Read the article carefully and answer these questions according to the information in the text.
1) Why is calorie balance important?
2) Which foods should be incorporated into a healthy eating pattern? What are they rich in?
3) Which foods should be excluded from the diet or consumed in small amounts? Why?
4) Why is it important to supply the diet with fruits and vegetables?
5) What nutrients are supplied with (by) milk and milk product? Which health benefits are provided by milk and milk product?
6) What essential nutrients are contributed to the diet with (by) seafood, beans and peas, soy products, nuts, and seeds? Are there any restrictions while consuming meat and poultry, nuts and seeds? What are they, if there are any?
7) Why are oils important to the diet? What are food sources of oils?
8) What are health benefits provided by dietary fiber?
9) What foods are considered to be nutrient dense foods? Give the examples. What are they rich in?
1. Fill in the tables:
a) b)
| noun | adjective | verb | noun | |
| density | physical | |||
| diet | natural | |||
| salt | particular | |||
| contractive | relative | |||
| health | notable | |||
| nature | substantial | |||
| essence | main | |||
| converse |
c)
| noun | verb | adjective/participle II |
| process | process | |
| equal | ||
| use | ||
| control | controllable | |
| recommendation | recommended | |
| add | ||
| excess | ||
| consume | ||
| gainable | ||
| protect | ||
| lose | ||
| prevent | ||
| dilatable, dilatational, dilative | ||
| constrict | ||
| maintainable | ||
| transmit | ||
| fortification | ||
| refinement | ||
| act | ||
| function | ||
| blunt | blunt | |
| assessment | ||
| adjusable | ||
| monitored | ||
| canning | ||
| freeze | ||
| drying |
! Participles (-ing and -ed forms)
-ing forms used like adjectives or adverbs have similar meanings to active verbs, e.g.falling leaves (= leaves that fall); a meat-eating animal (= an animal that eats meat);She walked out smiling. (= She was smiling.)
Most past participles have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives or adverbse.g.,a broken heart (= a heart that has been broken); He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. (= He had been forgotten by everybody.)
!Interested, bored, excited etc say how people feel.
Interesting, boring etc describe the people or things that cause the feelings.
Compare: I was very interested in the lesson. So the lesson was really interesting.
exceptions: A few past participles can be used as adjectives with active meanings, especially before nounse.g.,a fallen leaf (= a leaf that has fallen); advanced students (= students who have advanced to a high level).
developed countries a grown-up daughter
increased activity an escaped prisoner
vanished civilisations faded colours
a retired general swollen ankles
Participles can often be used as adjectives before nouns, or after be and other link verbs e.g., an interesting book a lost dog a falling leaf screaming children; The upstairs window is broken. His idea seems exciting.
Participles used as adjectives can have objects. Note the word order.
English-speaking Canadians. a fox-hunting man
We often use participles after nouns in order to define or identify the nouns, in the same way as we use identifying relative clauses.
We couldn't agree on any of the problems discussed.
The people questioned gave very different opinions.
I watched the match because I knew some of the people playing.
!A few participles change their meaning according to their position. Compare:
- a concerned expression (= a worried expression); the people concerned (= the people who are/were affected).
When a past participle is part of a passive verb, we can put much or very muchbefore it, but not very.
He’s (very) much admired by his students.
Britain’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation.
When a past participle is used as an adjective, use very.
a very frightened animal a very shocked expression
! Participles can combine with other words into participle clauses which can be used:
a) after nouns and pronouns
We can offer you a job cleaning cars.
I found him sitting at a table covered with papers.
Participle clauses are often very like relative clauses, except that they have participles instead of complete verbs.
Who’s the girl dancing with your brother? (= ... the girl who is dancing )
b) in similar ways to full adverbial clauses, expressing condition, reason, time relations, result etc.
Used economically, one tin will last for six weeks. (= If it is used ... )
Having failed my medical exams, I took up teaching. (= As I had failed ... )
Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the window.
(= After I had put down my newspaper, ... )
Note that -ing clauses can be made with verbs like be, have, wish and know, which are not normally used in progressive tenses. The participle clause usually expresses reason or cause.
Being unable to help in any other way, I gave her some money.
Not wishing to continue my studies, I decided to become a dress designer.
Knowing her pretty well, I realised something was wrong.
! -ing clauses can be used after many conjunctions and prepositions(after, before, since, when, while, on, without, instead of, in spite of and as). Note that -ing forms after prepositions can often be considered as either participles or gerunds - the dividing line is not clear.
After talking to you I always feel better.
She’s been quite different since coming back from America.
When telephoning from abroad, dial 1865, not 01865.
On being introduced, British people often shake hands.
They left without saying goodbye.
Clauses with past participles are possible (mostly in a formal style) after if, when, while, once and until.
If asked to look after luggage for someone else, inform police at once.
When opened, keep in refrigerator.
Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.
Leave in oven until cooked to a light brown colour.
The structure object + participle (clause) is used after verbs of sensation (e.g. see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell) and some other verbs (e.g. find, get, have, make).
I saw a small girl standing in the goldfish pond.
Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?
I found her drinking my whisky.
Do you think you can get the radio working?
2. Look at the sentence from the article: When choosing carbohydrates, people should emphasize naturally occurring carbohydrates. Find and underline other examples of participle clauses in the text.
ǃGerunds are – ing forms of the verb that are used as nouns. Gerunds name actions. Although gerunds are used in a clause as nouns, they keep the qualities of verbs. Many compound nouns are made from a gerund and another noun. They usually show the purpose to which the head noun is put, e.g. losing excess weight – excess weight for losing.
Notice the difference between the –ing form of the verband -ing nounsand –ing adjectives.
- -ing nouns:
1) often have a plural: e.g. meeting(s);
2) can follow the determiner (the, a, an) or an adjective or a noun: e.g. food processing.
- -ing adjectives:
1) can come before a noun: e.g. living conditions;
2) come after adverbs of DEGREE (very, quite, rather, so, too, as):quite promising.
- -ing forms of the verbs go:
1) before an object, e.g. maintaining a good shape;
2) before a complement, e.g. being healthy;
3) before an adverbial, e.g. eating quickly;
4) purpose, e.g. for processing;
5) after prepositions, e.g. after eating;
6) after verbsthat can be followed by –ing form, e.g. depend on digesting.
! To translate the gerund you need some rules. If gerund is:
1) Subject, you translate it as a noun or infinitive.
e.g. Eating the right foods that give your body the nutrients you need makes you healthy. – Употребление в пищу продуктов, которые дают вашему организму все необходимые питательные вещества, способствует хорошему здоровью.
2) Predicate Nominative, you translate it as a noun or infinitive.
e.g. The main goal for me is being healthy. – Для меня главная цель – это быть здоровым.
3) Compound Predicate, you translate it as complement infinitive.
e.g. The dietician finished talking to the patient. Диетолог закончил беседовать с пациентом.
4) Direct and indirect object,you translate it as a noun or infinitive or subordinate clause.
e.g. I simply love eating bananas. – Я просто обожаю есть бананы.
e.g. In muscle insulin promotes the uptake of amino acids for making proteins.– В мышечной ткани инсулин способствует поглощению аминокислот для получения белка.
5) Attribute,you translate it as a noun or infinitive.
e.g. There are different ways of solving this problem. – Имеются различные способы решенияэтой проблемы.
6) Adverbial modifier, you translate it as an adverbial participle.
e.g. One can understand this by making a very simple experiment. – Можно понять это, проведяочень простой эксперимент.