III. Tell us some words about your family.

CYCLE I. MEDICAL EDUCATION

LESSON 1

Грамматика: имя существительное, личные местоимения,

числительные, формы глаголов to be, to have , порядок

слов в утвердительном предложении

ABOUT MYSELF

I. Прочтите следующие слова по правилам:

children,mean, hospital, student, person, pure, leave, while, member, third, treatment, type, skull, chest, shoulder, fiber, agent, strong, bone, line

II. Прочтите следующие слова по транскрипции:

anatomy[q’nxtqmi] , chemistry [‘kemistri], microbiology[,mQikrObQi’OlqGi], patient [‘peiSqnt], medicine [‘medsin], pathology[pq’TOlqGi], blood [blAd], atrium [‘eitrium], mind [mQind], general [‘Genqrql], responsible [ris’pOnsqbl], library [‘lQibrqri], health [helT]

III. Образуйте единственное число существительных:

parents, children, libraries, types, lives, women, houses, mice, relatives, teeth, babies

IV. Объясните употребление предлогов, прочтите предложения и переведите их:

1. The lectures delivered by the professors of our Institute are interesting. 2. I write my exercises with a pen. 3. Our assistant’s experiments were successful. 4. He pays great attention to his studies. 5. This book was written by a famous writer. 6. The article was about doctors. 7. He gave the textbook to his friend. 8. The patients of this doctor were children. 9. Children’s parents asked many questions.

V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на местоимения:

1. We live with our parents. 2. Her son works with my uncle. 3. I live not far from you and your sister. 4. Their flat is on the second floor. 5. She finished our school. 6. Our doctor is young. 7. We have a dog. We like it and it likes us.

VI. Раскройте скобки, употребив соответствующую форму личных местоимений:

1. (I) friend sends (I) many letters. 2. (He) brother knows (you). 3. (I) often see (they) in the park. 4. Don’t ask (he) about (he) wife. 5. (He) met (she) at the party. 6. (We ) teacher greets (we) every morning. (We) greet (she) too. 7. (You) son studies together with (I).

VII. Назовите следующие числительные:

3547,20й, 0.005, 1987год, 1/3, 209, 31й, 2.65, 2/5

VIII. Вставьте соответствующую форму глагола to be в настоящем времени:

1. He … a student. 2. You … students. 3. I … a teacher. 4. She … a young lady. 5. It … a car. 6. Nick … from London. 7. Ann … a doctor. 8. This … a book. 9. The door … open. 10. They … friends. 11. His name … Jack. 12. I … from Novosibirsk.

IX. Найдите в предложениях глагол to be , определите его время и переведите предложения:

1. Mike is a student. 2. His mother was a doctor. 3. Helen and Ann are schoolgirls.

4. The Smiths were in Paris. 5. His daughter will be a student. 6. She is married.

7. Her husband was in the hospital. 8. I will be seventeen.

X. Вставьте глагол to be в соответствующей форме:

1. I … in London in summer. 2. My son … a schoolboy next year. 3. Our relatives … at home now. 4. My sister … a housewife. 5. His daughter … in Paris last year. 6. His nephew … a doctor in a year. 7. Her husband … twenty seven yesterday. 8. My son’s friends … students of the medical university.

XI. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Are you a student of the stomatological faculty?

2. Was it difficult to enter the university?

3. Is it interesting to study at the medical university?

4. Are your friends students?

5. Is your mother a doctor?

6. Will you be a good student?

7. Were you in Moscow this summer/

8. Is anatomy your favourite subject?

XII. Определите время глагола to have и переведите предложения:

1. They had a house but now they have a flat. 2. My friend will have a new job soon. 3. Her aunt has two children. 4. I have no car. 5. His daughter has many English books. 6. He has no relatives in France. 7. They have breakfast at nine o’clock. 8. She had a headache yesterday. 9. I will have no time tomorrow. 10. Their children have no problems.

XIII. Переведите предложения:

1. У нее было много друзей. 2. У наших родственников новая квартира. 3. У него болит зуб. 4. Обычно они обедают в три часа. 5. У них была большая семья. 6. Я сегодня не завтракал. 7. Завтра у меня будет свободное время.

XIV. Составьте предложения, соответствующие русскому варианту:

1. Мой двоюродный брат хороший врач.

doctor, cousin, a, is, good, my

2. В этом институте учатся друзья моей дочери.

friends, study, my, this, institute, daughter’s, at

3. У него много родственников.

many, he, relatives, has

4. В этом отделении работает 15 врачей.

work, fifteen, doctors, in, department, our

5. Их сейчас нет дома.

home, now, they, not, are, at

6. Его дочери завтра исполнится 5 лет.

five, his, tomorrow, will, daughter, be

7. Прошлым летом мы не были в Москве.

were, in, last, not, we, Moscow, summer

XV. Поставьте слова в правильном порядке:

1. policeman, from, is, John, a, New York

2. is, coffee, nice, not, English, very

3. Tim, in, work, and, Madrid, Sally

4. has, very, free, he, time, little

XVI. Прочтите следующие слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

Biology, college, computer programmer, practical, pensioner, visit

XVII. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

What does he/she look like? – Как он/она выглядит?

good-looking - симпатичный

fair hair [‘fFq ‘hFq] - светлые волосы

to look younger - выглядеть моложе

medium height [‘mJdjqm hQit] - средний рост

tall [tOl] - высокий

slim - стройный

experienced [iks’piqriqnst] - опытный, квалифицированный

broad-shouldered [‘brLd ‘Souldid] - широкоплечий

to have much in common - иметь много общего

different views on smth [vjHz] - разные взгляды на ч-л

to be fond of - увлекаться. любить

to go in for sports - заниматься спортом

to take care of smb [kFq] - заботиться о к-л

to be good at smth - быть способным к ч-л

to tidy - убирать, приводить в порядок

to run the house - вести хозяйство

to be married [‘mqerid]- быть женатым/замужем

one’s own [oun] - собственный

lawyer [lLjq]- юрист

housewife - домохозяйка

son [sAn]- сын

daughter [‘dLtq] - дочь

nephew [nevjH] - племянник

niece [nJs] - племянница

relative - родственник

to get on well - быть в хороших отношениях, ладить

pet - питомец, любимец

XVIII. Прочтите и переведите текст:

MY FAMILY

I am Ann Smirnova. Ann is my first name and Smirnova is my surname or family name. I am seventeen. I want to tell you some words about my family. It is not very large. We are five in the family: my mum, dad, grandmother, brother and me.

My mother is a teacher of biology. She works in a college. She is a good-looking woman with grey eyes and fair hair. She is forty four but looks much younger. She is medium height and slim.

My father is a computer programmer. He is very experienced. He is a broad-shouldered, tall man with dark hair. He is forty five. My parents have much in common. But they have different views on books, films and sports. For example, my father is fond of football and tennis. My mother doesn’t go in for sports but she is fond of reading books and different magazines. My parents are hard working people. My mother keeps the house and takes care of us. She is very good at cooking and she is very practical. I try to help her with the housework. I wash dishes, go shopping and tidy our flat.

My grandmother is a pensioner. She lives with us and helps to run the house.

My brother Nick is twenty three. He is married and has a family of his own. He is a lawyer . His wife is a housewife. They have twins – a son and a daughter. I often visit them and play with my nephew and niece.

We have many relatives and we get on well.

I am fond of animals. We have two pets. They are a big dog and an Angora cat.

XIX. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

имя и фамилия, иметь много родственников, сын и дочь, племянник и племянница, в нашей семье три человека, симпатичный человек, светловолосая женщина, широкоплечий мужчина, стройная девушка среднего роста, высокий парень, у нас много общего, у них разные взгляды на жизнь, увлекаться музыкой, заниматься спортом, хорошо готовить, быть способным к языкам, заботиться о детях, вести хозяйство, убирать квартиру, мыть посуду, ходить по магазинам, быть замужем, хорошо ладить с кем-либо, иметь питомца

TASKS

I. Answer the questions:

1. What is your first name?

2. What is your family name?

3. How old are you?

4. Is your family large?

5. How large is your family?

6. What is your mother?

7. What does she look like?

8. What is your father?

9. What does he look like?

10. Do you get on well with your parents?

11, Do you have much in common with them?

12. What do you have different views with your parents on?

13. Do you have a brother or a sister?

14. Do you have a niece or a nephew?

15. Do you have many relatives?

16. W ho runs your house?

17. Do you help your parents with the housework?

18. Do you have grandparents?

19. Are they pensioners?

20. Do you have a pet?

II. Translate the sentences:

1. Наша семья не очень большая. Нас четверо: мама, папа, старшая сестра и я.

2. Моя мама симпатичная, стройная женщина среднего роста. У нее светлые

Волосы. Она домохозяйка.

3. Мой папа высокий и широкоплечий. Он опытный юрист.

4. У меня хорошие отношения с родителями, потому что у нас много общего.

Но у нас разные взгляды на одежду и музыку.

5. Моя мама ведет хозяйство. Но я помогаю ей убирать квартиру и мыть посуду.

Иногда я хожу в магазин.

6. Моя старшая сестра замужем. У нее своя семья. Ее муж программист. У них

сын. Он мой племянник. Племянницы у меня нет.

7. Я занимаюсь спортом, и говорят, что у меня есть способности к химии.

8. У нас есть любимец. Это большая и умная собака. Ее зовут Зус.

9. Мои бабушка и дедушка пенсионеры. Они живут в другом городе. Мы часто

навещаем их.

MY WORKING DAY

I. Выучите следующие слова и выражения:

to enter the university [entq]- поступить в университет

alarm clock [q’lRm] - будильник

to wake up - просыпаться

to take a shower [SQuq] - принимать душ

to get dressed - одеваться

cheese - сыр

sausage [‘sLsiG]- колбаса

to leave (left, left) - уходить, покидать

underground station - станция метро

It takes me … to … - мне нужно …, чтобы

favourite subject [‘feivqrit ‘sAbGqkt] - любимый предмет

to move [mHv]- переезжать

to be hungry [‘hANri] - быть голодным, хотеть есть

to do home assignment [q’sQinmqnt] - делать домашнее задание

hour [Quq] - час

favourite activities [q’ktivitiz]- любимое занатие

to look forward [‘fLwqd] - с нетерпением ждать

II. Прочтите и переведите текст:

MY WORKING DAY

This year I entered the Medical University. Now I am a first-year student. On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at 6.30. In ten minutes I get up and my working day begins. I go to the bathroom, take a shower and clean my teeth. After that I go to my room and get dressed.

My mother makes breakfast for me. Usually I have a cheese or sausage sandwich and a cup of coffee with cream.

I leave the house at 7.30 and go to the nearest underground station. Sometimes I go by bus. It takes me 40 minutes to get to the university. Our classes begin at 8.20. Usually we have two or three lectures and practical classes. We study many subjects but human anatomy is my favourite one. It is very interesting but difficult. During the day we have to move from one block` to another. Usually I have lunch in a café but sometimes I have no time to have it.

I come home at about 7 sometimes later. I am always very hungry. So first I have dinner and have a little rest. Then I do my home assignments. It takes me two or three hours. In the evening I watch TV or listen to music. And I go to bed at aboutn12. When I have free time my favourite activities are going to the movies or different parties or clubs with my friends or playing volleyball. But on my weekdays I am very busy. So I always look forward to Sundays to do the things like that.

TASKS

I. Answer the questions:

1. What are you?

2. When do you usually get up on weekdays?

3. What do you do in the morning?

4. Do you have breakfast?

5. What do you have for breakfast/

6. When do you leave the house?

7. How do you get to the university?

8. How long does it take you to get to the university?

9. When do your classes begin?

10. What is your favourite subject?

11. Where do you usually have lunch?

12. When do you come home?

13. What do you do in the evening?

14. How long does it take you to do your homework?

15. Do you have much free time?

16. What are your favourite activities when you have free time?

LESSON 2

Грамматика: Present Simple, степени сравнения прилагательных и

наречий, модальные глаголы

ENGLISH AND ITS ROLE

FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

Запомните:

Cуффикс –lyобразует наречия от основы прилагательных и существительных: bad-badly.

-ic, -al образуют прилагательные от основы существительных: base-basic.

-erобразует существительные от основы глаголов: to teach-teacher.

-tion (-ssion, -sion), -ment, -ture - суффиксы существительных

I. Прочтите и переведите:

1. actively, mostly, absolutely, universally

2. official, political, scientific, medical, special, professional, еssential, natural

3. speaker, provider, leader, manager

4. organization, nation, information, introduction, profession, obligation, decision

5. treatment, achievement, development

6. literature, nature, future

II. Прочтите следующие названия:

Great Brirain [‘breit ‘britn]

The United States of America [jH’nQitid]

Australia [Os’treiljq]

New Zealand [njH’zJlqnd]

Irish Republic [‘QiriS ri’pAblik]

Canada [‘kqenqdq]

South Africa [‘sQuT ‘qefrikq]

United Nations

III. Выучите произношение следующих слов и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

official [q’fiSql], literature [‘litqritSq], specialist [‘speSqlist], universally [,jHni’vWsqli], essential [I’senSl], natural [‘nxtSqrql], process[‘prousqs], qualified [‘kwOlifQid], original [q’riGqnl], profession [prq’feSn], practice [‘prqektis]

IY. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

Important [im’pLtqnt] - важный, значительный

in the world [wWld] - в мире

native - родной

to achieve [q’tSJv]- достигать

exchange [Iks’tSeinG]- обмен

to promote [prq’mout]- способствовать, обеспечивать

to develop [di’velqp]- развивать, разрабатывать, появляться

updating -модернизация

knowledge [‘nLliG]- знание

foreign [‘fOrin] - иностранный

language [‘lqeNgwiG] - язык

main - главный, основной

obligation [,Obli’geiSn] - обязанность

necessary [‘nesisqri] - нужный, необходимый

education [‘edjH’keiSn] - образование

educated-образованный

according to [q’kLdiN] - согласно. в соответствии

skills - умения

community [kq’mjHniti] - сообщество

in order to - (для того) чтобы

outlook - кругозор

to escape [is’keip] - избегать

to discover [dis’kAvq] - открывать, обнаруживать

discovery-открытие

particular [pq’tikjulq] - особый

scientist [‘sQintist] - ученый

scientific [,sQin’tifik] - научный

ability [q’biliti] - способность

by means of - с помощью, посредством

field [fJld] - поле, область

V. Прочтите и переведите:

important [im’pLtqnt] - important work, important subjects, important

information, important skills, important discovery

necessary[‘nesisqri] - necessary knowledge, necessary instruments, necessary

outlook, necessary analyses, absolutely necessary

native [‘neitiv ] - native country, native language, native people, native city,

native speakers

to achieve [q’tSJv] - to achieve results, to achieve success, to achieve

understanding, great achievement

to develop [di’velqp] - to develop skills, to develop abilities, to develop new

methods, development of the body, developed countries

main [mein] - main obligation, main subjects, main problems, main tasks, mainly

particular [pq’tikjulq] - particular words, particular abilities, particular

achievements, particularly, in particular

in order to [‘Ldq] - in order to develop skills, in order to achieve success, in order

to escape problems, in order to make a discovery, in order to promote

updating

by means of [mJnz]-by means of updating, by means of developing skills, by

means of important discovery

VI. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:

для тогo, чтобы достичь важных результатов; в соответствии с основной обязанностью; особенно в области медицины; образованные люди; получить необходимые знания; сделать важное открытие; развивать необходимые умения; говорить на иностранном языке; расширять кругозор; в мире; достижения в области образования; для того. чтобы избежать ошибок; обмен научной информацией

TASKS

I. Analyze and find which word does not suit here:

1. a. Great Britain b. Canada c. the WHO d. the USA

2. a. study b. be c. speak d. among

3. a. in b. of c. range d. about

4. a. updating b. medical c. scientific d. natural

5. a. leader b. full c. manager d. provider

II. Complete the following sentences:

1. English is the most important …

2. The native speakers of English live in …

3. Over 300 million people …

4. Scientific and medical achievements …

5. According to the WHO doctors of tomorrow must …

6. Qualified doctors must read a lot of …

7. To know English today is absolutely …

III. Answer the following questions:

1.What language is the most important language in the world?

2. Where do the native speakers of English live?

3. How many people speak English as their mother language?

4. Why is a good knowledge of foreign languages the main obligation of tomorrow’s

doctors?

5. Should medical students study and work hard in order to achieve a good knowledge

of English?

6. Can it increase their professional and intercultural outlook?

7. Do you like to study English?

IV. Learn the following forms of agreement and disagreement:

I agree (with you)- я согласен (с вами)

I disagree – я не согласен

You are (absolutely) right - вы (абсолютно) правы

You are wrong - вы неправы

You are mistaken – вы ошибаетесь

I think so – думаю, что так

I don’t think so – я так не думаю

I’m afraid – боюсь …

to my mind – по-моему

of course

certainly конечно, обязательно

sure

as far as I know - насколько мне известно

V. Express your agreement or disagreement using the forms from the exercise IV:

1. Nowadays English is the most important language in the world.

2. The native speakers of English live only in England.

3. All world’s scientific literature is in English.

4. To know English today is necessary for every educated person.

5. In order to be a good specialist it is not necessary to read special literature.

6. According to WHO doctors of tomorrow must speak only their native language.

7. Learning and mastering English help people to play an active role in community.

VI. Read and translate the text В:

There are some rules of memory. It is necessary to repeat the material every three days. If you don’t repeat the material within three days most of the information vanishes as if you never learnt it. It is better to memorize material before you go to bed. You will memorize it more quickly. It is very useful to listen to the material you are learning to memorize the pronunciation. One should also know that we get 90% of information by teaching others only 20% by listening and 30% by seeing.

LESSON 3

Грамматика: Past Simple, причастия в роли определения

MEDICINE: HISTORY (PART I)

Запомните:

-ant (-ent) –суффиксы прилагательных.

При помощи суффикса – ize образуются глаголы. Вариантами этого суффикса являются - yse, -yze, - ise.

I. Прочтите и переведите:

1. important, ancient, different, present

2. specialize, hospitalize, organize, analyze, summarize

II. Прочтите слова, определите части речи (существительные, прилагательные. глаголы, наречия) и переведите их:

surgical,treatment,trepanation,important, specialize, internal, ancient, acupuncture, prevention, successfully, plastic, natural, achievement, largely, contribution, scientific,

founder, greatly, education, accurately

III. Прочтите слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

prehistoric [prihis’tOrik], trepanation [,tripq’neiSn], progress [‘prougrqs], civilization [,sivilQi’zeiSn], specialize [‘speSqlQiz], acupuncture [,qekju’pANtSq], amputation [,qempju’teiSn], practice [‘prqektis], religion [rq’liGqn], theory [‘Tiqri], empire [‘empQiq], encyclopedia [en,sQiklou’pJdjq], meningitis [,menin’GQitis], spirit [‘spirit]

IV. Запомните произношение следующих названий:

Egypt [‘JGipt] - Egyptian [I’GipSqn]

China [‘CQinq] - Chinese [CQi’nJz]

India [‘indjq] - Indian [‘indjqn]

Middle East [,midl’Jst] - Middle Eastern [‘Jstqn]

Greece [grJs] - Greek [ grJk]

Rome [roum]– Roman [roumqn]

Islamic Empire of Southwest [‘sQuTwest] - Arab [‘qerqb], Arabian [q’reibjqn]

Central Asia ‘[sentrql ‘eiSq]

Europe [‘juqrqp] - European [juqrq’piqn]

V. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

to believe [bi’lJv] – верить, считать, полагать

angry [‘qeNgri] – злой

disease [di’zJz]– болезнь

to cut (cut, cut) – резать

skull – череп

to release [ri’lJs] – выделять. высвобождать

to treat [trJt] – лечить

internal [in’tWnql] – внутренний

ancient [‘einSqnt]– древний

to contribute [kqn’tribjHt] – способствовать, вносить вклад

to prevent [pri’vent] – предупреждать, предотвращать

successful [sqk’sesful] – успешный

to perform [pq’fLm] – выполнять, проводить

kind [kQind] – вид, тип, сорт; добрый

to include [in’klHd] – включать (в себя)

physician [fi’ziSn]–врач

to cause [kLz] – вызывать, быть причиной

cause – причина

to consider [kqn’sidq] – думать, считать, полагать

health [helT] – здоровье

findings [‘fQindiNz] – данные, результаты

to describe [dis’krQib] – описывать

to influence [‘influqns] – влиять

surgeon [‘sWGqn] – хирург

surgery [‘sWGqri]– хирургия

VI. Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных и переведите их:

treatment, operation, development, specialization, contribution, prevention, cause, knowledge, achievement, founder, production, description, influence, education

VII. Прочтите и переведите:

ancient[‘einSqnt] - ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, ancient times, ancient people,

ancient civilization

to treat [trJt] - to treat internal diseases, to treat people, to treat patients, a new

method of treatment

to perform[pq’fLm]-to perform operations, to perform laboratory work, to

performanalyses, to perform treatment

to cause [kLz]- to cause symptoms, to cause diseases, to cause health problems,

important causes, causes of the disease

findings[‘fQindiNz] - important findings, interesting findings, new findings,

laboratoryfindings, to include findings

to influence[‘influqns]- to influence our life , to influence people’s health, to

influence the method of treatment, under the influence

successful [sqk’sesful] -successful operation, successful results, to achieve

success, to passexams successfully

surgeon[‘sWGqn] - a famous surgeon, ancient surgeons, in the field of surgery,

surgical treatment, surgical department

VIII. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим английским словосочетаниям:

1. diseases of eyes and teeth 1. лечение заболевания

2.public health 2. делать отверстие

3.to cause disease 3. каменные инструменты

4. medical achievements 4. здравоохранение

5. surgical treatment 5.самый важный вклад

6. the most important contribution 6. достижения в области медицины

7. scientific experiments 7. научные эксперименты

8. to cut a hole 8. заболевания глаз и зубов

9. treatment of disease 9. вызывать заболевание

10. stone instruments 10. хирургическое лечение

IX. Назовите 3 формы глагола:

to believe, to consider, to know, to treat, to develop, to call, to begin, to contribute, to cut, to perform, to become, to get, to achieve, to make, to do

X. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. The first “physicians “ used stone instruments.

2. The Egyptians began making important medical progress.

3. Egyptian physicians began to specialize.

4. Some physicians treated only diseases of the eyes and teeth.

5. Ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture.

6. Indian surgeons performed many kinds of operations.

7. The Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt and Greece.

8. The Greek physician Galen performed experiments on animals.

9. The Arab physician Avicenna produced a vast medical encyclopedia.

10. He described meningitis and many other diseases.

11. This book became popular in Europe.

12. It influenced medical education for more than 600 years.

XI. Поставьте сказуемое в Present Simple:

1. The surgeon performed very difficult operations.

2. Doctors began to specialize in acupuncture.

3. These findings contributed to medical progress.

4. This work influenced medical education.

5. I used new achievements in my scientific work.

6. He wrote articles on skull trepanation.

7. A group of physicians made a very important discovery.

8. The scientific article described new methods in plastic surgery.

9. He used new findings in his report.

10. The scientists achieved great success.

XII. Переведите следующие словосочетания, используя причастие I или II :

развивающиеся страны; развитые страны; лечение, предупреждающее заболевание; заболевание, предупрежденное с помощью лечения; статья, описывающая новые методы; новые методы, описанные в научной статье; хирург, выполняющий операцию; операция, выполненная хирургом; студенты, читающие текст; текст, прочитанный студентами

XIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастия и роли определения:

1. Every educated person should speak English.

2. A new treatment described in the scientific article was very useful.

3. The students translating texts used dictionaries.

4. The operation performed by the surgeon was successful.

5. The doctor told us about methods preventing heart diseases.

6. The findings included in the report were very important.

7. I read an interesting article published in a medical journal.

8. The lecturer answered the questions asked by the students.

9. He made a discovery contributing to the development of plastic surgery.

XV. Прочтите и переведите текст:

MEDICINE: HISTORY ( Part I)

In prehistoric times people believed that angry gods or evil spirits caused diseases. The first known surgical treatment was an operation called trepanation. It involved use of a stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient’s skull, perhaps to release evil spirits.

By about 3000 B.C. the Egyptians who had developed one of the world’s first great civilization began making important medical progress. Egyptian physicians began to specialize. Some physicians treated only diseases of the eyes or teeth. Others specialized in internal diseases. Other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contributed to medical progress. The ancient Chinese for example developed medical practices. They developed the practice of acupuncture. In ancient India the practice of medicine stressed the prevention as well as the treatment of illness. Indian surgeons successfully performed many kinds of operations, including amputations and plastic surgery. The civilization of ancient Greece was at its peak during the 400’s. The great physician Hippocrates began showing that disease has only natural causes. He thus became the first physician known to consider medicine a science and art separate from the practice of religion. The Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt and Greece. Their own medical achievements were largely in public health. The Greek physician Galen who practiced medicine in Rome during the A.D. 100’s made the most important contributions to medicine in Roman times. He performed experiments on animals and used his findings to develop the first medical theories based on scientific experiments. For this reason he is considered the founder of experimental medicine. During the Middle Ages the Islamic Empire of Southwest and Central Asia contributed greatly to medicine. Avicenna, an Arab physician produced a great medical encyclopedia called Cannon of Medicine. It summed up the medical knowledge of the time and accurately described meningitis, tetanus, and many other diseases. The work became popular in Europe where it influenced medical education for more than 600 years.

TASKS

1.Define the odd word. Translate all the words into Russian:

1. to treat, to cure, to heal, to develop

2. operation, religion, trepanation, amputation

3. priest, god, spirit, physician, religion

4. achievement, skull, eye, teeth

II. Find in the text English equivalents to the following:

доисторическиевремена, злые духи, вызывать болезни, каменные инструменты, великие цивилизации, прогресс в медицине, египетские врачи. болезни глаз и зубов, древние китайцы, профилактика и лечение заболеваний, многие виды операций, естественные причины, наука и искусство, древние греки, важный вклад в медицину, научные эксперименты, по этой причине, точно описать менингит, влиять на медицинское образование

III. Make the sentences complete:

1. The first known surgical treatment was …

2. Egyptian physicians began …

3. Some physicians treated only …

4. Others specialized in …

5. The ancient Chinese developed …

6. Indian surgeons successfully performed …

7. The great physician Hippocrates began …

8. The Greek physician Galen performed …

9. He is considered the founder …

10. The Arab physician Avicenna produced …

IV. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements:

1. The first known surgical treatment was an operation called appendectomy.

2. It involved use of a stone instrument to cut a hole in a patient’s skull.

3. Some physicians treated diseases of eyes and teeth.

4. Other physicians treated only heart diseases.

5. The ancient Chinese developed the practice of acupuncture.

6. In ancient India the practice of medicine stressed the prevention only.

7. Egyptians became the first physicians considering medicine a science and art

separate from religion.

8. The Hippocratic oath reflects Hippocrates’ high ideals.

9. The Romans got most of their medical knowledge from Egypt and Greece.

10. Galen performed experiments on healthy people.

V. Change the sentences using the predicate into the Past Simple and the markers: yesterday, years ago, much time ago, in prehistoric times, etc. Translate the sentences:

1. People believe that angry gods or evil spirits cause diseases.

2. The first known surgical treatment is an operation called trepanation.

3. Egyptian physicians begin to specialize.

4. They treat only diseases of eyes and teeth.

5. The ancient Chinese develop medical practices.

6. Indian surgeons successfully perform many kinds of operations.

7. The civilization of ancient Greece is at its peak.

8. He becomes the first physician known to consider medicine a science and art.

9. His work is popular in Europe.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What did people believe in prehistoric times?

2. What was the first known surgical instrument?

3. How did they perform operations?

4. What did the Egyptians begin doing by about 3000 B.C.?

5. How did other ancient Middle Eastern civilizations also contribute to medical

progress?

6. Who developed the practice of acupuncture?

7. When was the civilization of ancient Greece at its peak?

8. What is Hippocratates famous for?

9. Where and when did the Greek physician Galen practice medicine?

10. What did Avicenna produce?

VII. Make up the plan to the text:

VIII. Retell the text using your plan:

LESSON 4

Грамматика: вопросительные и отрицательные предложения, -ing

форма в роли существительного

MEDICINE: HISTORY (PART II)

Запомните:

-ate – суффикс глаголов

- ous, - ful, - ive, - ar - суффиксы прилагательных

- ance ( -ence)- суффикс существительных

I. Прочтите и переведите слова:

1. circulate, initiate, operate

2. numerous, various, infectious, famous

careful, beautiful, useful, successful, painful, colorful

effective, active, passive, positive, negative, relative

particular, molecular, cellular

3. resistance, difference, depandance, importance, science

TASKS

I. Translate the following word combinations:

достижения в области медицины, в средние века, эпоха Возрождения, культурное движение, по анатомии человека, многочисленные вскрытия, строение тела, как циркулирует кровь по телу, люди и животные, пульс и сердцебиение, сердце прокачивает кровь по артериям, открыть безопасный способ, профилактика заболеваний, пытаться притупить боль, уменьшение боли, причины инфекционных заболеваний, живые организмы, некоторые виды микробов, вызывать определенные болезни

II .Match both parts of the sentences to make them complete. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The chief medical advances in Europe a. to write the first scientific

during the Middle Ages were … human anatomy, a work

called “On the Structure of

2. During the late 1400’s and early 1500’s the Human Body”.

the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci b. many experiments to learn

performed … how blood circulates through

the body.

c. a method for determining

3. Andreas Vesalius used his findings … which bacteria cause

particular diseases.

4. A French army doctor named Ambroise d. the founding of many

Pare improved … hospitals and the first

university medical schools.

5. The English physician William Harvey e. many dissections to learn

performed… more about human anatomy.

f. that ether gas could safely

6. In 1796 an English physician named be used to put patients to

Edward Jenner discovered … sleep during surgery.

g . a safe method of making

people immune to

7. In the 1840’s Crawford Long and William smallpox.

T.G.Morton discovered … h. surgical techniques to such

8. Paster, a brilliant French chemist, proved… an extent that he is

considered the father of

9. Koch, a German physician, invented… modern surgery.

i. that microbes are

living organisms and that

certain kinds of microbes

cause disease.

III. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements:

1. The founding of many hospitals and the first university medical schools were

the chief advances in Europe in the 20-th century.

2. Renaissance is the great cultural movement which took place in the USA.

3. Leonardo da Vinci was a famous Italian artist.

4. He did much to learn more about microbiology.

5. Andreas Vesalius wrote the first scientific book on human anatomy.

6. Ambroise Pare, a French army doctor, is considered the father of antibiotics.

7. William Harvey learnt how blood circulated through the body.

8. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a safe method of making

people immune to tuberculosis.

9. Pasteur was a brilliant French dentist.

10. Robert Koch, a German physician, invented a method for determining causes

of particular diseases.

LESSON 5

Грамматика: согласование времен, парные союзы, to have to

HIPPOCRATES

I. Прочтите слова, определите части речи (существительные, глаголы, прилагательные, наречия) и переведите их:

superstition, punishment, natural, occupation, especially, development, temperature, scientific, experience, attention, nature, respiration, appearance, affection, protective, surgical, famous, particular

II. Прочтите слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

practitioner [prqek’tiSnq] , idea [Qi’diq], effect [I’fekt], climate [‘klQimit], physiology [,fizi’OlqGi], thermometer [Tq’mOmitq], stethoscope [‘steTqskoup], temperature [‘tempriCq, prognosis [prOg’nousis], symptom [‘simptqm], nature [‘neiCq], respiration [.respi’reiSqn], reaction [rJ’qekSqn], function [‘fANkSqn], collection [kq’lekSqn]

III. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

to free-освобождать

free-свободный

to punish - наказывать

to prove [prHv] - доказывать

occupation [,Okju’peiSqn] - род занятий, профессия

to estimate [‘estimeit] - считать, оценивать, устанавливать

chest - грудная клетка

in spite of - несмотря на

to create [krJ’eit] - создавать

accurate [‘qekjurit]- точный

sign [sQin]- признак, симптом

face - лицо

skin - кожа

to appear [q’piq] - появляться

sputum [‘spjHtqm]- мокрота

bowel [‘bQuql] - кишечник, кишка

to connect [kq’nekt] - соединять

to affect [q’fekt] - поражать. повреждать

experience [iks’piqriqns] - опыт

fever [‘fJvq]- лихорадка, жар

force [fLs] - сила

to consist of [kqn’sist] - состоять из

oath [ouT] - клятва

IV. Прочтите и переведите следующие пары слов:

to punish – punishment, to develop – development, to appear – appearance, to connect –connection, to affect – affection, to express – expression, to react – reaction, to operate – operation, to collect – collection, to know – knowledge

V. Прочтите и переведите:

to prove [prHv]- to prove facts, to prove the idea, to prove the appearance, to

prove the existence: to prove the importance, to prove the necessity

to estimate [‘estimeit] - to estimate results, to estimate symptoms, to estimate

temperature, to estimate condition

to create [krJ’eit]- to create conditions, to create instruments, to create school, to

creategroup: to create new methods

sign[sQin] - abnormal signs, important signs, natural signs, pathological signs,

signs ofthe disease, according to the signs

to appear [q’pie] - to appear in children, to appear in the body, to appear suddenly,

signs appeared, unexpected appearance

to connect [kq’nekt] - to connect organs of the body, to connect theory with

practiceconnect different parts, in connection

to affect [q’fekt]- to affect organs, to affect health, to affect skin, to affect the

bowel

experience [iks’piqriqns] - much experience, to gain experience, experience in the

field of medicine: experienced surgeon

VI. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. Hippocrates was the greatest practitioner of his time.

2. It is very important to connect theory with practice.

3. He created a new technique of operations on the skull.

4. The scientists estimated a real cause of this disease.

5. This infection affects the organs of the chest.

6. Abnormal signs appeared a week ago.

7. He has much experience in the field of surgery.

8. The doctor proved the importance of his method of treatment.

9. Occupation affects the development of the disease.

10. Fever is a very important sign of many diseases.

11. His scientific work consists of many connected parts.

12. The colour of the face and the skin helped the doctor to make diagnosis.

VII. Поставьте сказуемые в прошедшее время:

1. He must help us.

2. The students must take exams.

3. The scientist must prove his idea.

4. The surgeon must operate this patient.

5. The physician must use a new method of treatment.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите те предложения, где глагол to have имеет модальное значение:

1. The scientist has carried out many experiments.

2. He has much experience in the field of medicine.

3. The surgeon has to perform the operation as soon as possible.

4. The lecturer had to answer many questions.

5. I had good marks at the entrance exams.

6. The students of our group have to take part at the conference,

7. The researcher has proved his ideas.

8. The new method of treatment has been used to diagnose a disease.

9. We have to work hard to become good specialists.

10. They have knowledge and experience to perform operations by themselves.

IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. The cardiogram showed that the heart was normal.

2. We knew that the condition of the skin was a very important sign.

3. The scientist proved that this disease had an infectious origin.

4. The students learnt that this disease affected the organs of the chest.

5. He created a new method which helped to diagnose many diseases accurately.

6. Hippocrates proved that every disease had a natural cause.

7. In the article we read that many effective drugs produced side effects.

.

.X. Закончите предложения:

1. He thought that this disease …

a. is not dangerous

b. was not dangerous

c. was not be dangerous

2. The surgeon said that the operation …

a. was necessary

b. is necessary

c. had necessary

3. The teacher told us that we …

a. were to work harder

b. have to work harder

c. had to work harder

4. I knew that he …

a. is a famous surgeon

b. was a famous surgeon

c. will be a famous surgeon

5. He estimated that this disease …

a. affected many organs

b. had affect many organs

c. was affected many organs

XI. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. Мы узнали, что он работает в хирургическом отделении. 2. Ученые установили, что это заболевание имеет несколько причин. 3. Лектор сказал, что такие симптомы могут появиться только у детей. 4. Я слышал, что он известный врач. 5. Мы прочитали, что врачи используют это лекарство от головной боли.

XII. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. Both human anatomy and physiology are very interesting subjects.

2. Both the effect of food and the occupation affect the organism.

3. Hippocrates was both a good practitioner and a good surgeon.

4. You can make a report either in biology or in chemistry.

5. The physician recommended either to make injections or to take tablets.

6. Neither tablets nor injections helped the patient.

7. I could find the necessary material neither in the textbooks nor in the Internet.

8. Hippocrates had neither thermometer nor stethoscope.

XIII. Прочтите и переведите текст:

HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates was born in Greece. He was the son of a doctor. Hippocrates studied medicine and was the greatest practitioner of his time.

Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition. He hated the idea that a disease was the punishment of gods. In his works he proved that every disease had a natural cause. He noted the effect of food, occupation and especially climate on the development of the disease.

Hippocrates knew little of anatomy and physiology and he had few instruments. In fact he had neither thermometer nor stethoscope. He had to estimate the temperature by his hand; he had to listen to the heart placing his ear to the chest. But in spite of all that his method was scientific.

Hippocrates created medicine on the basis of experience. He taught that every physician had to study the history of a disease, he had to learn how to make an accurate prognosis based on the signs and symptoms. He taught that the physician had to direct his attention to the color of the face, skin, the nature of respiration, the appearance of sputum, bowel habits. Hippocrates was the first who connected the disease of one organ with affection of the whole organism. According to his teaching the symptoms of the disease, and especially fever, are the expressions of the protective reaction of the organism and the chief function of a physician is to aid the natural forces of the body. Hippocrates was a good surgeon as well. He performed operations even on the skull.

We have his writings which are called Hippocrates Collection. The Collection consists of more than one hundred books. His works give us information about surgical knowledge and technique of that period. Some of Hippocratic thoughts are quite modern. The Collection begins with the famous Oath which teaches medical students to be a good doctor. A good doctor must have not only deep knowledge of a particular field of medicine, he must love people and have a kind heart. We call Hippocrates the father of medicine.

TASKS

I. Translate the following word combinations:

освободить медицину от предрассудков, иметь естественную причину, развитие заболевания, действие рода занятий, измерять температуру рукой, слушать сердце, на основе опыта, анализ заболевания, сделать точный прогноз, признаки и симптомы, цвет лица и кожи, появление мокроты, повреждение всего организма, согласно учению, защитная реакция организма, практическая область медицины, клятва Гиппократа

II. Give the three forms of the verbs:

to study, to know, to have, to estimate, to create, to teach, to learn, to make, to appear, to connect, to write

III. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements:

1. Hippocrates was born in ancient Egypt.

2. His father was a philosopher.

3. Hippocrates was the greatest practitioner of his time.

4. He proved that every disease was the punishment of gods.

5. He knew little anatomy and physiology.

6. He had very many instruments.

7. He was a good surgeon.

8. Hippocratic Collection consists of 20 books.

9. This Collection begins with the famous Oath.

10. Hippocrates is called the father of medicine.

IV. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. Hippocrates studied medicine.

2. The food, occupation, and climate have the effect on the developmentof a

disease.

3. Every physician must study the history of a disease.

4. Hippocrates connected the disease of one organ with the affection of the whole

organism.

5. The symptoms of the disease and fever are the expressions of the protective

reaction of the organism.

6. Hippocratic Collection consists of more than one hundred books.

7. The Oath teaches medical students to be good doctors.

8. A good doctor must have deep knowledge of a particular field of medicine.

9. We call Hippocrates the father of medicine.

V. Complete the sentences:

1. Hippocrates was born in …

2. His father was …

3. Hippocrates studied …

4. He freed medicine …

5. He proved that every disease had …

6. Food, occupation, and climate have effect on …

7. Hippocrates had few …,

8. He estimated … by his hand.

9. He listened to the heart by …

10. Hippocrates created medicine …

11. He connected … with the affection of the whole organism.

12. He performed operations …

13. His writings are called …

14. Hippocratic Collection begins with …

15. We call Hippocrates …

VI. Answer the questions:

1. Where was Hippocrates born?

2. What was his father?

3. What did Hippocrates free medicine from?

4. What did he prove in his works?

5. Did he have many instruments?

6. How did he estimate the temperature and listen to the heart?

7. What did he create?

8. What did he teach?

9. What operations did he perform?

10. How are his writings called?

11. What do his works give us?

12. What does the Collection begin with?

LESSON 6

Грамматика: причастие II (повторение), пассивный залог

ABU ALI IBN-SINA (AVICENNA)

Запомните:

-ity - суффикс существительных

un- ( in-, im-, il-, ir-) - префикс, обозначающий отрицание

I. Прочтите и переведите слова:

1. ability, activity, reality, particularity, humanity, nationality

2. uncommon, unfortunately, uncertain, unable, uncomfortable, impossible,

irrregular, illegal

II. Прочтите слова, определите части речи и переведите их:

nat