State the difference between modal verbs in each point and build the phrases into contexts

1) You mustn’t use this computer.

You don’t have to use this computer.

2) You shouldn’t have bought so much food.

You needn’t have bought so much food.

3) You didn’t have to come so early.

You were not to come so early.

You mustn’t come so early.

4) You should have asked your parents for help.

You could have asked your parents for help.

5) He couldn’t accept that offer.

He couldn’t have accepted that offer.

6) You don’t have to use the dictionary.

You needn’t use the dictionary.

7) You shall do as you are told.

You must do as you are told.

You ought to do as you are told.

8) I may as well accompany him.

I may accompany him.

Assignment 20.

Give oral or written answers to the following questions.

1) Where will you be in ten years? What will you be doing? What can, must, should you do to achieve your aims? What could you have done differently?

2) Do you have relatives or friends in other parts of the world? What could they be doing now? Do you think people should maintain contacts with distant relatives? What do you feel you must, should, ought to do for your relatives?

3) What must, should you do to ensure your financial stability? What might you do if you suddenly came into a large sum of money?

4) Was it your own choice to take up this kind of education? What might have influenced you? Where could, might, may you apply your linguistic skills? What should, must you do to improve your English? Do you think you may want to get a second higher education?

5) What could, should (not), must (not) be done to improve the relationship between the world’s nations? What could have been done differently over the past ten years (in your country or the world)? What might, could, may deteriorating relations lead to?

6) Do you hold a job? Do you enjoy a good relationship with your boss? What should, must you do to improve understanding? What might your boss do for the same purpose? What shouldn’t you have done? And your boss?

Means expressing unreality

Assignment 1. Give advice to people in the following situations:

1) A person wants to enter this university

2) A person wants to improve his knowledge of English

It is important / essential / necessary that …

My recommendation / advice is that …

I suggest that …

Assignment 2. Are you an environmentally conscious person? What do you do within your household to save the environment? Finish up the sentences giving your ideas what should be done about the problem. Make use of the key words below; elaborate on each suggestion.

It is essential that…

It is important that…

It is required that…

I would put forward a proposal that … should …

There must be a law stipulating that … should …

Key words: to turn off appliances/unneeded lights, to ensure proper insulation, to recycle, to use reusable plates/utensils instead of disposable ones, to install water-saving devices on your faucets, to use public transportation, to sort out garbage, etc.

Assignment 3. In the following material providing advice to travelers, incorporate each sentence in parentheses into the next sentence as a noun clause. Mind the use of means expressing unreality.

Model: (A driver must keep to the right-hand side of the road)

In the United States and many European countries, it is essential that a driver keep to the right-hand side of the road.

1. (He or she has to drive on the left)

In Japan and England, however, it is mandatory that …………….. .

2. (People should remove their shoes before going inside a house.)

In some places, such as Japan and Saudi Arabia, it is important …………………. .

3. (People should keep their shoes on.)

In other places, it is expected ……………… .

4. (People must not eat pork products.)

In some places, religious laws demand that …………………… .

5. (Pork products must be avoided.)

This is because in olden times, the hot weather required …………… because of strong possibility of food contamination.

6. (A waiter should be summoned by whistling.)

In some places, it is suggested …………… .

7. (A traveler ought to learn about customs in various places.)

Logic suggests …………………… .

Assignment 4. Below is a review left by a businessman for the hotel he stayed in while on business. Now he wants to share his experience with his relatives and friends. Speak on the part of the businessman making his story more emotional. Use the clues given.

I enjoyed the position of the hotel away from the bustle of the city. This and the sea view were the only things that I liked about this hotel.

I booked two rooms, only to be told that one of the rooms got registered in the system. The service staff were rude and unprofessional. The housekeeping service appeared only 3 days later despite umpteen calls from the clients. Every other minute, there were people complaining at the front desk about how their electrical appliances were not working or how dirty the room was. The hot water kettle had to be on the floor in order to be plugged in. There was no remote control for the TV. My stay was really terrifying because I had so many bug bites which caused intense itch and discomfort during my business meetings. The breakfast buffet was marginal. Some of the food wasn't fresh. Everything was fried – chicken, sausages and hash browns! I asked for brown bread and was told they did not serve brown bread. Silverware, glasses, and plates were sometimes in short supply. After guests had finished their breakfast at the hotel so-called cafe, the waiters didn't do the clean up, they just picked up the dishes and let all food residues remain on the table for the next guest. Not recommending it to anyone.

It is wonderful/strange/ singular/absurd/terrible/monstrous/queer/odd/natural that … should …

It infuriated/outraged/startled/surprised/puzzled me that … should …

I was shocked/sorry/pleased that … should …