Когда в любом проводнике появляется электрический ток, вокруг него возникает магнитное поле.

1. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field was set up about that conductor.

2. A conductor of any kind have been carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up about that conductor.

3. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up about that conductor.

Последний эффект, который необходимо рассмотреть – химический эффект.

1. The last effect is considered to be the chemical one.

2. The last effect to be considered is the chemical one.

3. The last effect would be considered the chemical one.

Известно, что химический эффект возникает, когда электрический ток проходит через жидкость.

1. The chemical effect is known to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid.

2. The chemical effect is famous to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid.

3. The chemical effect may be known to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid.

Именно движение электрических зарядов порождает магнитные силы.

1. The motion of the electric charges produces the magnetic forces.

2. It is the motion of the electric charges that produces the magnetic forces.

3. The motion of the electric charges is certain to produce the magnetic forces.

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What effects does the current flow produce?

2. How is the heating effect detected?

3. What does the heat produced depend upon?

4. What is called “heat loss”?

5. How is the magnetic effect set up?

6. What is the main condition of the magnetic effect existence?

7. When does the chemical effect occur?

VII. Fill in the chart:

Electric current effect	Practical application
1. heating effect 2. ….. 3. chemical effect	….. use of electric motor …..

VIII. Speak about the principal effects of an electric current, using the text and chart above.

UNIT 4

I. Read the text.

Electric Circuits

The concepts of electric charge and potential are very important in the study of electric currents. When an extended conductor has different potentials at its ends, the free electrons of the conductor itself are caused to drift from one end to the other. The potential difference must be maintained by some electric source such as electrostatic generator or a battery or a direct current generator. The wire and the electric source together form an electric circuit, the electrons are drifting around it as long as the conducting path is maintained.

There are various kinds of electric circuits such as: open circuits, closed circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits and short circuits.

To understand the difference between the following circuit connections is not difficult at all. If the circuit is broken or “opened” anywhere, the current is known to stop everywhere. The circuit is broken when an electric device is switched off. The path along which the electrons travel must be complete otherwise no electric power can be supplied from the source to the load. Thus the circuit is “closed” when an electric device is switched on.

When electrical devices are connected so that the current flows from one device to another, they are said “to be connected in series”. Under such conditions the current flow is the same in all parts of the circuit as there is only a single path along which it may flow. The electrical bell circuit is considered to be a typical example of a series circuit. The “parallel” circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. The circuit is divided in such a way that part of the current flows through one path and part through another. The lamps in the houses are generally connected in parallel.

The “short” circuit is produced when the current can return to the source of supply without control. The short circuits often result from cable fault or wire fault. Under certain conditions the short circuit may cause fire because the current flows where it was not supposed to flow. If the current flow is too great a fuse is used as a safety device to stop the current flow.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

concept, potential, electrostatic generator, aluminum, parallel, typical, control.

III. Give the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

1) электрические цепи, 2) электрический заряд, 3) проводник, 4) сопротивление, 5) движение электронов, 6) изолятор, 7) короткое замыкание, 8) энергия.

IV. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. When an extended conductor has the same potential at its ends, free electrons are drifting from one end to another.

2. The wire and the electric source together form an electric circuit.

3. A path of any material will allow current to exist.

4. Silver, copper and gold oppose very strongly.

5. The slighter the opposition is, the better the insulator is.

6. There is only one type of electric circuit.

7. We close the circuit when we switch on our electric device.

V. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. The potential difference must be maintained by …

2. Materials that offer slight opposition are called …

3. The best insulators are …