All of themfound the lectures helpful. They all

found the lectures helpful.

3) All may be followed by an appositive clause which is usually

introduced by the conjunction that or asyndetically.

e.g. Meeting George was the first piece of pure chance that affected

all (that) I did later.

1 For the use or absence of the definite article after all see "Articles", §10, Note.

She listened to all (that)he said with a quiet smile on her lips.

Note the following idiomatic uses of all:

e.g. He is allin. (= He is completely exhausted.) It was all my

fault. (= entirely) The money is all gone. (= completely) He

was all covered with mud. (= wholly) I did not understand it

atall. (= in the least degree) After all,people laughed at

Manet, though everyone now * knows he was a great

painter.

I warn you, once and for all,that this foolishness must stop.

(= for the last and only time)

§ 26. The pronoun every is used only as an adjective pronoun.

It modifies singular countable nouns when there are more than

two objects of the same description.

e.g. After the gale everyflower in the garden was broken.

Everyhead turned to look at them as they progressed slowly

up the aisle.

He knew by heart everyword in her letter.

Everymorning the landlady greeted him with the same question,

"Had a good sleep, dear?"

Everytime I ring you up, I find you engaged.

He had everyreason to believe that he was right.

Note the idiomatic uses of every in the following sentences:

e.g. Every otherhouse in the street was damaged in an air-raid.

(= every second, fourth, sixth, etc. house; about half the

houses)

He comes here every threedays. (= every third day) They

had a rest every fewmiles. (= They had a rest every

time they had walked a few miles.)

Every is a synonym of all when the latter is used attributively.

The use of every is, however, more restricted than that of all

because it cannot be used with uncountable nouns.

With countable nouns, their use appears to be parallel.

e.g. The explosion broke all the windowsin the street.

The explosion broke every windowin the street.

Yet, in addition to the fact that every precedes singular nouns

and all is associated with plural nouns, there is a difference in

meaning. The distinction between all and every is that in a sentence

like All the boys were present we consider the boys in a

mass; in the sentence Every boy was present we are thinking of

the many individual boys that make up the mass. Nevertheless it

is more usual to use every instead of all where possible.

§ 27. There are the following compound pronouns formed with

every: everyone — everybody — everything.

All of them are used as noun pronouns and take a singular

verb. Everyone and everybody can be used only of persons.

e.g. Everyone's got a right to their own opinion.

She took the initiative and herself spoke to everyone she knew.

"Everybody's afraid, aren't they?" he said looking at the people

around.

Both everyone and everybody can have the form of the genitive

case.

e.g. He's sure of everyone's consent.

The difference in meaning between everyone and everybody is

the same as between someone and somebody (see § 22 above). Only ;

everyone can be followed by an o/-phrase.

e.g. He is at once physician, surgeon and healer of the serious

illnesses which threaten everyone of us in England today.

Note. The compounds with -one are distinct from such groups as every one, any

one and some one where one is numerical and refers back to a countable noun that occurs

in the sentence or the context. These groups are often followed by of-phrases.

e.g. I have three sisters. Every one of them is beautiful.

The book opened to them new worlds, and every one of them was glorious.

But he knew that it would not take much for every one of them to start

talking freely.

Give me one of those books — any one will do.

Everything can be used only of things and also takes a singular

verb but it cannot have the genitive case form.

e.g. No wonder everything goes wrong in this house.

I'll tell you everything tonight.

One can't have everything.

§ 28. The pronoun each is used as a noun pronoun and as an

adjective pronoun. In the former case it is singular in meaning

and takes a singular verb (a). In the latter case it is associated

with a singular countable noun and can be used when there are at

least two objects of the same description (b).

e.g. a) I told them what each was to do in case of an emergency, b)

For years I thought I remembered each detail of that day. I have

met him each time he has come to London. We examined each

specimen minutely. He gave each boy a present.

Each as an adjective pronoun is a synonym of every but there

is some difference in meaning between them. Every tends to gather

the separate items into a whole; each focuses attention on them

individually and so tends to disperse the unity, it takes the members

of a definite group one by one, without adding them up. In

other words, every refers to a number of individuals or things,

considered as a group; each refers to a number of individuals or

things, considered separately.

e.g. Every orange in the crate was wrapped in tissue paper. He carefully

unwrapped each orange before putting it on the scales.

As a result of its specific meaning, each may be followed by

an o^-phrase, which is not possible in the case of every.

e.g. Each of the men signed his name as he came in.

I'll send each of you some seeds in the autumn.

Each of the ten houses in the row had a garden.

§ 29. The pronoun other can be used as an adjective pronoun

and as a noun pronoun.

As an adjective pronoun, it is invariable. When it is preceded by

the indefinite article (an), they are written as one word another.

"The other + a singular noun" means 'the second of the two.'

e.g. The insurance offices were on the other side of the street.

He pulled on the other glove and said that, though it was

late, he would run along to his office.

I spent half my time teaching law and the other half in London

as a consultant to a big firm.

"Another + a singular noun"- means 'an additional one', 'a different

one'.

e.g. Young Martin had been sent on another errand to the grocer.

Richard stayed for another moment, shifting from one foot

to the other.

We went into another room. I

must find myself another job.

"The other + a plural noun" means 'the rest', 'the remaining'.

e.g. My mother said: "I don't want my boy to suffer in any way

at the side of the other boys in the form." When I returned

home I found my wife talking to our neighbour. The other

guests had gone.

"Other + a plural noun" means 'additional', 'different', 'remaining'.

e.g. I have no other friends but you.

"We can do as well as other people," my aunt said.

He said that he would ring Charles up as soon as he got

home. Then he talked of other things all the way. Some

children like milk chocolate, other children prefer plain

chocolate.

As a noun pronoun, other has the plural form others and the

genitive Case forms other's and others'.

Other used as a noun pronoun has the same meanings as when

it is used as an adjective pronoun (see above).

e.g. Simon set one foot slightly in front of the other, ready to

fight. - .

It was only another of her many disappointments.

If that cigar is too strong, try another.

That may be your opinion, but the others think differently. I

have talked to them. All superiors were '.aportant to Mr

Vesey, though some were

more important than others. One of his daughters is

married to a man who lives by his

pen. The other's husband is a doctor.

Note the idiomatic uses of other in the following sentences:

e.g. I don't want him to be other than he is.(= I don't want him

to be different.) She could invent no way of squeezing

another nine guineas

out of her budget. (= nine guineas more) Another fifty

yards farther on you can see Marcello's boat.

(= fifty yards more)

"I saw your wife the other day," I said. (= a few days ago)

And somehow or other he had acquired a wide acquaintance

with the less known parts of the city. (= in some way that •

cannot be accounted for) Some idiot or other has been throwing

stones at the dog.

§ 30. The pronoun either and its negative counterpart neither

are used as noun pronouns and as adjective pronouns. When used

as nouns, they take a singular verb. Either usually means 'one or

the other of two'.

e.g. Either of these machines is suitable for the work you want

done. "Which of the two rooms would you like, sir?" "Oh,

either. I

don't care."

The news did not shock either of them. My wife and I

watched him make the parcel but he took no

notice of either of us.

Have you seen either of your parents today? There is a train

at 11.30 and one at 12.05. Either train will

get you to Oxford in time for the meeting.

In the above meaning either is mostly used as a noun pronoun,

though occasionally it occurs in the function of an attribute (see

the last example above).

Either may also mean 'each of two'. In this meaning it is used

as an adjective pronoun and mostly found in literary English.

e.g. He came down the road with a girl on either arm.

There was a lamp at either end of the street. The

houses on either side were tall and big.

Neither means 'not the one nor the other'.

e.g. That evening my mother spoke with such quiet anger that

Aunt Milly was intimidated. After that neither of them

was ever willing to take up the subject.

The first time we met after the ball, neitherof us said a

word that was not trivial.

My friend and I came to the end of our last walk. "We shall

meet again," she said. "If not next year, then some other

time." Neither of us believed it.

You can keep your astonishment and your mortification for

yourself. I feel neither.

I have travelled by both trains and neithertrain had a restaurant

car.

Neitherbrother has been abroad.

§ 31. The pronoun both is used as a noun pronoun and as an

adjective pronoun. It is plural in meaning and applied only to two

persons or things.

e.g. Two men were injured in the accident. Bothare now recovering

in hospital.

I ordered only one of the two books, but now I think I'll take

Both.

Dirk went up to her, and took bothher hands.

I made plans for the future that ignored bothmy parents

and my studies.

I invited one of the brothers but bothof them came.

Note the possible place of both in the sentence.

e.g. Both (the) menwere interested in the job.