Функции и перевод слова That (Those)
Занятие 8
Этапы занятия и рекомендуемая продолжительность тренировки видов речевой деятельности:
Задачи:
- продолжать развивать у студентов навык произношения медицинской лексики профессиональных текстов;
- развивать навык спряжения глаголов в Present Perfect Active;
- тренировать навык спряжения глаголов в Present Perfect Active и Past Simple (Indefinite) Active;
- освоить функции и употребление слова that (those);
- развивать навыки повседневного общения в рамках темы «Мышечная система тела человека».
I. Проведение проверочной работы № 6 по контролю знаний занятия № 7 (15 мин).
II. Активизация лексического материала. Направлено на формирование ОК-6 (40 мин.)
Задание 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова. Запомните значение:
Ø Приставки en:
en- + основа прилагательного/ существительного/, глагола = глагол:
to enable, to encircle, to encourage, to enrage
Ø Суффиксов ar, ive, ous, ion:
1. -ar –суффикс прилагательных, обозначающих принадлежность, или существительных, обозначающих лицо:
muscle (мышца) – muscular (мышечный)
to beg (умолять) – beggar (нищий, попрошайка)
nuclear, liar, lobular, circular
2. глагол + ive= прилагательное:
to act (действовать) – active (активный)
demonstrative, connective, effective
3. -ous (-eous, -ious)– суффикс прилагательных, имеющих значение «обладающий качеством», обозначенным основой:
to continue (продолжаться) – continuous (непрерывный)
glory (слава) – glorious (великолепный)
various, dangerous, infectious
4. -ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion)– суффиксы существительных, обозначающие действие или процесс, состояние или качество, результат действия:
to separate (отделять) – separation (отделение)
foundation, observation, motion, fermentation, classification, decision, submission.
Задание 2.Прочтите и переведите следующие однокоренные группы слов:
1. ferment, to ferment, fermentation, fermentable;
2. to close, to enclose, close, closely, closed, closing;
3. to continue, continuation, continuance, continual, continuous, continuity;
4. to separate, separable, separation, separability;
5. to contribute, contribution, contributor, contributory.
Задание 3.Дайте синонимы к следующим словам:
injury, backbone, to be placed, to include, to take part in, to be located, to consist of, to classify, complex, various
Задание 4.Подберите пары антонимов:
| 1. voluntary | A. connected |
| 2. beginning | B. to exclude |
| 3. separated | C. not to work |
| 4. to include | D. involuntary |
| 5. the former | E. insignificant |
| 6. important | F. the latter |
| 7. to act | G. end |
Задание 5.Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. (Марковина И.Ю., упр. 17, с. 59)
1. The word “muscle” means “little mouse” in Latin.
2. A positive test means the presence of bacteria in the blood.
3. Tendons, fasciae, various organs and the bones function by means of muscles.
4. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.
5. The involuntary muscles control the beating of the heart.
6. Nerve impulses cause the muscle to contract.
7. We don’t know the cause of his illness.
Задание 6. Основываясь на материале текста The Muscles – занятие № 7, ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. How many types of muscular tissue are there?
2. How do we sometimes call smooth muscles?
3. What is another name of striated muscles?
4. What is the difference between the cardiac and skeletal muscles?
III. 1. Работа над грамматикой. (60 мин.)
Времена группы Present Perfect Active.
Прочтите § 12 Раздела Времена Группы Perfect Active. Present Perfect, стр. 288-289.
1.1. Since и for в Present Perfect:
Используя эти слова, мы можем более точно обозначить время, в которое происходило описываемое нами действие.
Since
С since мы показываем период времени, учитывая его «отправную» точку, since + слово, обозначающее время: since last evening, since last month, since yesterday, since Monday, since 3 o’clock, since I was child.
Примеры: I’ve ridden a bicycle since I was eleven.
I’ve ridden a bicycle since I was child.
He has lived in this house from 1999.
For
Используя Present Perfect, мы можем определить период времени до настоящего момента, учитывая его длительность. Для этого нужно сочетать for + период времени: for six month, for a week, for hours, for two days.
Примеры: We have dated for two years.
We have been married for six month.
They have lived there for fifteen years.
Примечание:
Since используется исключительно в перфектных временах, а вот forможет использоваться и с простым прошедшим временем.
1.2. Present Perfect or Past Simple:
| Past Simple | Present Perfect |
| 1.В предложении имеются следующие обстоятельства времени: last, ago, in 2015 и т.д. I went to the park yesterday. | 1.В предложении имеются следующие обстоятельства времени: for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet. I have never gone to the park. |
| 2.Действие произошло в прошлом и никак не связано с настоящим. | 2.Действие уже произошло, но в данный момент нас интересует результат. |
| 3.Рассказывается о целом ряде событий, которые произошли в прошлом. | 3.Речь идет о единичных событиях, а не о каких-либо последовательных действий. |
Функции и перевод слова That (Those).
Прочтите § 34 Учебника, стр. 312.
Задание 1.Назовите основные формы следующих глаголов:
to keep, to flow, to mean, to think, to come, to give, to have, to bind, to know
Задание 2.Найдите в каждом ряду глагол во времени Present Perfect:
1. called, has called, is calling;
2. has thought, think, is thought;
3. will have, came, comes, have come;
4. gave, have given, , will give;
5. distinguish, has distinguished, distinguishes.
Задание 3.Определите время и форму глагола-сказуемого в следующих предложениях. Предложения переведите:
1. We have just learned the general structure of the body.
2. The bones of the skull protect the brain structure from injury.
3. All the bones of the body are of different types.
4. Muscles are constantly assisting in the body movement.
5. The doctor has already examined the girl’s heart when the professor came in.
6. They have never got the books in anatomy.
Задание 4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в Present Perfect. Составьте вопросительную и отрицательную форму предложений:
1. He _____ (to finish) training.
2. She _____ ( to score) twenty points in the match.
3. That's amazing! She _____ (to run) fifteen kilometers this morning!
4. Hurry up! They _____ (to start) the film!
5. Mary _____ (to study) hard this year, so she'll pass her exams.
6. The garden is very green. It _____ (to rain) a lot this month.
7. Tom's my best friend. I _____ (to know) him for three years.
8. They _____ (to live) in Volgograd for two years.
9. This patient has earache. He _____ (to have) it since 7 o'clock.
10. We _____ (to live) in London since 2009.
11. I _____ (to do) my homework.
12. He _____ (to win) all his matches this year.
13. My brother and I _____ (to take part) in this scientific conference.
14. It's my birthday party today. I _____ (to invite) many people.
Задание 5.Дополните предложения словамиfor или since.
1. I've lived in Washington _____ 1997.
2. Ben has studied English _____ three years.
3. They haven't visited their grandparents _____ months.
4. Julie's ill. She's been in bed _____ Tuesday.
5. My dad has had his new car_____ six
6. It's been ten years_____ we moved to Oxford.
Задание 6.Пользуясь опорными словами, a также словами for и since составьте предложения в Present Perfect Simple.
1. Kate/be/in bed/a long time.
2. She / not eat / anything / this morning.
3. She / not see / her friends / a week.
4. She / stay / at home / Tuesday.
5. She / have / a red nose / three days.
6. She / not play / basketball / last weekend.
7. She / not do / any school work / Monday.
Задание 7.Напишите вопросы в Present Perfect, используя глаголы в скобках. Дайте правдивые ответы.
Пример:(eat Italian food)
— Have you ever eaten Italian food?
— Lots of times.
1. (ski)
2. (win money)
3. (have a dream)
4. (break a leg)
5. (go to a concert)
Задание 8.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple:
1. I (to know) _______ her for six years.
2. I (to know) _______ him when I was at school.
3. He (to live) _______ in Paris from 2010 to 2015.
4. He (to live) _______ in New York since 2001.
5. Where's Pete? I (not see) _______ him for ages.
6. I (not see) _______ Pete last night.
7. We (to be) _______ at University from 2010 to 2015.
8. We (to be) _______ in this lecture since September.
9. I (not watch) _______ this video yet.
10. I (not watch) _______ a video at the weekend.
11. He _______ (live) in this street all his life.
12. His father ________ (come back) to London last Sunday.
13. I __________ (write) a letter to Nick two days ago.
14. He ________ (send) his letter yesterday.
15. They ________ (just/ buy) some postcards.
16. Ann (wake up) ______ late and (miss) _______ her breakfast on Monday.
17. The artist (draw) ______ a picture of sunset yesterday. She (draw) ______ many pictures of sunsets in her lifetime.
18. We first (meet) ______ in 2001. So we (know) _______ each other for 8 years.
Задание 9.Выберите из скобок глагол в правильной форме. Предложения переведите:
1. We (went/have been) to the seaside last summer.
2. I (finished/have finished my homework. Can I go out now?
3. My hobby is fishing. I (have caught/caught) a lot of fish.
4. Jenny is in Oxford today, but she (was/has been) in London yesterday.
5. I (played /have played) basketball when I was younger, but I don’t play now.
6. I (have already seen /already saw) this film.
7. I (didn't see/haven't seen) him since 2008.
8. We (have stayed/stayed) at our grandparents for three days. We arrived home yesterday.
9. He (went/has gone) to sleep an hour ago.
10. I (have waited/waited) for a bus for twenty minutes. Then I decided to walk.
Задание 10.Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какую функцию выполняют слова That (Those):
1. The doctor says that he knows this patient.
2. The bones of the lower extremities articulate with the pelvic bones, those of the upper extremities extend from the shoulder girdle.
3. Trough the centre of the vertebral column runs the canal that contains the spinal cord.
4. We liked that lecture very much.
5. The function of the liver is different from that of the spleen.
6. That was the book he wanted.
7. The special feature of that textbook on anatomy is that it has many pictures.
8. One of the most interesting problems in medicine is that of pathogenesis.
9. Metabolic diseases are those in which certain physiological processes become disturbed.
10. Note that in the middle the bone consists of very compact tissue.
11. We know that the cardiac muscle forms the heart.
12. The structure of smooth muscles differs from that of cardiac muscles.
III. Задание 1.Опираясь на содержание текстов занятия 7, согласитесь или опровергните следующие предложения:
1. Muscles are the inactive part of the motor apparatus.
2. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles.
3. The muscles constitute approximately 90 per cent of the total body weight.
4. Smooth muscle is richer in blood vessels than the striated muscle.
5. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control.
6. Smooth muscle can contract rapidly.
7. Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres.
8. Smooth muscle fibres are bound into bundles by blood vessels.