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Влияние возраста на метаболизм мышечного белка и упражнения

влияние возраста на метаболизм мышечного белка и упражнения - student2.ru Противоречивы сведения относительно базального уровня СМП у пожилых людей, в некоторых ранних исследованиях сообщалось о снижении уровня синтеза белка в мышцах по сравнению с молодыми субъектами (96, 121, 127). Тем не менее, если данные корректны, величина утраты мышечной ткани с возрастом должна быть намного выше, чем обычно наблюдаемая, поэтому большинство ученых в настоящее время согласны, что у здоровых людей старение не влияет на базальный уровень СМП, и общий баланс белка у здоровых пожилых людей не снижается (32, 117, 119). Умеренное повышение двигательной активности предотвращает связанную с возрастом утрату мышечной силы, а также возрастную жировую инфильтрацию мышц у пожилых людей (40). Более того, было показано, что у пожилых людей СМП может стимулироваться как упражнениями с отягощением, так и питанием (32, 38, 131). Тем не менее мы недавно продемонстрировали «анаболическую резистентность» СМП стариков к однократной тренировке из упражнений с отягощениями в широком диапазоне интенсивности нагрузки – на ~30 % меньший ответ у пожилых в сравнении с молодыми людьми (66).

Тогда как другие исследователи сообщали о запаздывании ответной реакции на упражнения с отягощениями у пожилых людей (38), мы не обнаружили подобного эффекта (66). Эти расхождения могут быть вызваны меньшим объемом упражнений, использованных в эксперименте, и обстоятельством, что субъекты изучались в состоянии голода после ночного сна (66). Подобный «притупленный» анаболический эффект наблюдался у стариков в ответ на прием пищи, расцененный как снижение чувствительности и способности к анаболическому ответу на прием аминокислот отдельно (32) и в сочетании с глюкозой (118).

Худший анаболический ответ СМП на упражнения с отягощением в мышцах пожилых людей, видимо, связан со снижением активации восходящего сигнала пути mTOR и повышением активности АМРК по сравнению с мышцами молодых людей (38). В исследованиях на грызунах обнаружено снижение активации сигнального пути mTOR после упражнений с отягощениями и повышение активности АМРК у пожилых крыс по сравнению с молодыми животными (45, 83, 111).

Недостаточное количество данных об РМП в ответ на упражнения у стариков. Используя метод растворенных A-V меток, обнаружено некоторое увеличение распада белка в состоянии покоя у пожилых людей (119). Тем не менее, по нашим данным, нет различий в базальном РМП, но «нормальное» ингибирование РМП инсулином существенно ниже у стариков (122). Видимо, «притупленный анаболизм» – широко распространенное явление в стареющих мышцах.

Минимизация потерь мышечной ткани, поддержание массы и функций мышц – основная цель при старении; мы должны понять синергию между упражнениями и приемом пищи, а также разработать надлежащую стратегию тренировок и питания для пожилых людей.

ВЫВОДЫ

Подводя итог, можно констатировать, что мышцы показывают удивительную пластичность в ответ на упражнения. Во время упражнений с отягощениями и без них СМП подавляется, тогда как после тренировки – повышается как в голодном, так и в сытом состоянии. Эта стимуляция проявляет зависимость от дозы и величины воздействия; тем не менее, для выяснение роли рабочей нагрузки требуются дополнительные исследования. Независимо от различий в нагрузке и наличия (или отсутствия) отягощения, сократительная активность вызывает сходный срочный анаболический ответ в нетренированных мышцах. Однако после периода тренировок срочный ответ уменьшается и зависит от вида упражнений: с отягощением или без отягощения и стимулирует синтез белков миофибрилл (с отягощением) или митохондрий (без отягощения), вероятно, отражая адаптивные изменения в зависимости от вида упражнения. Активация РМП во время упражнения с отягощением или без остается невыясненной. Тем не менее существует достаточно данных, подтверждающих увеличение РМП после обоих видов упражнений. Общее увеличение мышечной массы (СМП – РМП) после упражнений проявляется только при повышении доступности аминокислот во время постнагрузочного периода. Приблизительно 20 г высококачественного белка, например молочного, достаточно для инициации максимального синтетического ответа и, соответственно, общего увеличения массы мышц.

С возрастом уменьшается синтез белка миофибрилл в ответ на упражнение и потребление пищи, последние данные свидетельствуют о существовании половых различий в обмене мышечного белка, особенно об уменьшении ответа на упражнения у пожилых женщин.

Активация АМРК в результате клеточных запасов энергии играет важную роль в ингибировании синтеза белка. Увеличение синтеза белка после упражнений опосредуется активацией передачи сигналов mTOR и последующих эффекторов. Связь времени и величины ответа между упражнениями и фосфорилированием регуляторов клеточных сигнальных путей, вовлеченных в синтез и деградацию белка, только начинает выясняться. Несмотря на то что эти процессы фосфорилирования в основном качественно проявляются в результате анаболических стимулов, таких как упражнения, требуется гораздо больше работ для расшифровки сигналов, которые их включают или выключают и в конечном счете контролируют адаптивный ответ, например, мышечную гипертрофию или биогенез митохондрий. Конечно, в настоящее время невозможно напрямую связать размеры активации обмена мышечных белков с фосфорилированием сигнальных молекул. Когда мы сможем сделать это, мы будем гораздо ближе к нашей цели – пониманию регуляции мышечной массы и функции и разработке стратегии максимизации поддержания мышц в здоровье и болезни.

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