THE main methods of patient work-up
Oncology
1.Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with tumors.
2. Oncologists deals with the diagnosis and treatment of any type of cancer, perform palliative care of petients with terminal malignancies.
3. Screening is recquired for patients relatives of patients.
4. Symptoms are fatigue, weight loss, unexplained anemia, fever of unknown origin, paraneoplastic phenomena and other signs.
5. Methods which are used for diagnosis and operability determining:
Biopsiy is a tissue diagnosis, Endoscopy, Bronchoscopy, or nasendoscopy, X rays, CT scanning , MRI scanning, Ultrasound , Blood tests
6. Oncologists can specialize in medical, surgical, radiation or pediatric
Otolaryngology
1. Otolaryngology is the branch of medicine and surgery that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the head and neck.
2. Otolaryngologists diagnose and manage diseases of the ears, nose, sinuses, larynx, mouth, and throat, as well as structures of the neck and face.
3. Care of the nasal cavity and sinuses is one of the primary skills of otolaryngologists.
4. Otolaryngologists can also correct the appearance of the nose.
5. Otolaryngologists are ready to start practicing after completing up to 15 years of college and post-graduate training.
6. Subspecialty areas are allergy, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck, laryngology
Cardiology
1.Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart.
2.The cardiology department provides patients with a full range of diagnostic procedures.
3.These procedures are supervised by trained physicians who are called cardiologists.
4.A cardiologist can diagnose and treat patients who have problems with chest pain, blood pressure, arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart failure and other heart problems.
5.The heart could be divided into the mechanical and the electrical.
6.Dysfunction of the electrical system includes Parkinson syndrome, heart block.
7.There are disorders of the heart that are connected to the electrical and mechanical systems for example heart attack.
Endocrinology
1.Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones.
2.Endocrinology is concerned with the study of the biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones.
3.The endocrine system consists of several glands, all and in different parts of the body, that secrete.
4.Hormones have many different functions.
5.The endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a wide variety of symptoms and the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones.
6.The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by laboratory tests.
7.Most endocrine disorders are chronic diseases that need life-long care.
8.Some of the most common endocrine diseases include diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and the metabolic syndrome.
Ophthalmology
1. Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy,physiology and diseases of the eye.
2. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems.
3. Since ophthalmologist perform operations on eyes,they are considered to be both surgical and medical specialists.
4. Although blinding eye diseases may occur in any age,they are much more common after 40.
5. All too often considerable sight is lost from uveitis glaucoma and other serious eye conditions while the individual attributes his lack of clear vision merely to the need of a pair of glasses.
6. Ophthalmologists usually make use of the ophthalmoscope,which often uncovers not only signs of
7. Recommendations for ophthalmologist examination: asking about the glaucoma symptoms , ask if there is a case of glaucoma in the family, measure acuity of vision, note size of pupils and their reaction to light., use ophthalmoscope to reveal pale or cupped optic disks, check ocular tension and test visual fields
Health care institutions.
1. A medical facilities includes small clinics,large hospitals with emergency rooms and trauma centers.
2. The number and quality of medical facilities depends on area's prosperity of life.
3. A clinic can be privately operated or public managed and funded and deals with the primary health care needs of population in local communities.
4. Hospitals specialize in treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.
5. Some clinics are associated with a hospital or medical schools.
6. Specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals,senior hospitals.
7. Some hospitals deals with psychiatric, cardiac, oncology or orthopedic problems.
8. Any hospital has specialized physicians,surgeons,nurses and equipment.
9. The word “Hospital”means “places of hospitality”.
10. Outpatients go to a hospital for diagnosis,treatment,therapy but they don't stay there overnight.
11. Inpatients means that the patient needs prolonged treating or monitoring of procedures during recovery process.
12. Inpatients stay there overnight or for several days or weeks.
13.
Medical professions
1.A general practitioner (GP) or physician is a medical practitioner who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education for all ages and all sexes.
- The term GP is common in the Republic of Ireland, The UK, several Commonwealth countries.
- The degree of GP's requires:
5-6 or 4-6 years in medical school leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
- 5 years of GP specialty training
- Exams after GP specialty training includes:
-multiple choice questions called the Applied Knowledge Test
-the practical exam or “a simulated surgery”with 13 clinical cases
-this clinical skills assessments includes the data about interpersonal skills and clinical management
- an electronic portfolio which is made up of case-based discussions
- Membership of the Royal College Of General Practitioners was previously optional.
- There are many arrangements under which general practitioner can work in the UK
-a principal or partner in GP surgery
-salaried or non-principal Gps
-work in hospitals
- Gps in the UK may operate in community health centers
THE main methods of patient work-up
- 1.X-radiation is a form up of electromagnetic radiation.
- Basic methods are photographic plates,photographic film in cassettes, and rare earth screens.
- May be used for: to detect pathology and as radiation therapy for cancer.
- The CT scanner is a large box-like machine with a short tunnel in the center.
- The computer workstation is located in a contol room.
- The CT scanning work like X-ray examination.
- An endoscopy is a procedure allows to identify the function of vital organs using endoscope.
- An Endoscope is a flexible tube with light source.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging is safer than X-ray cause it doesn't use radiation.
- It is used for taking images of the brain and nervous system, in oncology, diagnosis of injuries to muscles, ligaments, It is used to detect difficult illness put the MRI at the forefront of the battle against many diseases.
Obstetrics and gynecology
1. Obstetrics and gynecology is a medical specialty which focuses on the care of women.
2. Obstetrics focuses on childbirth, providing prenatal care and pregnancy support along with post-partum care, while gynecology is geared towards general female healthcare, with a focus on the female reproductive organs.
3. A specialist in obstetrics is called an obstetrician, while a specialist in gynecology is a gynecologist.
4. Тhese two specialties are lumped together because they both deal with caring for women, obstetrics and gynecology are very different.
5. Medical practice as an ob/gyn is varied.
6. Many ob/gyns find their work very rewarding, since it involves helping women to live healthy, active lives.
7 . A doctor who wants to work in obstetrics and gynecology must first complete four years of medical school, followed by a residency in this discipline.
Therapy
- The medical subspeciality which deals with the study,diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
- The synonym of the word “treatment”
- Conservative treatment uses chemical, physical and biological methods.
- Conservative therapy includes chemic al and biological methods.
- Among them are pharmacotherapy phytotherapy, immunotherapy
- Physical conservative treatments include physical therapy, massage and exercise therapy, hydrotherapy.
- Therapy techniques include effects on the body by means of electromagnetic radiation and sound: radiotherapy,frequency therapy, magnetothearapy, medicinal electrophoresis, laser therapy.
- Radiotherapy treats cancer
- Physical therapetist diagnose and treat everyone who has medical problems or other health related conditions,illnesses, injures limiting their abilities.
Неврология
1. Neurology is the subspecialty of medicine that deals with the scientific study of the structure and functioning of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, muscles, nerves, nerve roots).
2. A neurologist specializes in diagnosing, treating and managing disorders of the brain and nervous system.
3. Pediatric neurologists specialize in children's neurological disorders.
4. A neurologist require four years of medical school, one year internship and three years of specialized training and some of them have additional training in one area of neurology such as stroke, epilepsy or movement disorders.
5. Neurologists diagnose and treat neurological disorders requiring frequent care, such as stroke, headaches, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, sleep disorders, pain tremor, brain and spinal cord injuries, brain tumors, peripheral nerve disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis.
6. Clot-busting medications in treating of stroke patients reducedeaths and decrease disability, other new medications relieve migraines, slow the progression of multiple sclerosis and improve movement in Parkinson's patients.
12 .Хирургиялық.
Surgery is a medical specialty using operative and instrumental techniques for a physical intervention on tissues.
1. The main object of a surgical procedure or operation performed by surgeon is to improve bodily function or appearance.
2. The surgical operation may be performed on a person or an animal.
3. The term surgeon may be applied to physicians, podiatrists, dentists or even veterinarians.
4. Surgical operation involves cutting of a patient's tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound.
5. Traumatology is the study of wounds, and injuries caused by accidents or violence, and the surgical therapy of the damage.
6. Traumatology or accident surgery is a branch of medicine and the sub-specialty of surgery, trauma surgery or orthopedic surgery.
7. Factors in the assessment of wounds are: the nature of the wound, whether it is a laceration, abrasion, bruise or burn the size of the wound in length, width and depth the extent of the overall area of tissue damage caused by the impact of a mechanical force, or the reaction to chemical agents in.
Gastroenterology
9. Gastroenterology is the medical study of the digestive system and related disorders. Problems with the stomach, intestines, and esophagus are all part of the study of gastroenterology.
10. The health of the digestive system is important for the whole body wellness. Gastroenterology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of almost all digestive issues, including various forms of cancer, organ damage, ulcers. With the 19th century development of gastroscopes, tools that allow the visualization of the upper digestive tract, the diagnosis and treatment of digestive ailments began to develop.
11. People who have persistent stomach problems, such as diarrhea, or swelling of the abdomen, may be sent to a gastroenterologist for examination.
The Neonatal Period
13. Successful delivery and good condition of the mother depend on the proper prenatal, intranatal and postnatal care.
14. The mother’s mental and physical health during pregnancy is of great importance to her unborn child.
15. Effective care of the pregnant woman includes her preparation for the care of her child, and also her education in caring for her own health.
16. Every pregnant woman must be given regular gynecologic and obstetric examinations at her district women’s consultation.
17. Constant supervision and care during the prenatal period may help in detecting and preventing possible complications of pregnancy, neonatal morbidity and mortality.
18. Earlier, morbidity and mortality in the newborn were the concern of the obstetrician.
19. Now, pediatrics plays an important role in the neonatology.