Say into English using the new words and the text
Аномальный рост клеток / клетки растут, делятся и умирают / человек становится взрослым / замещать старые и умирающие клетки / проникать в другие ткани / растут и образуют новые опухоли / подвергаться небольшой операции под названием «биопсия» / маленький образец рака для анализа / химиотерапия означает лечение лекарственными средствами / повреждать клетки / избавляться от раковых клеток / болезнь вследствие наследственности / отсутствие физической активности / увеличивать аномалии в генетическом материале клеток.
1.Cancer is characterized by an abnormal growthof cells. The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow,divideand die. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the personbecomes an adult, most cells divide only to replaceworn-out or dying cellsor to repair injuries.
2.Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invadeother tissues, something that normal cells cannot do.
3.Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumorsthat replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body.
4.There are more than 100 types of cancer, including breast cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer and so on. Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and even death. Cancer treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
5.The first is surgery, normally an operation to remove the cancerous growth, and (depending on its type) nearby tissues and organs. A cancer patient may first undergo a minor operationcalled a biopsy to take a smallsampleof the cancer for analysis. The surgeon will try to remove as much of the cancer as possible, but sometimes extra treatment will be needed.
6.Chemotherapy(sometimes called chemo) simplymeans drug treatment and aims to cure cancer or relieve any symptoms that cancer can cause. Chemotherapy either kills cancer cells or stops them dividing. Chemo reaches the cancer cells through the bloodstream anddestroys them as they’re in a dividing phase.
7.Radiotherapy is a way of treating cancer using radiation. It damages cells in the area being treated. Radical radiotherapy is used to try to completelyget rid ofcancer cells. The radiotherapy is given in small doses five days a week, often for four to five weeks. Prophylactic radiotherapy is given to stop cancer coming back in the same area after surgery and to reduce the risk of the cancer spreading (metastasis) to other organs. The radiotherapy is given in small doses five days a week for several weeks. Palliative radiotherapy is used when cancer can’t be cured and is given to treat symptoms from cancer or to control the growth of the cancer. It is given in a single dose or a few doses over a much shorter period of time.
8.Cancer is a disease due environmental factors such as lifestyle and due to heredity. Common environmental factors leading to cancer include: smoking, diet andobesity, infections, radiation, stress,lack ofphysical activity, and environmental pollution. These environmental factors cause orenhance abnormalitiesin the genetic material of cells.
Look through the text and say what every passage is about. Choose the right variant.
| The first passage The second passage The third passage The fourth passage The fifth passage The sixth passage The seventh passage The eighth passage | is about |
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Translate the text into Russian
Answer the questions.
1. What is cancer?
2. When does cancer start?
3. What is the difference between cancer cell growth and normal cell growth?
4. How does the process of metastasis go on?
5. How many types of cancer are there?
6. What does cancer treatment include?
7. What factors can lead to cancer?
Fill in the table
| Types of cancer treatment | Means of cancer treatment | Aim of cancer treatment |
| 1.____________________ a……… 2.____________________ 3.____________________ a………. b……… c……… |
TOPIC 39. HEPATITIS