Little, a little) blood is sufficient to carry out the clinical analysis.

If (many, much) leucocytes and rapid sedimentation rate are revealed, the physician may suggest the presence of infection. 3. During the operation the surgeon noted that (much, many) of the peritoneum had been involved in the pathologic process.

V. 1. Прочтите текст E. 2. Дайте определение четырех групп инфекционных заболеваний. 3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Особый путь проникновения, во время кашля или разговора, в виде капель, различные предметы.

Text Е. The Origin of Infections

The infectious diseases of man are usually divided into two large groups. Some diseases affect only men, others affect both men and animals, with man most frequently infected from animals.

Every infectious disease has not only characteristic clinical manifestations but also its own specific way of invasion into the human body.

Such a disease as dysentery ['di'səntri], which is one of the diseases of the intestinal infections, is spread through the intestines and stools.

The infections of the respiratory tract compose the second subgroup. During coughing or talking the pathogens are discharged from the infected organism with the mucus from the membranes of the respiratory tract into the air in the form of drops. The infection is spread when the air containing drops of mucus with the pathogens in it is breathed in. The diseases of this subgroup are diphtheria, smallpox, etc.

The diseases of the third subgroup are spread through the skin and the mucosa in which the pathogens multiply. In some cases it is the skin, in others it is the mucous membrane of the eye. Direct contact and various things belonging to the sick may be responsible for spreading the infective agent.

The diseases of the fourth subgroup are spread by living insects. The pathogens causing these infections circulate in the blood or lymph and are not discharged from the organism. The insects become infected as they ingest (сосут) the blood of a diseased man. They become infectious for other people after the pathogens have multiplied in their organism. All these diseases, of which encephalitis is an example, are called blood infections [in'fekʃnz].

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

Revision

VI. Find the prefixes, explain their meaning, translate the words:

Indirect, subcutaneous, intratracheal, extrahepatic, aseptic, abnormality, disappear, inadequate, impossible, readmit.

VII. 1. Give the words of the close meaning: an end, to use, former, a shortage, a recovery, to damage, having connection with. 2. Give the words of the opposite meaning: to evacuate, an outcome, artificial, favourable, previous, to connect, relative.

VIII. Translate the following word combinations:

Жизненная емкость легких; 2) природный иммунитет; 3) искусственный иммунитет: 4) при различных условиях; 5) последующие инфекции; 6) предыдущий приступ; 7) достаточное количество; 8) вводить вакцину подкожно; 9) предупреждать распространение бактерий; 10) вызывать лейкоцитоз; 11) поражать жизненные органы; 12) активная сопротивляемость.

IX. Make up the sentences choosing the appropriate subject:

The patient Malaria Continuous Bronchitis

Was always and still is one of the most common and fatal diseases of the tropics. is characterized by persisting temperature which varies slightly during the night. fever in children, the weak and the aged is influenced more favourably by warm, moist air. who had injured his right arm and had several deep wounds on it was injected 1,500 units of antitetanic (противостолбнячная) serum.

X. Answer the following questions:

What are infections caused by? 2. What is immunity? 3. What are toxins?

What are antitoxins? 5. How can artificial immunity be produced? 6. What role do phagocytes play in the human body? 7. What are vaccines used for?

What is sepsis? 9. What analysis is performed to confirm the evidence of diphtheria? 10. What is a severe case of diphtheria characterized by?

XI. Translate the following sentences:

If the resistance of the organism to infections were insufficient, any man would suffer from numerous infectious diseases. 2. The physician wanted to know if the patient had been given diphtheria vaccination previously.

If the man is operated on for appendicitis, he is given local anaesthesia.