Making the Atom Serve the Needs of Man

to establish a research centre; leadings-scientists; to take part (in); to carry out research work; to make experiments; to study the possibi­lities of using the atom for scientific and industrial purposes; to aim (at); the peaceful uses of atomic power; to develop in two directions; power (nuclear power stations and motors) and non-power (the use of radioactive substances and their radiation in industry and science); to build the world's first industrial nuclear power station (in 1954); a gramme of uranium 235; to produce during fission as much energy as 2.5 tons of the best coal; the daily amount used; to be equal to 30 gram­mes; a cheap way of producing electrical energy; to design bigger nuclear power stations; to use

Research Work

to carry out research in the field of; to make a study of the problem; to make experiments; to have to do (with); to be successful; to establish important facts; judging by; to come round to thinking; to be worth; to go into details; to make several observations; to come to the conclu­sion; to put the project into practice; beyond doubt; to be convinced; an important discovery

3. The Man Who Foresaw ...

the brilliant Russian scientist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky; to l-'ve a long and active life; to become famous all over the world; to solve L'mdreds of important problems; to develop new sciences; to develop the theory of neosphere; to argue that; to be part of cosmos; to be the first to explain the role of man on our planet; to warn smb that ...; to approach a turning point in the life of man; to foresee great changes; to live in an atomic age; to use the power of atomic energy; to be in the hands of man; to have possible effects; to be the duty of scientists; to direct the efforts of scientists in the right channels; to be responsible for the results; to make science serve the needs of man

What Makes a Good Specialist

to believe what one is doing; to see one's aim clearly; to be con­vinced of smth; to be firm in one's principles; not to be put off by diffi­culties; to make an experiment; to be observant; to give constant atten­tion to smth; not to expose oneself to unnecessary risks; to check the results of the experiment; to take all the factors into account; to draw the right conclusion; to go on with one's research; to be satisfied with the results.

A Business Appointment

to have some problem to solve; to need smb's advice; to telephone to inquire about smth; to make an appointment with smb; to fix the time; to introduce oneself; to state the purpose of one's visit; in the course of the discussion; to discover; to have a different opinion on the subject; to use the argument that ..., to draw smb's attention (to); to explain one's attitude (towards); to be convincing; to come down on sinb's side; in conclusion; to admit; to arrive at a sensible solution

A Business Interview

to expect a visitor coming to see smb; to arrange for the interview-through the secretary; to be made an offer; to sound rather promising; to get interested in smth; to ask for additional information; to be satis­fied with the terms; to talk the matter over; to discuss the details; to agree about the terms and conditions; to be fair; to fix prices; to be rea­sonable; to attend to smth without delay

Ex. 45. Tell the story of each of the pictures.

	to be keen on cybernetics; to design a robot; the latest achieve­ments in science and technol­ogy; remote control; to push buttons; to bring smb down to earth.
	to sell the family car; to go out of fashion; to look around for a second-hand spaceship; safe; easy to handle; a week-end trip.

Ex. 46. Subjects for oral and written composition.

1. The life story of a great Soviet physicist.

2. An important discovery in physics, chemistry or biology

3. A new science that has appeared in recent years.

4. Science in our life.

5. Soviet successes in scientific development.

6. Soviet scientists work for peace.

7. Retell the story as if you were a) Curtis; b) Johnson; c) the Estab­lishment Officer; d) Johnson's wife.

8. Write a summary of the story.

9. Say whether you think Curtis was partial or impartial in his atti­tude towards Johnson.

10. Express your own opinion about the incident. Say who you think was actually responsible for the tragic occurrence and if it could have been prevented.

11. Try to imagine what happened further—after Johnson came out of hospital.

12. Speak on the qualities that you believe are necessary to make a good research worker.

13. Explain why it is important at all times to be master of one's emotions.

Lesson Eight

Text: "The Case for the Defence", G. Greene¹

Grammar: Modal Verbs (contd.) May (might)

The Case For the Defence²

It was the strangest murder trial I ever attended. They named it the Peckham murder in the headlines, though Northwood Street, where the old woman was found murdered, was not strictly speaking in Peck-ham. This was not one of those cases of circumstantial evidence in which you feel the jurymen's³ anxiety — because mistakes HAVE been made. No, this murderer was all but found with the body; no one present when the Crown counsel⁴ outlined his case believed that the man in the dock⁵ stood any chance at all.

He was a heavy stout man with bulging bloodshot eyes. All his mus­cles seemed to be in his thighs. Yes, an ugly customer⁶ one you wouldn't forget in a hurry — and that was an important point because the Crown⁴ proposed to call four witnesses⁷ who hadn't forgotten him, who had seen him hurrying away from the little red villa in Northwood Street. The clock had just struck two in the morning.

Mrs. Salmon in 15 Northwood Street had been unable to sleep; she heard a door click shut and thought it was her own gate. So she went to the window and saw Adams (that was his name) on the steps of Mrs. Parker's house. He had just come out and he was wearing gloves. He had a hammer in his hand and she saw him drop it into the laurel bushes by the front gate. But before he moved away, he had looked up—at her win­dow. The fatal instinct that tells a man when he is watched exposed him in the light of a street-lamp to her gaze — his eyes full of horrifying and brutal fear, like an animal's when you raise a whip.

I talked afterwards to Mrs. Salmon, who naturally after the aston­ishing verdict⁸ went in fear herself. As I imagine did all the witnesses — Henry MacDougall, who had been driving home from Benfleet late and nearly ran Adams down at the corner of Northwocd Street. Adams was walking in the middle of the road looking dazed. And old Mrs. Whee­ler, who lived next door to Mrs. Parker, at No 12, and was wakened by a noise — like a chair falling — through the thin-as-paper villa wall, and got up and looked out of the window, just as Mrs. Salmon had done, saw Adams' back and, as he turned, those bulging eyes. In Laurel Ave­nue he had been seen by yet another witness — his luck was badly out; he might as well have committed the crime in broad daylight.

"I understand," counsel said, "that the defence proposes to plead mistaken identity.⁹ Adams' wife will tell you that he was with her at two in the morning on February 14, but after you have heard the wit­nesses for the Crown and examined carefully the features of the prison­er, I do not think you will be prepared to admit the possibility of a mistake."

It was all over, you would have said, but the hanging.

After the formal evidence¹⁰ had been given by the policeman who had found the body and the surgeon who examined it, Mrs. Salmon was called. She was the ideal witness, with her slight Scotch accent and her expression of honesty, care and kindness.

The prosecuting counsel brought the story gently out. She spoke very firmly. There was no malice in her, and no sense of importance at stand­ing there in the Central Criminal Court¹¹ with a judge in scarlet¹² hang­ing on her words and the reporters writing them down. Yes, she said, and then she had gone downstairs and rung up the police station.

"And do you see the man here in court?"¹³

She looked straight across at the big man in the dock, who stared hard at her with his Pekingese eyes¹⁴ without emotion.

"Yes," she said, "there he is."

"You are quite certain?"

She said simply, "I couldn't be mistaken, Sir."

It was all as easy as that.

"Thank you, Mrs. Salmon."

Counsel for the defence rose to cross-examine. If you had reported as many murder trials as I have you would have known beforehand what line he would take. And I was right, up to a point.

"Now, Mrs. Salmon, you must remember that a man's life may depend on your evidence."

"I do remember it, sir."

"Is your eyesight good?"

"I have never had to wear spectacles, sir."

"You are a woman of fifty-five?"

"Fifty-six, sir."

"And the man you saw was on the other side of the road?"

"Yes, sir."

"And it was two o'clock in the morning. You must have remarkable eyes, Mrs. Salmon?"

"No, sir. There was moonlight, and when the man looked up, he had the lamplight on his face."

"And you have no doubt whatever that the man you saw is the pris­oner?"

I couldn't make out what he was at. He couldn't have expected any other answer than the one he got.

"None whatever, sir. It isn't a face one forgets."

Counsel took a look round the court for a moment. Then he said, "Do you mind, Mrs. Salmon, examining again the people in court? No, not the prisoner. Stand up, please, Mr. Adams," and there at the back of the court, with thick stout body and muscular legs and a pair of bulg­ing eyes, was the exact image of the man in the dock. He was even dressed the same — tight blue suit and striped tie.

"Now think very carefully, Mrs. Salmon. Can you still swear that the man you saw drop the hammer in Mrs. Parker's garden was the pris­oner — and not this man, who is his twin brother?"

Of course she couldn't. She looked from one to the other and didn't say a word.

There the big brute sat in the dock with his legs crossed and there he stood too at the back of the court and they both stared at Mrs. Salmon. She shook her head.

What we saw then was the end of the case. There wasn't a witness prepared to answer that it was the man charged with murder he'd seen. And the brother? He had his alibi,¹⁵ too; he was with his wife.

And so the case was dismissed; the man was acquitted for lack of evidence. But whether — if he did the murder and not his brother — he was punished or not, I don't know. That extraordinary day had an extraordinary end. I followed Mrs. Salmon out of court and we got caught in the crowd who were waiting, of course, for the twins. The police tried to drive the crowd away, but all they could do was keep the road­way clear for traffic. I learned later that they tried to get the twins to leave by a back way, but they wouldn't. One of them — no one knew which — said, "I've been acquitted, haven't I?" and they walked bang out of the front entrance. Then it happened. I don't know how; though I was only six feet away. The crowd moved and somehow one of the twins got pushed on to the road right in front of a bus.

He gave a squeal like a rabbit and that was all; he was dead, his skull smashed just as Mrs. Parker's had been. Divine vengeance?¹⁶ I wish I knew. There was the other Adams getting on his feet from beside the body and looking straight over at Mrs. Salmon. He was crying, but whether he was the guilty or the innocent man, nobody will ever be able to tell. But if you were Mrs. Salmon, could you sleep at night?

NOTES

1. Graham Greene, an English writer, born in 1904. Educated at Balliol College, Oxford. He wrote for The Times and The Spectator. His first novel The Man Within appeared in 1929. He established his reputation as a writer with his fourth novel Stamboul Train (1932). After a visit to Mexico in 1938 he wrote The Power and the Glory. Among his post war works are: The Heart of the Matter, The Quiet American, Our Man in Havana, The End of the Affair. In all he has published some thirty novels, plays and collections of stories. The greater part of his novels has been screened.

2. The Case for the Defence — дело, выигранное защитой

3. juryman—juror, a member of the jury. The jury is a body of 12 persons who decide in a court of justice whether the person accused of a crime is guilty or innocent

4. the Crown counsel: counsel (lawyer) at a criminal trial represent­ing the Crown, or, in other words, the prosecution обвинитель, проку­рор (на суде)

5. the dock: place for a criminal in a criminal court; the man in the dock—the prisoner

6. customer (соll): fellow, chap — тип, личность, субъект; an ugly (rough, slippery, etc.) customer: опасный (грубый, скользкий и т. д.) тип

7. When a witness is called to give evidence he, with his hand on the Book (the Bible), gives an oath (клятва): "I swear by All Mighty God that the evidence that I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth."

8. verdict: decision reached by a jury of "Guilty" or "Not Guilty" on a question of fact.

9. to plead mistaken identity: выдвинуть аргумент о неправиль­ном опознании личности

10. formal evidence—показания официальных лиц

11. the Central Criminal Court, or the Old Bailey (from the name of the street where it is situated) is the chief criminal court in London. The sessions are held once a month, and four courts are held at a time. The trials are open to the public.

12. a judge in scarlet: судья в красной мантии

13. court, as market, school, hospital, prison, etc, when meaning a place used for the purpose for which it was primarily intended, is not used with the definite article. Compare: 1. The matter was decided in court. Вопрос был решен на суде (в судебном порядке). 2. The court was full. Зал суда был полон. 3. It was a decision of the court. Это было решение суда (судьи, коллегии судей).

14. Pekingese eyes: выпуклые глаза, как у китайского мопса (по­рода собак)

15. alibi [‘ælibai]: the argument or proof that one was in another place (when a crime was committed).

16. Divine vengeance: провидение, божья кара

VOCABULARY

defend vt 1, защищать, оборонять to defend peace (freedom, one's country, one's rights, a point of view, etc.); to defend oneself (smb/smth) against/from smb/smth. 2. юр. защищать (в суде) to defend a case; He had a lawyer to defend him. defence n 1. защита, оборона national de­fence государственная оборона Не gave his life in defence of his country. 2. защита (также юр.) Не had nothing to say in (his) defence. Phr. Counsel for the defence защитник обвиняемого

trial n судебный процесс, судебное разбирательство The trial of the criminal lasted two weeks. He was on trial for robbery Phr. hold a trial вести судебное разбирательство; try vt судить, слушать судеб­ное разбирательство to try (to hear) a case in court He was tried for murder (breaking the law, etc.)

strict а строгий; требовательный a strict order (rule, etc.); strict parents, etc. strictly adv строго The instructions should be strictly ob­served. strictly confidential (legal, etc.) строго секретно (в соответ­ствии с законом и т. д.) Phr. strictly speaking строго говоря

circumstance (usu. pl.) обстоятельство, случай, факт a particular (unforeseen, etc.) circumstance; the circumstances of one's life (an acci­dent, etc.) Phr. in (under) the circumstances при сложившихся обстоя­тельствах; in (under) no circumstances ни при каких условиях, ни­когда

evidence (sing.) п показание/-я, улика/-и His evidence against (for) the man was convincing. Phr. circumstantial evidence косвенные улики; direct evidence прямые улики

anxiety п тревога, беспокойство, опасение They waited for the results of the operation with anxiety, anxious a 1. тревожный, беспо­койный; озабоченный an anxious day (time; look, etc.); Phr. be (feel) anxious (about smb/smth) беспокоиться (о ком-л/чем-л) 2. страстно желающий (чего-л) Не is anxious for success. They were anxious to win the game.

witness п свидетель; очевидец Не was called in court as a witness for the prosecution. She happened to be the only witness to the accident. witness vt 1. давать показания (на суде) to witness against (for) smb 2. быть свидетелем чего-л to witness an accident (a scene, etc.)

feature п 1. pl. черты лица (ir)regular (sharp, soft, remarkable, etc.) features 2. особенность, характерная черта a feature of one's character (a writer's style, a country's economy, etc.)

slight а незначительный, легкий, слабый a slight accent (mistake, doubt, difference, hesitation, etc.)

beforehand adv заранее, вперед; заблаговременно It was thought­ful of you to have made all the arrangements beforehand.

depend vt/vi 1. зависеть Great Britain depends on other countries for food products. Everything depended on the results of the experi­ment. 2. полагаться, рассчитывать Can I depend on this railway time­table? He depended on us to help him. (independence п (независимость; dependent а зависимый Children are usually dependent on their parents. independent а независимый to be of independent character (way of think­ing, etc.); She is independent of others in her ideas (judgement, taste, etc.)

remarkable а замечательный, удивительный a remarkable person (scientist, discovery, victory, event, feature, speech, etc.)

accuse vt обвинять to accuse smb of a crime (dishonesty, breaking the law, etc.); accusation п обвинение Phr. make (bring) an accusation against smb выдвинуть обвинение против кого-л; accused п обвиняе­мый

make out (made) vt понять, разгадать; разобрать, разглядеть I can't make him out. It was difficult to make out the signature on the paper.

tight а тесный (о платье, обуви) a tight coat (suit, etc.) The jacket is tight across the shoulders.

charge vt обвинять to charge smb with robbery (murder, etc.); charge п обвинение What is the charge against the man? He was arrested on a charge of murder. Phr. bring a charge (of smth) against smb выдви­нуть против кого-л обвинение (в чем-л)

swear (swore, sworn) vt/vi 1. клясться; присягать Не swore that he had told the truth. I swear to be frank with you. Phr. swear an oath показывать под присягой; давать клятву swear in a witness при­вести свидетеля к присяге 2. ругаться, ругать (кого-л) Don't swear at him.

dismiss vt 1. увольнять (с работы) to dismiss a worker (a clerk, a servant, etc.) 2. прекращать (судебное дело и т. п.); отклонять to dis­miss a case (a charge, a complaint, a subject, etc.) 3. гнать от себя (мысль,. заботы и т. п.) to dismiss a thought (a suspicion, worries, etc.)

acquit vt оправдывать (в суде) Не was acquitted of the crime, acquit­tal n оправдание (по суду)

lack n недостаток, нужда; отсутствие чего-л lack of experience (knowledge, information, time, tact, patience, etc.) Phr. for lack of из-за отсутствия, из-за недостатка; lack vt испытывать недостаток; не иметь to lack knowledge (experience, etc.)

punish vt наказывать Не should be punished for disobedience (break­ing the rules, etc.)

guilt п вина, виновность His guilt was not difficult to establish. guilty a 1. виновный; преступный Не was tried and found guilty. He-was guilty of murder. Phr. plead (not) guilty (не) признавать себя ви­новным 2. виноватый a guilty look (feeling, etc.)

innocent n невиновный Не was proved innocent of the crime, inno­cence п невиновность His innocence was beyond, doubt.

WORD COMBINATIONS

all but почти, едва не

stand no chance не иметь надежды

in broad daylight средь бела дня

commit a murder (a crime, a mistake, etc.) совершить убийство (преступление, ошибку и т. п.); commit suicideпокончить жизнь самоубийством

hang on smb's words внимательно слушать кого-л

up to a point до некоторой степени, почти

be at smth добиваться чего-л, клонить к чему-л

EXERCISES ON THE TEXT

Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What case was being tried in court? 2. Why did it look as if the prisoner's guilt was proved even before the actual hearing of the case had started? 3. What witnesses did the Crown propose to call? 4. What was Mrs. Salmon's evidence? 5. What was Henry MacDougall's story? 6. What did old Mrs Wheeler have to say at the trial? 7. Why did the prosecuting counsel along with all those present in court believe that there could be no mistake as to the identity of the murderer? 8. Who was the first of the witnesses to be cross-examined by the defence counsel? 9. What made Mrs Salmon the ideal witness? 10. Why couldn't Mrs Salmon or, in fact, any of the witnesses swear that the man in the dock was the murderer? 11. What had made it possible for the defence counsel to plead mistaken identity? 12. What alibis did the twin broth­ers have? 13. How did it happen that the jury returned a verdict of "not guilty" though murder had actually been committed by one of the brothers? '14. Why did the twins insist on leaving the court building by the front door? 15. How did it happen that one of the twins got pushed under a bus? 16. Why was it impossible to tell whether the innocent or the guilty man had been killed in the accident? 17. Which of the twins do you think was killed? 18. Was there actually any reason for Mrs Sal­mon to be afraid for her life after one of the twins had got killed in the accident?

Ex. 2. Find in the text the English for:

а) 1. строго говоря; 2. изложить дело в общих чертах; 3. отвра­тительный тип; 4. немаловажное обстоятельство; 5. два часа ночи; 6. при свете уличного фонаря; 7. животный ужас; 8. чуть не сбить кого-то машиной; 9. с остановившимся взглядом; 10. идти посередине улицы; 11. ему явно не везло; 12. средь бела дня; 13. внимательно рассмотреть; 14. черты лица; 15. допустить возможность ошибки; 16. легкий акцент; 17. с выражением честности, озабоченности и доб­роты на лице; 18. говорить уверенно; 19. ловить каждое слово; 20. смот­реть в упор; 21. заранее предположить; 22. занять позицию; 23. не­обыкновенно острое зрение; 24. не понимать к чему кто-то клонит; 25. костюм в обтяжку; 26. галстук в полоску; 27. переводить взгляд с одного на другого; 28. сидеть нога на ногу; 29. покачать головой; 30. попасть в толпу; 31. расчистить проезжую часть дороги;

б) 1. дело, выигранное защитой; 2. судебный процесс по делу об убийстве; 3. присутствовать на суде; 4. косвенные улики; 5. присяж­ные заседатели; 6. прокурор; 7. скамья подсудимых; 8. вызвать сви­детелей; 9. решение присяжных; 10. совершить преступление; 11. вы­двинуть довод об ошибке в установлении личности; 12. свидетель об­винения; 13. свидетельские показания официальных лиц; 14. уголов­ный суд; 15. судья; 16. полицейский участок; 17. в зале суда; 18. за­щитник; 19. подвергать перекрестному допросу; 20. свидетельские показания; 21. подсудимый; 22. присягнуть; 23. алиби; 24. оправдать за недостатком улик; 25. совершить убийство; 26. понести наказание; 27. невиновный человек.

Ex. 3. Give the four forms of the verbs:

find, feel, get, forget, hurry, strike, wear, raise, drive, commit, admit, bring, hang, rise, swear, acquit, try.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences using "might as well+-perfect infinitive".

1. Мы затратили столько времени на поиски такси, что мы с тем же успехом могли бы поехать туда и на автобусе. 2. Не знаю чего вы до­бились, споря с ним. Вы могли бы с тем же успехом и помолчать. 3. Ле­карство совершенно не помогло мне. Я с тем же успехом мог пить бы воду вместо него. 4. Он совершенно меня не слушал. Я мог бы с тем же успехом говорить со стенкой. 5. Встреча была для них полным разочарованием. Они с тем же успехом могли бы не видеться еще десять лет. 6. Непонятно, зачем вы приехали в спортлагерь, если вы не хо­тите идти с нами в горы. Вы с тем же успехом могли бы остаться дома. 7. Я не получил от поездки за город никакого удовольствия. Я с тем же успехом мог бы остаться в городе. 8. Мы с тем же успехом могли бы и не ходить (пропустить) на эту лекцию. Она нам ничего не дала. 9. Мы бы могли с тем же успехом и не ходить на этот концерт. Мы не получили никакого удовольствия.

Ex. 5. Give the meaning of "but" and "but-phrases". Express the follow­ing without using "but" or "but-phrases'".

1. You shouldn't have taken his words too close to heart. It was no­thing buta joke. 2. He was all but killed in the accident. 3. You can't expect her to know about such things, she's but a child. 4. I could not but agree with him. 5. But for his help I would have never managed the task, 6. But for a few details the picture of what had occurred in his absence was complete. 7. I was in no position to choose and could but accept the terms. 8. Everybody seems to know it but you. 9. He could but try to convince us that he had acted with the best of intentions. 10. There is but one man who can answer your question.

Ex. 6. Translate the following into English, using "but" and "but-phrases".

1. До отъезда оставалось всего лишь два дня. 2. Мы не могли не восхищаться той твердостью и решительностью, которые он проявил в этих довольно трудных обстоятельствах. 3. Он мог лишь пытаться доказать свою правоту. 4. Она чуть не расплакалась, узнав о кате­горическом отказе. 5. Вначале это было лишь подозрение, которое затем перешло в уверенность. 6. Когда она вернулась домой, то уже весь багаж, за исключением нескольких коробок, был отправлен на станцию. 7. Оставалось лишь еще одно обстоятельство, которое тре­бовало выяснения. 8. Оказалось, что все уже знали о его новом на­значении, кроме меня. 9. Если бы не его предупреждение, то я бы мог оказаться в очень неприятном положении.