To convert, reversible, obtainable, induction, loops.

1. The term “dynamo” is applied to machines which ..... either mechanical energy into electrical or on the contrary electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2. A dynamo is a ..... machine capable of operation as a generator or motor as desired.

3. The amount of electricity ..... from such a generator is dependent upon the mechanical energy supplied.

4. The action of a generator is based upon the principles of electromagnetic .......

5. The dynamo consists of two parts: a magnetic field, produced by electromagnets, and a number of ..... or coils of wire.

III. Find the Russian equivalents for the following English words and word combinations:

1) to be applied to smth.; 2) to convert smth. into smth.; 3) rotation; 4) to utilize; 5) a properly insulated system; 6) internal (external) circuit; 7) capable of operation; 8) positive (negative) potential; 9) reverse order; 10) energy conversion.

IV. Answer the questions.

1. What term can be applied to machines converting mechanical energy into electrical and vice versa?

2. What kind of machine is a dynamo?

3. What is the function of a generator?

4. What is the action of a generator based upon?

5. What parts does the dynamo consist of?

V. Talk on the dynamo action.

UNIT 10

I. Read the text.

GENERATORS

The powerful, highly efficient generators and alternators that are in use today operate on the same principle as the dynamo invented by the great English scientist Faraday in 1831.

Dynamo-electric machines are used to supply light, heat and power on a large scale. These are the machines that produce more than 99.99 per cent of all the world's electric power.

There are two types of dynamos – the generator and the alternator. The former supplies d.c. which is similar to the current from a battery and the latter provides a.c. To generate electricity both of them must be continuously provided with energy from some outside source of mechanical energy such as steam engines, steam turbines or water turbines.

A generator is an electric machine, which converts mechanical energy into electric energy. There are direct-current (d.c.) generators and alternating-current (a.c.) generators. Their construction is much alike. A d.c. generator consists of stationary and rotating elements. The stationary elements are: the yoke or the frame and the field structure. The yoke forms the closed circuit for the magnetic flux. The function of the magnetic structure is to produce the magnetic field.

The rotating elements are: true armature and the commutator. They are on the same shaft. The armature consists of the core and the winding. The winding is connected to the commutator. With the help of the brushes on the commutator that conduct the electric current to the line the winding is connected to the external circuit. The stationary element of an a-c. generator is called a stator. The rotating element is called a rotor.

The essential difference between a d.c. generator and a.c. generator is that the former has a commutator by means of which the generated e. m. f. is made continuous, i.e. the commutator mechanically rectifies the alternating e.m.f. so that it is always of the same polarity.

D.c. generators are used for electrolytic processes such as electroplating. Large d.c. generators are employed in such manufacturing processes as steel making. The d.c. generator of small capacities is used for various special purposes such as arc welding, automobile generators, train lighting systems, etc. It also finds rather extensive use in connection with communication systems.

II. Give the Russian equivalents for the following English words and word combinations:

1) generator; 2) alternator; 3) steam turbine; 4) water turbine; 5) armature; 6) rotor; 7) stationary; 8) commutator; 9) stator; 10) yoke; 11. brushes; 12) core; 13) frame; 14) winding.

III. Fill in the blanks

1. A generator is an electric machine, which a) … mechanical energy into electrical energy.

2. A direct-current generator consists of в) … .

3. The dynamo was invented by c) … in 1831.

4. The d.c. generator is used for various purposes such as d) … .

IV. Work out the plan of the text.

V. Speak on the following points:

1. The construction of a generator.

2. The direct – current generators and their industrial application.

3. Industrial application of D.C. Generators.

UNIT 11

I. Read the text.