Medical Еducation in Russian

Preventive dentistry

Preventive dentistry includes instruction in oral hygiene; regular inspection; and any necessary treatment for prevention and removal of stagnation areas. Instruction in oral hygiene is best given at the chairside, whilst posters and pamphlets in the waiting room serve as an extra reminder.

Patients must therefore be told how to clean their teeth when a toothbrush is not available. The best substitute in such cases is a detergent food or plain water mouth rinse.

Prevention is better than cure. Patients should be encouraged to have a regular inspection twice a year. Bite X-rays are taken at the same time for early diagnosis of caries. Early treatment of caries enables affected teeth to be conserved rather than extracted.

Pulpotomy and Apicectomy

In adults, conservative treatment of an exposed vital pulp is by root filing. But in children, growth of the root yet complete and an exposed tooth may still have a wide open apex, instead of the minute apical foramen.

The infected part of the pulp in the pulp chamber is remover a procedure know a pulpotomy. Apicectomy is an operation for removal of an infected apex and the surrounding alveolar abscess. The purpose of apicectomy is to save the tooth in cases where root filling is unsuccessful or impossible.

It is done for the following reasons :

1) Root filling unsuccessful .

(a) Incomplete filling of inaccessible canal .

(b) Escape of irritant cement through apex.

2) Root filling impossible .

(a) Canal blocked by broken instrument .

(b) Alveolar abscess on tooth with post crown.

Scaling and Gingivectomy

Scaling and Gingivectomy are performed for the treatment of periodontal disease. Scaling, which is removal of calculus and plaque, is the most important means of treatment, Regular periodic scaling can help prevent the onset of periodontal disease and will cure established cases with shallow gingival pockets.

Gingivectomy is the surgical removal of gum to eliminate pockets. It is minor oral surgery. A local anesthetic is injected and the gum incised with a gingivectomy.

Conservative treatment of periodontal disease by scaling and gingivectomy is a waste of time unless patients are prepared to cooperate by cleaning their teeth and massaging the gums after meals

Filling (Стр 183)

Conservative treatment of caries, when the pulp isvital and unexposed, is by filling. If the pulp is exposed or dead, root canal therapy is usually necessary before the filling is done. Fillings are inserted in teeth to replace the part destroyed thereby restored, prevented, and the vitality of the pulp is preserved.

The temporary fillings are:

zinc oxide and eugenol cement,

zinc phosphate cement

zinc polyacrylate cement,

gutta-percha.

Permanent fillings are also various. Permanent fillings are meant to stay put permanently and the cavity must be specially prepared to provide maximum retention. It is necessary to considerthe types of fillings used. There are only two types available plastic and pre-constructed.

Plastic fillings are soft and plastic on insertion but set hard in the cavity.

Pre-constructed restorations are gold inlays and crowns.

Oral hygiene

Most dental disorders arise directly or indirectly from two basic dis eases of the teeth and their supporting tissues caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which in turn leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene.

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free of food debris, thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this this is the only way of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food .

Большинство стоматологических заболеваний возникают прямо или косвенно из двух основных дисфункций зубов и их поддерживающих тканей, кариеса и периодонтальной болезни. Застой пищи вызывает образование бляшек; Что в свою очередь приводит к образованию кислоты, в случае кариеса; И к бактериальному раздражению и исчислению при болезни пародонта. Методами профилактики являются гигиена полости рта.

Гигиена полости рта состоит только в том, чтобы держать зубы без мусора в пище, таким образом предотвращая образование бляшек, что приводит к зубному заболеванию. Это может быть достигнуто путем регулярной чистки зубов после еды и отсутствия еды между приемами пищи. Чистку лучше всего чистить, поскольку это единственный способ удаления налета. Если чистка не возможна, пищевые остатки можно удалить, закончив еду моющим средством

Endodontic

Endodontics is the term used for all forms of root canal therapy. It includes root filling, pulpotomy, pulp capping and apicectomy. The basic object of endodontic treatment is to remove the inflamed or dead pulp and replace it with a root filling.There are many causes of pulpitis and pulp death but the treatment is similar in each case; either extraction or endodontics.The commonest cause of pulpitis is exposure of the pulp. Exposure of the pulp may be due to:

1. Caries;

2. Accidental exposure during cavity preparation;

3. Fracture of the crown.

Эндодонтия - это термин, используемый для всех форм терапии корневых каналов. Он включает корневую наполнение, пульпотомию, укупорку целлюлозы и апикэктомию. Основным объектом эндодонтического лечения является удаление воспаленной или мертвой мякоти и замена его на корневую начинку.Самой распространенной причиной пульпита является облучение целлюлозы.Воздействие целлюлозы может быть вызвано:1. Кариес; 2. Случайное воздействие при подготовке полости; 3. Перелом короны.

Caries

Caries is a breakdown of tooth structure, caused by acid produced from carbohydrate food debris left on the teeth after meals. If all carbohydrate is cleaned off the teeth immediately after a meal, the source of acid formation is lost and caries will not occur. Unfortunately this cannot be done completely as no method of cleaning is absolutely perfect. Teeth may be cleaned with a toothbrush or detergent food. The best way of personally preventing caries is to clean the teeth immediately after every meal by brushing or finishing with a detergent food.

ВГМА

Voronezh medical Academy is one of the leading higher educational establishments in Russian. It provides graduate and postgraduade training for about 5500 students who have chosen medicine for their future career. The professional training is provided by 5 faculties and 3 institutes: faculty of general medicine, pediatries faculty, faculty of dentistry, faculty of pharmacy, medico-prophylactic faculty, interntional institute of medical education and cooperational, institute of nursing, institute of continuing professional education. The academy students are lucky to listen of academicians, honored professors, assistant professors, lecturers with academic degrees and qualifications. The basic academic curriculum consist of pre-clinical subjects (1-2years) and clinical subjects (3-6years). From the second year undergraduate students to develop practical skills along with the study of medical sciences. The results os undergraduate researchers work are annually presented at conferences, international meeting and symposiums. The academy has a well-established reputation for providing high quality medical training and research. Medical qualifications received at vsma are recognized worldwide

Describe the teeth their structure, types…..

(О зубе)

Every tooth consist of a crown, a neck, and one or more roots. Every tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp. Enamel is the outer covering of the crown and is the hardest substance in the body. It is insensitive to pain. Cementum is the outer covering of the root. It meets enamel at the neck of the tooth. Dentine occupies the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain. The pulp is purely soft tissue and contains blood vessels and nerves.. Permanent teeth are the second and final set and start developing at birth.

Каждый зуб состоит из коронки, шеи, а также одного или нескольких корней. Каждый зуб состоит из эмали, дентина, цемента и целлюлозы. Эмаль представляет собой внешнее покрытие коронки и является самым твердым веществом в организме. Он нечувствителен к боли. Цемент является внешней оболочкой корня. Он отвечает эмаль на шейке зуба. Дентин занимает внутреннюю часть коронки и корня, и очень чувствителен к боли. Мякоть чисто мягкие ткани и содержит кровеносные сосуды и нервы. . Постоянные зубы являются вторым и окончательным набором и начать развивать при рождении.

Jaw (челюсть)

The upper jaw is called the maxilla and the lower jaw is called the mandible. The maxilla is fixed to the skull and is immovable. The hard palate is part of the maxilla and forms the roof of mouth. On either side of the nasal cavity the maxilla is hollow. Each hollow is known as a maxillary sinus or antrum. The mandible is jaw which moves. The junction of body and ramus is called the angle of the mandible. The only jaw which can move is the mandible. The mandible then returns backwards and closes. All these movements of the jaws are produced by the muscles of mastication.

Верхняя челюсть называется верхней челюстью и нижняя челюсть называются нижней челюстью. Верхнечелюстной крепятся к черепу и неподвижно. Твердое небо является частью верхнечелюстной кости и образует крышу рта. По обе стороны носовой полости верхней челюсти является полой. Каждый полый известен как верхнечелюстной пазухи или антрума. Челюсть челюсть, которая двигается. Узел тела и ветви называется углом нижней челюсти. Только челюсть, которая может перемещаться является нижней челюстью. Нижняя челюсть затем возвращается назад и закрывается. Все эти движения челюстей производится мышцами жевания.

Preventive dentistry

Preventive dentistry includes instruction in oral hygiene; regular inspection; and any necessary treatment for prevention and removal of stagnation areas. Instruction in oral hygiene is best given at the chairside, whilst posters and pamphlets in the waiting room serve as an extra reminder.

Patients must therefore be told how to clean their teeth when a toothbrush is not available. The best substitute in such cases is a detergent food or plain water mouth rinse.

Prevention is better than cure. Patients should be encouraged to have a regular inspection twice a year. Bite X-rays are taken at the same time for early diagnosis of caries. Early treatment of caries enables affected teeth to be conserved rather than extracted.

Pulpotomy and Apicectomy

In adults, conservative treatment of an exposed vital pulp is by root filing. But in children, growth of the root yet complete and an exposed tooth may still have a wide open apex, instead of the minute apical foramen.

The infected part of the pulp in the pulp chamber is remover a procedure know a pulpotomy. Apicectomy is an operation for removal of an infected apex and the surrounding alveolar abscess. The purpose of apicectomy is to save the tooth in cases where root filling is unsuccessful or impossible.

It is done for the following reasons :

1) Root filling unsuccessful .

(a) Incomplete filling of inaccessible canal .

(b) Escape of irritant cement through apex.

2) Root filling impossible .

(a) Canal blocked by broken instrument .

(b) Alveolar abscess on tooth with post crown.

Scaling and Gingivectomy

Scaling and Gingivectomy are performed for the treatment of periodontal disease. Scaling, which is removal of calculus and plaque, is the most important means of treatment, Regular periodic scaling can help prevent the onset of periodontal disease and will cure established cases with shallow gingival pockets.

Gingivectomy is the surgical removal of gum to eliminate pockets. It is minor oral surgery. A local anesthetic is injected and the gum incised with a gingivectomy.

Conservative treatment of periodontal disease by scaling and gingivectomy is a waste of time unless patients are prepared to cooperate by cleaning their teeth and massaging the gums after meals

Filling (Стр 183)

Conservative treatment of caries, when the pulp isvital and unexposed, is by filling. If the pulp is exposed or dead, root canal therapy is usually necessary before the filling is done. Fillings are inserted in teeth to replace the part destroyed thereby restored, prevented, and the vitality of the pulp is preserved.

The temporary fillings are:

zinc oxide and eugenol cement,

zinc phosphate cement

zinc polyacrylate cement,

gutta-percha.

Permanent fillings are also various. Permanent fillings are meant to stay put permanently and the cavity must be specially prepared to provide maximum retention. It is necessary to considerthe types of fillings used. There are only two types available plastic and pre-constructed.

Plastic fillings are soft and plastic on insertion but set hard in the cavity.

Pre-constructed restorations are gold inlays and crowns.

Oral hygiene

Most dental disorders arise directly or indirectly from two basic dis eases of the teeth and their supporting tissues caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which in turn leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene.

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free of food debris, thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this this is the only way of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food .

Большинство стоматологических заболеваний возникают прямо или косвенно из двух основных дисфункций зубов и их поддерживающих тканей, кариеса и периодонтальной болезни. Застой пищи вызывает образование бляшек; Что в свою очередь приводит к образованию кислоты, в случае кариеса; И к бактериальному раздражению и исчислению при болезни пародонта. Методами профилактики являются гигиена полости рта.

Гигиена полости рта состоит только в том, чтобы держать зубы без мусора в пище, таким образом предотвращая образование бляшек, что приводит к зубному заболеванию. Это может быть достигнуто путем регулярной чистки зубов после еды и отсутствия еды между приемами пищи. Чистку лучше всего чистить, поскольку это единственный способ удаления налета. Если чистка не возможна, пищевые остатки можно удалить, закончив еду моющим средством

Endodontic

Endodontics is the term used for all forms of root canal therapy. It includes root filling, pulpotomy, pulp capping and apicectomy. The basic object of endodontic treatment is to remove the inflamed or dead pulp and replace it with a root filling.There are many causes of pulpitis and pulp death but the treatment is similar in each case; either extraction or endodontics.The commonest cause of pulpitis is exposure of the pulp. Exposure of the pulp may be due to:

1. Caries;

2. Accidental exposure during cavity preparation;

3. Fracture of the crown.

Эндодонтия - это термин, используемый для всех форм терапии корневых каналов. Он включает корневую наполнение, пульпотомию, укупорку целлюлозы и апикэктомию. Основным объектом эндодонтического лечения является удаление воспаленной или мертвой мякоти и замена его на корневую начинку.Самой распространенной причиной пульпита является облучение целлюлозы.Воздействие целлюлозы может быть вызвано:1. Кариес; 2. Случайное воздействие при подготовке полости; 3. Перелом короны.

Caries

Caries is a breakdown of tooth structure, caused by acid produced from carbohydrate food debris left on the teeth after meals. If all carbohydrate is cleaned off the teeth immediately after a meal, the source of acid formation is lost and caries will not occur. Unfortunately this cannot be done completely as no method of cleaning is absolutely perfect. Teeth may be cleaned with a toothbrush or detergent food. The best way of personally preventing caries is to clean the teeth immediately after every meal by brushing or finishing with a detergent food.

Medical Еducation in Russian

Doctors in Russia are trained in 5 specialties: Therapy, Pediatrics, Hygiene, Sanitation, Stomatology and Pharmacy. Higher medical education in Russian is financially supported by the state. Young people may receive higher medical education after finishing a secondary school or a special secondary medical school. To be admitted to the Medical Institute or academy it is necessary to pass entrance examinations. Applicants take competitive examinations is three subjects: Rus language, Chemistry, Biology. Those who pass them successfully are admitted to the Medical Institute or academy. Doctors training lasts 6 years in Therapy, Pediatrics, Sanitation and Hygiene and 5 years in stom. And pharmacy. First the students have the premedical course. They are in the subjects of Human anatomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biologe, Latin, Histology and etc. Upon completion of the sixth year, having passed state examinations, graduates receive their diploma. The graduates of medical institutes can apply for clinical internship to be more qualified specialists.

Врачи в России обучаются по 5 специальностям: терапия, Педиатрия, Гигиена, санитария, Стоматология и Фармация. Высшее медицинское образование в России осуществляется при финансовой поддержке государства. Молодые люди могут получить высшее медицинское образование после окончания средней школы или специальной медицинское училище. Для поступления в медицинский институт или академию нужно сдавать вступительные экзамены. Поступающие сдают конкурсные экзамены являются три предмета: Язык рус, химии, биологии. Те, кто сдал их успешно поступают в медицинский институт или академию. Обучение врачей проводится на протяжении 6 лет в терапии, педиатрии, санитарии и гигиены и 5 лет в стом. И аптеку. Сначала студенты проходят курс доврачебной. Они по таким предметам, как анатомия человека, физика, химия, Biologe, латынь, Гистология и др. По окончании шестого года, сдав государственные экзамены, выпускники получают диплом. Выпускники медицинских вузов могут применяться для клинической ординатуре должны быть более квалифицированные специалисты.

ВГМА

Voronezh medical Academy is one of the leading higher educational establishments in Russian. It provides graduate and postgraduade training for about 5500 students who have chosen medicine for their future career. The professional training is provided by 5 faculties and 3 institutes: faculty of general medicine, pediatries faculty, faculty of dentistry, faculty of pharmacy, medico-prophylactic faculty, interntional institute of medical education and cooperational, institute of nursing, institute of continuing professional education. The academy students are lucky to listen of academicians, honored professors, assistant professors, lecturers with academic degrees and qualifications. The basic academic curriculum consist of pre-clinical subjects (1-2years) and clinical subjects (3-6years). From the second year undergraduate students to develop practical skills along with the study of medical sciences. The results os undergraduate researchers work are annually presented at conferences, international meeting and symposiums. The academy has a well-established reputation for providing high quality medical training and research. Medical qualifications received at vsma are recognized worldwide

Describe the teeth their structure, types…..

(О зубе)

Every tooth consist of a crown, a neck, and one or more roots. Every tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp. Enamel is the outer covering of the crown and is the hardest substance in the body. It is insensitive to pain. Cementum is the outer covering of the root. It meets enamel at the neck of the tooth. Dentine occupies the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain. The pulp is purely soft tissue and contains blood vessels and nerves.. Permanent teeth are the second and final set and start developing at birth.

Каждый зуб состоит из коронки, шеи, а также одного или нескольких корней. Каждый зуб состоит из эмали, дентина, цемента и целлюлозы. Эмаль представляет собой внешнее покрытие коронки и является самым твердым веществом в организме. Он нечувствителен к боли. Цемент является внешней оболочкой корня. Он отвечает эмаль на шейке зуба. Дентин занимает внутреннюю часть коронки и корня, и очень чувствителен к боли. Мякоть чисто мягкие ткани и содержит кровеносные сосуды и нервы. . Постоянные зубы являются вторым и окончательным набором и начать развивать при рождении.

Jaw (челюсть)

The upper jaw is called the maxilla and the lower jaw is called the mandible. The maxilla is fixed to the skull and is immovable. The hard palate is part of the maxilla and forms the roof of mouth. On either side of the nasal cavity the maxilla is hollow. Each hollow is known as a maxillary sinus or antrum. The mandible is jaw which moves. The junction of body and ramus is called the angle of the mandible. The only jaw which can move is the mandible. The mandible then returns backwards and closes. All these movements of the jaws are produced by the muscles of mastication.

Верхняя челюсть называется верхней челюстью и нижняя челюсть называются нижней челюстью. Верхнечелюстной крепятся к черепу и неподвижно. Твердое небо является частью верхнечелюстной кости и образует крышу рта. По обе стороны носовой полости верхней челюсти является полой. Каждый полый известен как верхнечелюстной пазухи или антрума. Челюсть челюсть, которая двигается. Узел тела и ветви называется углом нижней челюсти. Только челюсть, которая может перемещаться является нижней челюстью. Нижняя челюсть затем возвращается назад и закрывается. Все эти движения челюстей производится мышцами жевания.