
to be near / far sighted
to itch
to burn
to hurt
to pain
___________________________________________________
I’m allergic to odours. It hurts me to move.
I have high blood pressure. My eyes itch.
My ear aches. What shall I take for it?
diseases flu / influenza heart disease blood pressure
tonsillitis hay fever appendicitis
quinsy food poisoning AIDS
sore throat indigestion cancer
grippe sun-stroke allergy
catarrh chest infection pneumonia
asthma ear infection the measles
bronchitis
He was suffering from chronic appendicitis.
My appendix is causing me trouble again.
doctor’s to test / take blood pressure
to do X-ray
activity to examine / feel the pulse
to do blood test
to sound the chest / heart / lungs
to remove tonsils
to pull / take out a tooth
to operate
to make / give an injection
to treat
to write out a prescription
to write out a sick leave
to cure
to cure smb. of smth.
to be operated on /for
to have the mixture made up
The doctor arranged for me a complete series of tests.
He gave me an injection to relieve the pain.
patient’s to strip to the waist
to take the shirt off
activity to spread fingers
to inhale
to stretch arms
to exhale,
to be prescribed to a diet
to stay in bed
to undergo an operation
to gargle
to bare an arm
to complain of smth.
to have after-effects
to have the symptoms of
to follow the directions of the doctor
Before going to the doctor you should make an appointment.
prescriptions to prescribe an injection
to take medicine
to apply the ointment/drops
to rub the cream into
to wear glasses / contact lenses
to stay from work
to put a bandage / plaster on
to have an operation
to stay in bed for some time
to keep warm
to be on a sick list
to take a hot water bottle/bag
to consult a doctor
to do blood transfusion
to take more exercise
The doctor prescribed an antibiotic to/for the sick man.
How should the medicine be taken? On an empty stomach? After / before a meal?
How do I take this medicine? How often / how much should I take it?
How long is your sick-leave?
At the dentist’s
To make an appointment with a dentist for a check up,
for a dental care
instrument tray
dentures
set of false teeth
drill
bridge
crown
seat
porcelain tooth
filling
extraction forceps
to have one’s tooth treated
to be / work loose
to fit on a crown/bridge
to pull out (remove, extract) a tooth
to have one’s tooth stopped/filled
| medical | general practitioner (GP) | neurologist |
| specialists | surgeon | urologist |
| paediatrician | gynaecologist | |
| physiotherapist | anaesthesiologist | |
| psychiatrist | ophthalmologist | |
| pathologist | orthopaedist | |
| internist | pharmacist | |
| dentist | optician | |
| nurse | veterinarian |
This surgeon operated on my leg last year.
| other medical | in-patient | sick-note | to recover |
| terminology | out-patient | sick-leave | to die |
| check-up | ward | disability | |
| affect | addict | hygiene |
PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
Sound mind in a sound body.
Health is better than wealth.
Prevention is better than cure.
One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
Health is not valued till sickness comes
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. Take turn for a better /worse
2. A man’s health is failing.
3. A man’s health is picking up.
4. He is doing well, he is on the mend, he is over the worst/
5. To get over the/ an illness.
6. To ruin one’ s health.
7. To feel /be/ look/ washed out.
8. To feel /be/ look/ run down.
9. To run /be running a temperature.
10. To fall ill (with a disease) go down with /be down with a disease.
11. To be laid up with.
12. To pass away, to depart this life.
13. To die a natural death, to die of heart attack, to commit suicide.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
The words usually confused:
Illness – disease
“Illness” is the state of being ill;” disease” refers to a particular kind of illness with special symptoms and name.
Pain – ache
“Pain “ refers to suffering of body. It is sharp and sudden;
“ Ache “ means a continuous pain.
Cure – heal –treat
“Cure “ means to bring back to health;” heal” means to make healthy after wounds of any kind; “Treat “ means to take care of with medicines
a) Ill, sick
1) The nurse mixed the medicine with a teaspoon and gave it to the … man who sat up in bed to take it .2. When people are … and have a temperature of 39 degrees we say they are in a high fever.3) when I got on board a ship or a boat, I felt … . 4) He was suddenly taken…
b) illness, sickness, disease
1) What did the man die of? Did he suffer from chronic …or complications after serious….?2) The… was catching, and the doctor said he would put me on sick list. 3) Scarlet fever is a catching….4) His …prevented him from going to school together with his friends.
c) treat, cure
After scarlet fever complications developed, and they had to be … for a month before the patient was completely ……2) The open-air life in the mountain….him of headaches. 3) The doctor said that if I followed his instructions I should be … of the disease.
d) cure, heal
1) Fresh air, sunshine, good food may … a patient of consumption by…… his lungs.2) After a fortnight of slight fever, the wound…. and he recovered.3) The doctor applied a medicine which soon … the deep cut in my arm.
e) ache ,pain, hurt
1) As he was coming home a sudden …. in his heart made him stop and lean against the wall of a house.2) Wet weather often makes old people feel an… in their bones. 3) He fell down the stairs and …his leg. 4) This heavy suitcase makes my arm….
5) Did you … yourself?
Translate into English.
a) Аптека, регистратура, слечь, лихорадить, охрипнуть, хромать, болеутоляющее, амбулаторный больной, быть переутомленным, первая помощь, осматривать больного, грелка, горчичник, насморк, пломба, сделать компресс, кашлять, лекарство, больница, дом отдыха, знобить, пациент, нервный, приемная врача.
b) Приступ кашля, испытывать головокружение, сделать операцию, сделать рентген, ходить на костылях, измерять кровяное давление, находиться под наблюдением врача, бесплатная медицинская помощь, позвать врача, пломбировать зуб, осведомляться о здоровье, удалять зуб, порезать руку, сломать ногу, испытывать боль в спине, получать больничный лист, подвергнуться операции, умереть от неизлечимой болезни, вызвать скорую помощь, вылечиться от воспаления легких, проверить пульс, показаться врачу, прописать микстуру от кашля , выслушать легкие, следовать указаниям врача.
с) 1) Когда вы заболели? 2) В какие часы принимает врач? 3) На что вы жалуетесь? 4) Где болит? 5) Этот зуб следует удалить. 6) Вам не больно глотать? 7)Врач прописал мне микстуру.8)Ты выглядишь совсем плохо. 9)У меня сильно болит голова . 10) У вас грипп. 11) Вам следует полежать в постели. У вас температура 38,5. 12) Она болела корью? 13) Осложнений после болезней не было? 14) Как ваше здоровье? Спасибо, я прекрасно себя чувствую. 15) У него болит горло . 16) Какой диагноз? 17 ) Дайте мне что-либо от боли в желудке. Как принимать это лекарств? 18) Прежнее лекарство мне совсем не помогло. 19) Она целую зиму страдала от простуд. 20) Ему удалили аппендицит. К сожалению начались осложнения . 21). Вам нужно вырвать зуб. Попросите сестру сделать вам обезболивающий укол. 22) Мне дурно, меня тошнит, голова просто раскалывается. 23) Разденьтесь до пояса. Я хочу прослушать ваши легкие. 24)Вам нужно посидеть на диете три дня и так же принимайте это лекарство по одной столовой ложке три раза в день
Fill in the right words.
1) The other day I witnessed a terrible accident. A bus collided with a motor car .The drivers were badly… . Many passengers were also seriously … They were transported to the nearest…in an …which the policeman had called for. They were… . first aid.
2) Why do you speak so softly ? I am … 3) Why are you …., John? I …my ankle yesterday, while playing tennis. 4) I have just …my hand. You must put some ointment on it. Then it won’t … 5) Ann has two children … … with scarlet fever. They were taken to the …. at once as scarlet fever is a very …disease. It is such a pity they were not against it. They say there is an …of scarlet fever in town now.
How the Body Fights Disease
The ….. is often called “the body’s first ….. of defence”. It acts as armour, resisting many germs that might harm the more ….. parts of the ….. . Any ….. in the skin even a pin ….. , provides an opening for ….. germs. Some …… enter the body through the ….. and ….. and other natural openings. These areas provided warmth and ….. , in which germs thrive. When the ….. of the nose and throat becomes irritated, we cough or ….. , blowing out the unwanted substances.
Other body ….. also contain a defense against ….. . Tears, for example, wash ….. from the ….. . Tears also contain substances that fight bacteria. Acid in the ….. kills man germs before they can reach other ….. of the body.
Choose the best answer.
1. Smoking is a very bad habit, which many people find difficult to ….. .
a) beat b) break c) breathe d) cough
2. Can you ….. me an effective way to stop smoking?
a) advise b) instruct c) show d) suggest
3. All cigarette packets carry ….. about the effect of smoking on health.
a) an advice b) an alarm c) an alert d) a warning
4. It has been conclusively ….. that smoking causes many diseases.
a) admitted b) approved c) declared d) established
5. Expert have found that breathing in tobacco smoke can be ….. to non-smokers.
a) harmful b) spoiling c) unhealthy d) wholesome
6. He never stops smoking, one cigarette after another. I’m afraid he’s become a … smoker.
a) chain b) cord c) line d) rope
7. You have a very nasty cough. You must ….. on cigarettes.
a) cut down b) give up c) reduce d) take down
8. I hope you don’t ….. to my smoking.
a) disapprove b) disagree c) object d) oppose
9. Many people have ….. smoking. Why don’t you follow their example!
a) ended b) given up c) gone from d) left
SPECIALISTS. Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.
1. He treats children’s diseases.
a. He is an orthopaedist.
b. He is a paediatrician.
c. He is a pathologist.
2. He corrects deformities of the body.
a. He is a gynaecologist.
b. He is an orthopaedist.
c. He is a pathologist.
3. He straightens crooked teeth.
a. He is an orthodontist.
b. He is an orthopaedist.
c. He is a pathologist.
4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in the diseases of the eyes.
a. He is an oculist.
b. He is an optician.
c. He is an orthopaedist.
5. He makes your eyeglasses.
a. He is an oculist.
b. He is an orthopaedist.
c. He is an optician.
6. He specializes in the disorders of the mind.
a. He is an internist.
b. He is a psychiatrist.
c. He is a physiotherapist.
7. He treats diseases by electricity.
a. He is a pathologist.
b. He is a physiotherapist.
c. He is a psychologist.
8. His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.
a. He is a gynaecologist.
b. He is a neurologist.
c. He is a radiologist.
9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.
a. He is a cardiologist.
b. He is a dermatologist.
c. He is a neurologist.
10. He treats diseases of old age.
a. He is a cardiologist.
b. He is a geriatrician.
c. He is a pediatrician.
11. He specializes in skin diseases.
a. He is a dermatologist.
b. He is a geriatrician.
c. He is a pathologist.
12. He treats women’s diseases.
a. He is a dermatologist.
b. He is a geriatrician.
c. He is a gynecologist.
13. He brings children into the world.
a. He is a gynecologist.
b. He is an obstetrician.
c. He is a pediatrician.
TEXT A
Our Body and Our Health
1. Study the vocabulary given above each paragraph of the text. Read the paragraphs and note down the following points:
a) types of cells
b) names of the main bones and muscles
c) blood circulation
d) the main function of the heart
e) the structure of a tooth
f) the layers of our skin
g) the structure of a hair
h) the way of the food into the stomach
i) the functions of the lungs
j) the information the nervous system gathers
k) the functions of the brain and the main senses
Our Body and Our Health
Our body is made up of thousands of different parts. All these parts work together to keep us alive and to help us move around. Some of the things we do require the strength of our MUSCLES. Other activities need the work of our BRAIN. All the parts of our body need to be kept strong and healthy. For example, we must have the right FOOD for our BONES and TEETH to grow strong and hard. We must sleep to rest our body and take exercise to keep fit.
Cells
Muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells, cells in the intestine.
All living things are made up of tiny parts called cells. Our body consists of millions and millions of these cells. Each cell takes in food and oxygen from the BLOOD.
Cells are many different shapes and sizes and each of them has a different job to do, BONE cells need to be strong and firm so they are linked together in circles. The nerve cells are very small, but they have long nerve fibers. Messages travel along these fibers. Some fibers carry messages to the BRAIN, telling it what is going on. Others carry messages from the brain, telling each part of the body to do a particular job. MUSCLE cells are long and thin. They are arranged in groups for strength.
Bones
Skull, spine, collarbone, breast bone, hummers, ribs, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula.
Our bones form a framework called a skeleton. This skeleton supports our whole body. Bones also help to protect the more delicate parts of our body. Ribs protect the HEART and lungs, and the skull protects the BRAIN.
Bone is a hard, whitish substance. Most bones are not solid but are slightly hollow. Inside is a fatty material, called marrow, where the BLOOD CELLS are made.
Muscles
Biceps contracted, triceps relaxed, biceps, tendon, triceps
Muscles are made of strong fleshy fibers. At each end they are firmly attached to a BONE by a tendon. By pulling on the bones, muscles enable us to move. Without muscles, it would be impossible for us to make movements at all. The HEART is made up of a special kind of muscle. As this muscle contract, the heart beats. Heart muscle works continuously and tirelessly throughout our lives. EATING involves muscular movements of our digestive system.
Blood
Heart, artery, vein, corpuscle.
Blood is a red liquid which travels throughout the body. It is carried in a network of tubes. The largest of these tubes are called arteries and veins. The smallest branches are called capillaries. Blood takes with it the food and oxygen which keep the body alive and working properly.
Blood is made up of many red CELLS and a smaller number of white cells. Red blood cells are like tiny discs. They carry oxygen. White blood cells are larger. Their job is to fight disease. They surround and destroy harmful particles like BACTERIA which sometimes get into the blood. Blood cells are commonly known as corpuscles.
If you cut your finger, blood will start to flow out. But it soon thickens or clots to prevent too much escaping. A healthy child has about four liters of blood, a healthy grow-up person has about six liters.
Heart
Left auricle, left ventricle, right auricle, right ventricle
The heart is a kind of pump which drives BLOOD through the body. An adult’s heart beats about 70 to 80 times a minute when he is standing still.
When you are running about and playing hard, the body needs more food and oxygen. Then the heart beats faster, pumping the blood, with its food and oxygen, quickly through the body.
Blood flows along the veins into the right side of the heart. From there it is pumped to the lungs where it takes in oxygen from the air. It comes back from the lungs into the left side of the heart. From there it is pumped into all parts of the body through the arteries. Valves in the heart prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
Teeth
Flat incisor, pointed canine, grinding molar, dentine, enamel, nerves, blood vessels, jawbone, root.
Teeth are for chewing FOOD. At the age of about six months, the first set of 20 teeth begins to grow through the gums. These first, or ‘milk’, teeth are soon lost. They are replaced by 32 permanent teeth. By the time you are about 14 years old you should have nearly all your permanent teeth.
Each tooth is held into the jawbone by a root that is hidden by your gums. The hard white part that you can see in the mouth is called the crown. The crown is covered by a hard layer of enamel. Under the enamel is a thick layer of strong material called dentine. The center of the tooth is made up of softer pulp that contains nerves and BLOOD vessels.
Skin
Pore, germ, sweat.
The whole of our body is covered by skin. It protects us against injury and germs and also gives the body information about changes in temperature.
The skin is divided into two layers. The outer layer is dead. CELLS flake off from this all the time. Underneath this protective layer there are thousands of sensitive cells. All over the skin are tiny openings called pores. Sweat escapes through these pores to cold the body.
Hair
Dead layer, pore, sweat gland, living layer, hair follicle, hair, nerves, layer of fat
Hair grows on nearly every part of the human body. It is most noticeable, however, on the head.
The hair on our head usually grows about 15 centimeters a year.
Each hair grows from a root in its own follicle, or opening, in the SKIN. Every follicle has a GLAND which supplies oils to the hair and to the skin. The follicle also has a MUSCLE attached to it which makes the hair stand on end when we shiver. Normally, each hair lies flat against the skin.
Eating
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, appendix, small intestine, anus.
The FOOD we eat helps to give us energy. It has a long journey to make before all its goodness has been taken into our body.
When we put food into our mouth, it is first chewed into tiny pieces by our TEETH. These pieces of food are then mixed with a juice called saliva. Saliva is made in GLANDS in the mouth. It is produced whenever food is put into the mouth. Saliva contains special chemicals, called enzymes, which begin to digest the food.
The food is then swallowed and goes down the food pipe, or esophagus, into the stomach. Here it is mixed with digestive juices and turned over and over until a thick liquid is formed. The food takes up to six hours to be digested in the stomach, depending on the size of the meal.
A little at a time, this liquid leaves the stomach and passes into the small intestine. The small intestine is a coiled tube about seven meters long. In the small intestine, more enzymes are added to the liquid to complete the digestion process. All the goodness from the food then passes through the walls of the intestine and into the BLOOD. The digested food is carried in the blood along the arteries and veins to the Cells of the body.
Any undigested food is passed into the large intestine or bowel. This tube is wider than the small intestine, but not as long. In the bowel the water is taken out of the waste food. In its more solid form the food passes out of the body through the opening called the anus. The complete digestive process takes about 24 hours.
The appendix, located close to where the large and small intestines meet, serves no purpose in humans. When it is infected, it becomes inflamed and fills with pus. This condition is called appendicitis.
Breathing
Nostril, windpipe, ribs, bronchi, diaphragm, lung.
Breathing is the process of taking in and expelling air. We need air because it contains oxygen. Oxygen enables our body to release the energy contained in our FOOD and keep us moving. When you sit still, you breathe in and out about twenty times every minute. When you run about, you need more energy than when you sit still, and so you need more oxygen. You breathe more quickly when you are running - perhaps as much as fifty times every minute.
Air is drawn in through the nose or the mouth.
Next, it passes into the windpipe. The windpipe divides into two passages, called bronchi. One of these goes to each lung. Our lungs are like two large balloons in the chest. When we breathe in, the MUSCLES between our ribs lift the rib cage and the sheet of muscle at the bottom of the ribs, called the diaphragm, pushes downwards. When this happens there is more space inside the ribs and the lungs can swell up as air is taken in.
Inside the lung the bronchi divide again and again forming a network of small air passages inside the lungs. Each one of these air passages ends in a tiny air sac called an alveolus. BLOOD collects oxygen from the alveoli and carries it round the body to all CELLS. When the cells use the oxygen, they produce another gas called carbon dioxide. Blood carries this gas back to the lungs and we breathe it out.
We do not have to think about breathing because we do it automatically. The BRAIN sends signals to the diaphragm and rib cage muscles, telling them how often to relax and tighten and so make us breathe in and out.
Nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, cerebellum, nerves.
The nervous system gathers information about what is going on inside and outside our body using the SENSES and nerves. The BRAIN and spinal cord receive this information. They then send messages back which can make MUSCLES or GLANDS work. In this way we respond to situations around us. Sometimes we respond quickly and without thinking. If we touch something hot, we soon take our hand away. Often we choose what to do. When we cross a street we look, listen and thinks before we decide that it is safe to step forward.
Brain
The brain controls almost all the things that we do. Messages from all over the body pass to and from the brain along the spinal cord. Each part of the brain controls a different activity. Parts of the outer layer receive messages from the SENSES. Another area of the brain governs speech. The brain stores some information as memory. We learn from this memory and use its information to make decisions.
The five senses
Nostril, smell cells, nose cavity, palate, retina, optic nerve, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, semi-circular canals, cochlea, nerve cells, inner ear, throat, middle ear, eardrum, external ear.
The five senses are: sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch. All the sense organs collect information in a different way. But they all send messages along nerves to the BRAIN, where they are interpreted and acted upon.
Light enters the eye through an opening at the center of the iris called the pupil. What we see is focused (made clearer) by the lens, and is recorded on the retina at the back of the eye. Within the retina are nerve CELLS that messages to the brain about the colour and brightness of light entering the pupil.
Taste buds in the tongue give us a sense of taste. Different taste buds can recognize the four flavors: salt, sour, sweet and bitter.
The eardrum vibrates when sounds hit it. This in turn makes three small bones in the middle ear vibrate. The vibrations pass to the cochlea of the inner ear. Nerve cells in the cochlea inform the brain of the loudness and pitch of the sound waves entering the ear.
Many substances give off a scent or smell. The smell consists of millions of tiny particles which float in the air. We use our noses to detect them. When we smell a flower, for example, the particles are drawn up the nose to the smell cells in the upper part of the nasal cavity. The cells tell the brain what kinds of particles they are.
Nerves in our skin give us a sense of touch. We can feel whether objects are rough or smooth, wet or dry and we can respond to sharp pressure. Fingertips and lips are the most sensitive areas.
Body. Crossword.
ACROSS:
1. cistern of the milk-producing of a woman (6)
6. conducts blood away from the heart (6)
7. part of the body that includes the bowels (7)
8. of or for the teeth (6)
9. a large box or part of the body (5)
10. any one of the twelve pairs of curved bones in the chest (3)
11. a tree or part of the hand (4)
16. flat sea fish with a delicate flavor or under surface of the foot (4)
17. a flower or part of the eye (4)
18. movable cover for the teapot or flap of skin that covers the eye (3)
19. for hearing (3)
DOWN:
1. organ shaped like a bag in which urine collects (7)
2. one of five on your foot (3)
3. the part of the body from the shoulder to hand (3)
4. conducts impulses from the brain (5)
5. for seeing (3)
9. a young cow or part of the leg (4)
10. fills your veins (5)
11. a schoolboy or part of the eye (5)
12. a large organ which produces bile and cleans the blood (5)
13. conducts blood back to the heart (4)
14. for smelling (4)
What’s the Russian for?
| 1. bile duct 2. bladder 3. gall bladder 4. large intestine 5. larynx | 6. pancreas 7. pelvis 8. spine 9. spleen 10. windpipe |
TEXT B
At the Doctor’s
1. Study the vocabulary:
[1] regarding – осматривая
[2] occasionally – временами
[3] the best cure for – лучшее лечение от …
[4] I have come to see you about – Я пришел к Вам на осмотр
[5] for years – в течении лет
[6] so I am used to that – поэтому я привык к такому
[7] has been bothering me a good deal lately – очень беспокоит меня в последнее время
[8] It comes and goes – Она приходит и уходит
[9] any number of things – и многое другое
[10] without first giving you a series of tests – не сделав сначала серию анализов
[11] exercise too little – слишком мало двигаетесь
[12] Could that be the case ? – Может быть в этом причина?
[13] all day long – весь день
[14] to check blood-pressure – проверить кровяное давление
[15] but nothing to worry about – не о чем беспокоиться
[16] for about – в течение (приблизительно)
[17] later it moves down into my ankle – позже перешла в лодыжку
[18] it is more like – это больше похоже на …
[19] avoid getting chilled – избегать простуды
[20] stay out of drafts – избегать сквозняков
[21] to build yourself up in general – укреплять здоровье вообще
[22] I want you to be sure to get in touch with me every two or three days – Обязательно связывайтесь со мной через каждые 2-3 дня.
[23] You take only one a day – Принимайте только по одной в день
[24] try to take it easy – постарайтесь проще смотреть на вещи
[25] In the matter of sleeping – что касается сна
[26] to take your mind off your business – не думать о деле
[27] find yourself – оказаться (очутиться)
At the doctor’s office
- (Doctor, regarding [1] his patient) You don’t look very cheerful today, Mr.Liss.
- I don’t feel very well, Doctor.
- What seems to be the trouble?
- Well, for one thing I haven’t bee sleeping so well. I feel a little tired. I also have pain occasionally. [2]
- You mean that you have insomnia. You know the best cure for [3] insomnia, don’t you? A good night’s sleep. Have you tried drinking a little warm milk and eating a few crackers before going to bed?
- Six months ago you told me not to eat anything before I went to bed.
- (Smiling) That just goes to show you what great progress medical science has made recently.
- Anyway, it’s more the pain in my leg that I have come to see you about. [4] I haven’t slept well for years, [5] so I am used to that. [6] But this pain has been bothering me a good deal lately. [7] It’s not a steady pain. It comes and goes. [8] It is in my right leg. Do you think it might be a little rheumatism?
- It might be rheumatism, neuritis, arthritis, poor circulation, kidney trouble, and heart trouble – any number of things. [9] It is hard to say what it is without first giving you a series of tests. [10] How do you feel in general? You say that you are tired. How is your appetite? Do you eat well?
- Very well.
- You seem a little overweight. Maybe you eat too much and exercise too little. [11] Could that be the case? [12]
- Naturally, I’m not as active physically as I used to be. I’m at my office all day long. [13] I have my own business, and I work pretty hard at it.
- I suspect maybe you work too hard at it. Take off your coat and roll up your sleeve, please. I want to check your blood pressure. [14] How old are you, Mr.Liss – about fifty?
- I’m fifty-two.
- (Doctor, testing blood pressure) Your blood pressure is slightly above normal – but nothing to worry about. [15] Have you ever had any trouble with your heart – any shortness of breath? Any dizziness after climbing stairs?
- No, I’ve never had any trouble of that sort.
- How long have you had these pains in your leg? You say the pain comes and goes. Would you say that you feel it more in the joints or in the muscular part of your leg?
- I believe it is more in the joints. I’ve had it now for about [16] three months. At first I felt it more in my knee; then later it moved down into my ankle. [17]
- Do your knee or ankle swell?
- I believe they swelled a little. I didn’t notice particularly. I know they were sore to the touch. Generally, it is a steady ache that I feel, but sometimes it is more like [18] a series of sharp pains.
- It sounds to me like the beginning of a little arthritis. I don’t think it is anything serious, but you naturally have to be careful. You should avoid getting chilled. [19] Don’t get your feet wet, and stay out of drafts. [20] You should also try to get a little more rest and to build yourself up in general. [21] I’ll give you some tablets that will help you. However, I want you to be sure to get in touch with me every two or three days [22] to let me know whether you feel any particular reaction. The pills are something new and rather potent. You take only one a day. [23]
- Shall I come to your office or can I just telephone you?
- You can telephone me. However, I’m giving you only enough pills to last you three weeks. Then you’d better come in again to see me. If there has been no improvement, I will give you some further tests. In the meantime, try to take it easy. [24] Don'’ work so hard. In the matter of sleeping [25] you can do a great deal to help you self. Try going to bed every night an hour earlier than usual. Read or do something relaxing each evening in order to take your mind off your business [26] and your personal problems.
- I’m glad you think it’s nothing serious.
- These things are not serious if you catch them in time. But you must also learn to take care of yourself. You are a man of fifty-two years of age. You can’t work as hard as you used to do. Take it easy. Otherwise one day you may find yourself [27] in a wheel chair all crippled up with arthritis. That’s not a very happy prospect – is it?
3. Questions for discussion:
1. Does the above dialogue take place in the office of a dentist or in the office of a doctor?
2. What is insomnia?
3. What does the doctor say is the best cure for insomnia?
4. What does the doctor recommend that Mr.Liss do in order to help him sleep better?
5. Has Mr. Liss been suffering from a pain in his back or a pain in his leg?
6. Does Mr. Liss say that it is a steady pain, or a pain that comes and goes?
7. What, in medical terminology, is meant by “poor circulation”?
8. What is the opposite of “overweight”?
9. Does the doctor feel that Mr. Liss’ blood pressure is above normal or below normal?
10. In periods of stress or excitement does the blood pressure usually rise or fall?
11. What is normal body temperature?
12. During serious illness or attacks of fever, to what heights will body temperature sometimes go?
13. What are some of the symptoms of heart trouble? Of rheumatism? Of arthritis?
14. What treatment does the doctor recommended to Mr. Liss?
15. When you go to a doctor, do you always or seldom follow his advice?
TEXT C
A home call
TEXT D.
GENERAL HOSPITALS
Staffing and facilities
General hospitals are staffed by consultants in the various medical, surgical, gynaecological, paediatric, and psychiatric disciplines and by their junior medical and nursing staff. In addition, there is an additional hierarchyon the administrative side concerned with general staff administration, catering,housekeeping, laundry,engineering, accounting,medical records, cleaning, finance, purchasing, stocktaking,and salaries. Clinical departments include a range of diagnostic facilities such as X-ray, computerized axial tomography, and ultrasound scanning, electro diagnostic facilities and pathology laboratories; pharmaceutical services, physiotherapy; social services and suites of operating rooms (theatres) with their ancillary services;for instrument sterilization, changing rooms, and stock rooms.
The largest general hospitals cover a wide range of specialties and usually have, in addition to those mentioned, a premature-baby unit, a psychiatric wing; full facilities for dental and facial surgery,plastic surgery and reconstructive surgery; a radiotherapy unit; MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanning; a renal dialysis unit; organ transplant facilities; an occupatorial therapy department; a physical medicine unit with physiotherapy gymnasium and therapeutic pool; a burns unit; a department of medical physics; and a lithotriptor unit for the noninvasive treatment of kidney stones and gallstones. Some very large general hospitals have a cyclotron for the production of artificial isotopes for PET scanning (position emission tomography)
TEXT E.
FIRST AID
Here are some tips on what to do at accidents. Read them and ask yourself if you know what to do in the case of emergency. Discuss if it is necessary to take a first aid course so that each person knows more about this.
Car accident
(If emergency services are already at the scene, drive past slowly and don’t interfere)
a. Control any serious bleeding and make sure victims can breath.
b. Leave victims in the car unless there is a danger from fire there.
c. Switch off ignition and lights of any car involved. Make sure the brakes are on.
d. Don’t smoke or allow any bystanders to smoke.
e. Look to see if any victims have been thrown over a nearby wall or hedge.
f. Set warning triangles or send bystanders 200 metres behind and ahead of the scene to warn other drivers to slow down.
g. Get a bystander to call the ambulance, write down exactly where you are, the number of victims and apparent injuries.
h. Treat the victims as best as you can without pulling them out.
i. Wait for the emergency services to arrive.
Snake bite
1. Don’t cut the wound.
2. Don’t suck out the poison.
3.Encourage the patient to rest, lying down.
4 Wash the wound and apply a clean dry dressing.
5. Bandage firmly with a soft pad pressing on the wound.
6. Prevent the patient from moving the affected part, this reduces the spread of poison.
7. Get the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.
Shock
1.Move the patient as little as possible. Call for a doctor or ambulance.
2.Position the patient with his or her head low and feet raised – do not move any part that may be fractured.
3.Loosen tight clothing.
4.Keep the patients warm, cover them with a coat or blanket.
Artificial respiration
1. Artificial respiration. By holding the patient in this position, his lungs will be drained of any liquid almost immediately.
2. Lay the patient on his back …
3. … press the head back-wards and the lower jaw upwards …
4. … seal the patient’s nose by pinching his nostrils together …
5. … then, place your wide open mouth right round his and blow hard …
6. … and repeat six times quickly and then at about ten times a minute.
7. Repeat the action each time the patient’s chest falls
8. Carry on until the patient breathes naturally or help arrives.
Anyone whose breathing has stopped needs artificial respiration at once. Lack of oxygen can cause brain damage within only three to five minutes and longer oxygen starvation leads to death.
Breathing can stop from one of many reasons: drowning, electric shock, poisoning, suffocation or a sudden illness such as a heart attack.
To check whether a person is breathing, put your ear close to his nose and mouth: you should be able to hear air passing in and out of his throat. Or put a mirror close to his lips: if he is breathing, the mirror mists over.
Guided Conversation
| Questions on the text | 1. If someone’s breathing has stopped what should you do immediately? 2. How long does it take for lack of oxygen to cause brain damage? 3. What happens if a person is starved of oxygen for more than 5 minutes? 4. What can cause breathing to stop? 5. What’s the best thing to do to see whether someone’s breathing? 6. What should you be able to hear? 7. How else can you check whether someone is breathing? 8. Why does the rescuer put the patient face down across his knees? 9. Where does he put the patient next. 10. What does he do to the patient’s head and lower jaw. 11. What does he do to the patient’s nose? 12. Where does the rescuer put his own mouth? 13. What does he do then? 14. How many times does he blow quickly? 15. How often does he repeat the process? 16. How long should he continue? |
| Check if | Ask whether … . 1. the patient is lying face upwards or face downwards. 2. The patient is on a bed or on the ground. 3. his head is pressed backwards or forwards. 4. the rescuer repeats her action each time the patient'’ chest falls. 5. the rescuer breathes hard or gently into the patient'’ mouth. 6. the rescuer repeats this six or ten times. |
| General test | “How good are you in an emergency?” 1. How should you treat a nosebleed? a) Lay the victim down with his head raised? b) Put a bunch of keys down his back? c) Get him to sit with his head slightly forward and pinch his nostrils? |
| a | b | c |
| 2. When someone faints, should you: a) Lay him down with his legs higher than his head? b) See he has plenty of fresh air? c) Loosen tight clothing? |
| a | b | c |
| 3. In cases of electric shock, which should you do first: a) Drag the victim clear? b) Turn off the appliance? c) Turn off the electricity at the power point or mains? |
| a | b | c |
| 4. If you see a small child with his head stuck between railings, should you: a) Grease his ears try to pull him out? b) Send for the Fire Brigade? c) Turn him upside down gently and try to ease his head through face first? |
| a | b | c |
| 5. For hiccups, should you give: a) Sips of water? b) A teaspoonful of dry, granulated sugar? c) A sudden shock? |
| a | b | c |
| 6. In cases of poisoning, should you: a) Always make the victim sick? b) Get him to drink a lot of water? c) Send him to hospital? |
| a | b | c |
TEXT F.
Study the following words and word combinations and be sure you know them:
rotten, weak, shivering, limbs feel sick, there’s no quick cure a bout of flu, pass on the infection, in poor health , soluble aspirin chest bronchitis ,be vaccinated against flu, epidemics.
TEXT G
TEXT H
1. While reading pay attention to the main differences in organizing Health Care Services in Belarus and Great Britain.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
Health centreshospital
ambulance
drug-store surgery
emergency
maternity home
polyclinic
chemist’s
nursing centre
health- resort
to take to the hospital
waiting room
ward
medical record (card)
patient’s file
urgent call
to be admitted to a hospital
to be discharged from a hospital
to call an ambulance
stretcher
emergency case
examination couch
instrument table
indisposition disease
injury
illness
malady
sickness
ailment
to be in poor / no / critical condition
to be unfit for something
to be weakened / indisposed
a bout of depression
(non) communicable diseases
(in)curable, catching, contagious diseases
epidemic
Pneumonia is a chest disease, which makes breathing very difficult.
________________________
Human bodyhair
throat
armpit
head
shoulder
waist
lung
stomach
back
heart
belly
liver
intestine
side
kidney
skin
ankle
breast
joint
bowels
brain
windpipe
vein
artery
bronchus
lung
gullet
bladder
blood circulation
nervous system
hip
muscle
chest fist elbow
wrist palm thigh
calf heel instep
sole toe limbs
chin temple forehead
jaw tongue eyelid
eyelashes pupil iris
bones skull collar bone
shoulder-blade breastbone forearm
backbone/spine hip-bone kneecap
ribs
medicines drug mixture antibiotic
pill drops antiseptic
capsule ointment anaesthetic
tablet cream pain killer
powder iodine medical herb
extract gargle tranquillizer
to make up a medicine
to take a medicine (for)
a tablespoonful , a teaspoonful,
to take these pills three times a day, every two
hours
after / before meals, on an empty stomach
to take for a headache/cough/ a cold
to apply a mustard plaster
to be inoculated against
to put a dressing
to put a hot water bottle( to)
to remove the bandage
You must take these tablets to reduce the inflammation.
You can only get this ointment on prescription.
medical bandage heating pad stethoscope
appliances syringe plaster cotton-wool
thermometer injection inhalation
to give a shot ( injection )
The doctor protected the wound from the air by putting a bandage over it.
symptoms pain sore eyes runny nose
chest ~ sore throat shiver
ache sore back vomit
stomach ~ swollen ear diarrhoea
headache insomnia dizziness
earache fainting giddiness
temperature bleeding sleepiness
fever cough fatigue
inflammation sneezing rash
My throat is sore. It hurts to swallow.
complaints to feel bad / sick / ill / dizzy / giddy / feverish / faint
to fall ill / be taken ill
to suffer from
to complain of / about
to have / develop pain in kidneys / liver / stomach
to have a sore throat / headache / temperature
high blood pressure
to feel stiff
to catch cold / have a cold
to fall over
to pull a muscle
to twist one’s ankle
to have a heart attack
to have poor vision
to faint
to have pain in the stomach
to have a runny / stuffed-up nose /clogged nose
to have a nervous breakdown
to be depressed / tired
to lose appetite / voice
to have a chill
to be near / far sighted
to itch
to burn
to hurt
to pain
___________________________________________________
I’m allergic to odours. It hurts me to move.
I have high blood pressure. My eyes itch.
My ear aches. What shall I take for it?
diseases flu / influenza heart disease blood pressure
tonsillitis hay fever appendicitis
quinsy food poisoning AIDS
sore throat indigestion cancer
grippe sun-stroke allergy
catarrh chest infection pneumonia
asthma ear infection the measles
bronchitis
He was suffering from chronic appendicitis.
My appendix is causing me trouble again.
doctor’s to test / take blood pressure
to do X-ray
activity to examine / feel the pulse
to do blood test
to sound the chest / heart / lungs
to remove tonsils
to pull / take out a tooth
to operate
to make / give an injection
to treat
to write out a prescription
to write out a sick leave
to cure
to cure smb. of smth.
to be operated on /for
to have the mixture made up
The doctor arranged for me a complete series of tests.
He gave me an injection to relieve the pain.
patient’s to strip to the waist
to take the shirt off
activity to spread fingers
to inhale
to stretch arms
to exhale,
to be prescribed to a diet
to stay in bed
to undergo an operation
to gargle
to bare an arm
to complain of smth.
to have after-effects
to have the symptoms of
to follow the directions of the doctor
Before going to the doctor you should make an appointment.
prescriptions to prescribe an injection
to take medicine
to apply the ointment/drops
to rub the cream into
to wear glasses / contact lenses
to stay from work
to put a bandage / plaster on
to have an operation
to stay in bed for some time
to keep warm
to be on a sick list
to take a hot water bottle/bag
to consult a doctor
to do blood transfusion
to take more exercise
The doctor prescribed an antibiotic to/for the sick man.
How should the medicine be taken? On an empty stomach? After / before a meal?
How do I take this medicine? How often / how much should I take it?
How long is your sick-leave?
At the dentist’s
To make an appointment with a dentist for a check up,
for a dental care
instrument tray
dentures
set of false teeth
drill
bridge
crown
seat
porcelain tooth
filling
extraction forceps
to have one’s tooth treated
to be / work loose
to fit on a crown/bridge
to pull out (remove, extract) a tooth
to have one’s tooth stopped/filled
| medical | general practitioner (GP) | neurologist |
| specialists | surgeon | urologist |
| paediatrician | gynaecologist | |
| physiotherapist | anaesthesiologist | |
| psychiatrist | ophthalmologist | |
| pathologist | orthopaedist | |
| internist | pharmacist | |
| dentist | optician | |
| nurse | veterinarian |
This surgeon operated on my leg last year.
| other medical | in-patient | sick-note | to recover |
| terminology | out-patient | sick-leave | to die |
| check-up | ward | disability | |
| affect | addict | hygiene |
PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
Sound mind in a sound body.
Health is better than wealth.
Prevention is better than cure.
One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
Health is not valued till sickness comes
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. Take turn for a better /worse
2. A man’s health is failing.
3. A man’s health is picking up.
4. He is doing well, he is on the mend, he is over the worst/
5. To get over the/ an illness.
6. To ruin one’ s health.
7. To feel /be/ look/ washed out.
8. To feel /be/ look/ run down.
9. To run /be running a temperature.
10. To fall ill (with a disease) go down with /be down with a disease.
11. To be laid up with.
12. To pass away, to depart this life.
13. To die a natural death, to die of heart attack, to commit suicide.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
The words usually confused:
Illness – disease
“Illness” is the state of being ill;” disease” refers to a particular kind of illness with special symptoms and name.
Pain – ache
“Pain “ refers to suffering of body. It is sharp and sudden;
“ Ache “ means a continuous pain.
Cure – heal –treat
“Cure “ means to bring back to health;” heal” means to make healthy after wounds of any kind; “Treat “ means to take care of with medicines
a) Ill, sick
1) The nurse mixed the medicine with a teaspoon and gave it to the … man who sat up in bed to take it .2. When people are … and have a temperature of 39 degrees we say they are in a high fever.3) when I got on board a ship or a boat, I felt … . 4) He was suddenly taken…
b) illness, sickness, disease
1) What did the man die of? Did he suffer from chronic …or complications after serious….?2) The… was catching, and the doctor said he would put me on sick list. 3) Scarlet fever is a catching….4) His …prevented him from going to school together with his friends.