Different approaches to measurement of effectiveness of psychotherapy: duration of therapy, type of therapy, common attributions of different types of psychotherapy

Psychotherapy (from the Greek psyche -. And soul therapeia - treatment) - the area of practical application of mental tools and methods for the treatment and correction of the soul, the psyche, the different forms of psychological problems, mental disorders, character pathology and psychosomatic ailments.

Psychotherapy involves treatment of the word, ie, through a process of verbal communication between psychologist and patient. In the modern world, psychotherapy has an important place in public life, is closely in contact with psychiatry, counseling, education, and religion. It can be done either in a hospital or on an outpatient basis, in consultation.

Psychotherapy can be individual, family and group (depending on the objectives and modalities for) as well as superficial or deep, supportive, suggestive, interpretive, training, telesno- or verbally-oriented.

The main tasks of psychotherapy are searching for and identifying the internal hidden meanings underlying those or other psychological problems (by expanding the scope of consciousness or awareness of mental material and adjusting man's relationship to it), as well as aid for self-actualization, in discovering their inner potential.

Psychotherapy has a wide arsenal of means and methods of work. Modern views on psychotherapy distinguish in it several important sections:

- Theory - understanding of the nature of the human psyche and internal driving forces, mechanisms of various forms of violations;

- Techniques and methods of work;

- The process and art of psychotherapy;

- The problem of the therapist's personality and his training;

- Questions of psychological diagnosis;

- The problem of psychotherapy research.

Theoretical concepts in general philosophical terms to answer questions about what is a man, what innate tendencies inherent in it, whether it is free choices in life, if he could change themselves and their lives. More specifically psychotherapy theory considers the following questions:

- The nature of the inner world;

- Mechanisms of its functioning (conscious and unconscious);

- The reasons for the emergence and development of the internal conflict;

- The structure of the protective mechanisms;

- Formation process, mental disorders, diseases and various pathologies of character;

- How and what is happening in the inner world of man as a result of certain events of his life.

Value theory for psychotherapy is that it is the basis for the creation of working hypotheses, formulation of psychological diagnosis and selection of the respective methods of work. It explains complex phenomena and helps to predict the possible consequences of certain actions of the psychotherapist. It allows you to build the tactics and strategy of working with the client.

There are several theoretical approaches, and historically they are associated with certain philosophical traditions. It is conditionally possible to allocate the largest.

These include:

- Psychoanalytic;

- Humanistic;

- Existential;

- Behavioral;

- Rational and cognitive;

- Transpersonal.

Historically, they emerged more or less independently of each other, as opposed to later and more eclectic that combine disparate theories and views. Thus it is necessary to distinguish between schools of psychotherapy and theoretical approaches.

Recent vary in which processes are most important - human rational thinking or unconscious processes, behavior or issues of free choice and responsibility.

Psychotherapy Schools longer differ in methods and forms of work and likely to answer questions about how to work better.

Different approaches emphasize the importance of various aspects of man. So:

psychoanalysis - the importance of the unconscious;

behavior - behavior and its changes through training;

rational and cognitive - the importance of building the right thinking and making the right decisions;

humanist - a positive start innate in man, and its ability to self-modification under certain conditions (taking it to another person);

existential - the importance of freedom of choice, responsibility and experience of its existence (existence) in the world;

transpersonal - the importance of the "transpersonal" man's existence, his spiritual life

For all the differences in the views of all of these approaches are united by a common set of problems associated with the general rules of behavior therapist in the process, his fitness, with the laws of the construction of a psychotherapeutic session, ethical standards of customer relationships.

Regardless of the approach, the therapist must possess literacy skills of listening to the customer, co-formulation (or reformulation) problems, establish emotional contact, confidence, specific time frames work together, etc.

One of the tasks of psychotherapy, both ethical and professional, is to help the client to achieve independence from the therapist and the capacity for further independent life. A must in the profession of psychotherapist

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