Значение и функции глагола to have

Изучите схему, показывающую функции глагола to haveв предложении. Какое окружение определяет его функции?

to have	+ noun	I have a computer. I have got a computer. (смысловой глагол со значением – «иметь, обладать»)
+ Ved	I have seen a new film. (вспомогательный глагол для образования всех групп времен группы Perfect в сочетании с формой Past Participle основного глагола)
+ to V1	They have to go there. (в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей to для выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу определенных обстоятельств, имеет модальное значение). Present – have, has to - должен, нужно, надо, приходиться Past - had to - должен был, нужно было, надо было, пришлось Future – will have to - должен буду, нужно будет, надо будет, придется
+ noun (pronoun) + +to V1	I have something to tell you. (употребляется для выражения намерения, желания совершить действие)
+ noun (pronoun) + + Past Participle	I have my hair cut at this hairdresser’s.(этот оборот выражает то, что действие совершается не самим подлежащим, а кем-то другим для него, за него). В этом обороте вопросительная и отрицательная формы глагола to have в Present и Past Simple образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do: Do you have your hair cut at this hairdresser’s?
В сочетании с некоторыми существительными, глагол to have утрачивает свое основное значение – “иметь”, “обладать” To have lunch - обедать To have breakfast - завтракать To have dinner - ужинать To have a rest - отдыхать To have a talk - поговорить To have a quarrel - поссориться To have a walk - прогуляться To have a smoke - покурить To have a good time – хорошо провести время

Задание 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to have.

1. She has come home. 2. He has a large family. 3. We have to leave home early in the morning. 4. He had the letter typed. 5. He always has dinner at home. 6. They had to complete their work on Monday. 7. We’ll have plenty of work to do in the evening. 8. He will have read the story by ten o’clock.

Задание 2. Дополните предложения, используя правильную форму нужного глагола:record, repair, colour, develop, clean, wash, cut, iron

I’d like to have	My car	The laundry
The shoes	The TV set
The film	The coat
My hair	This DVD disc
My computer	My watch
The program

Задание 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to have.

1. They must have underestimated the result. 2. All modern direct-current dynamos have more than two poles. 3. He has to investigate a series of accidents that occurred in the locality for a period of three months. 4. A number of ingenious methods have been devised for observing atomic collisions. 5. During last several years there has been some criticism of this approach to classification of protozoan organisms. 6. In an actual gas not all atoms have the same speed, some travel more slowly and others more rapidly than the average. 7. If practical answers are to be found and the factor of safety is to be put on a firm calculable basis a large number of complicated problems will have to be solved. 8. There are so many mistakes in your exercises! You should have been more attentive. 9. During the last several years some attempts have been made to classify the elementary particles. 10. Our recent work has confirmed the results of Professor Jacobs.

Значение и функции глагола to be

Изучите схему, показывающую функции глагола to be в предложении.

Какое окружение определяет его функции?

to be	+ noun	A current is the motion of charges.(глагол-связка в составном сказуемом, соответствуя в русском языке глаголам “быть, являться, состоять, заключаться”. В настоящем времени связка to be на русский язык часто не переводиться)
+ preposition + noun	He is at the computer now. (смысловой глагол, соответствуя в русском языке глаголам “быть, находиться”. В настоящем времени to be на русский язык часто не переводиться.)
+ Ving	He is speaking on the phone at this moment. (вспомогательный глагол для образования всех времен группы Continuous Simple и Continuous Perfect действительного залога)
+ Ved	The theory of electromagnetic waves was described by Maxwell. (вспомогательный глагол в сочетании с формой Past Participle смыслового глагола для образования всех времен страдательного залога)
+ to V	He is to come here tomorrow. (в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей toвыражает необходимость совершения действия согласно предварительной договоренности, приказу или заранее намеченному плану – имеет модальное значение)

Формы глагола TO BE

	With Subject	Form
Base		be
Present Tense	I	am
	He, she, it	is
	We, you, they	are
Past Tense	I, he, she, it	was
	We, you, they	were
Future Tense	I, we	shall be
	He, she, it, you, they	will be
ing-form		being
Past Participle		been

Full positive form	Contraction	Full negative form	Contraction
I am	I’m	I am not	I’m not
He (she, it) is	He’s	He (she, it) is not	He isn’t
We (you, they) are	We’re	We (you, they) are not	We aren’t
I (he, she, it) was	I was	I (he, she, it) was not	I wasn’t
We (you, they) were	We were	We (you, they) were not	We weren’t
I ( we) shall be	I’ll be	I ( we) shall not be	I shan’t be
He (she, it, you, they) will be	He’ll be	He (she, it, you, they) will not be	He won’t be

Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется при помощи Do not (Don’t): Don’t be angry. Не сердитесь.

Don’t be late. Не опаздывайте.

Задание 1. В каком из предложений глагол to be употреблен в своем основном значении “быть, находиться”?

1. A conductor is a material having free charges which move under the influence of an electric field. 2. Either changes of current can be shown graphically. 3. The state of the problem was shown in this article. 4. Electrons which are relatively free of atoms are called free electrons. 5. The power of an output signal of an amplifier is much higher than the power of its input signal. 6. An electromagnetic wave is invisible.

Задание 2. Поставьте глагол to be в Present Simple (am, is, are), Past Simple (was, were), Future Simple (shall be, will be). Прочитайте и переведите предложения, поставив глагол to be нужной форме.

1. The free charges in an electrolyte ____ positive and negative electron.

Present Simple

2. A crystal oscillator _____ a screening chamber containing a quartz crystal.Present Simple

3. Electrons _____ particles that form a part of all atoms.Present Simple

4. The first computers___for single users only. Past Simple

5. Next messaging ____ the smart way to communicate.Present Simple

Задание 3. Поставьте глагол to be в Present Continuous (am doing, is doing, are doing), Past Continuous (was doing, were doing), Future Continuous (shall be doing, will be doing).

1. An electromagnetic wave is invisible traveling at the speed of light. 2. An electromagnetic wave is carrying information from a transmitter to a receiver. 3. The division between “minis” and “macros” is now disappearing.

Задание 4. Переведите предложения с глаголом to be на русский язык, обращая внимание на его употребление в Passive Voice

1. After heating the cathode, the electron emission from its surface is produced. 2. The four states of matter are known, they being: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. 3. Solid-state devices are made of semiconductor crystals. 4. Silicon and germanium are found to be the two well known materials in the manufacture of crystal devices. 5. The normal work of silicon semiconductor devices can be guaranteed at temperatures of the -40 C to + 125 C range. 6. Different means is required to reduce noise in radio systems. 7. The characteristics of semiconductor and vacuum diodes can be represented as mathematical equations. 8. The free electrons in materials are held within the bounds of the materials by surface restraint. 9. The valve production is connected with evacuation processes. 10. Valve characteristics must be paid great attention to. 11. The tetrode was operated as an amplifier under certain conditions. 12. The effect of a secondary emission was accompanied by other changes of valve characteristic. 13. Collisions between electrons can be neglected.

Задание 5. Переведите предложение с глаголом to be на русский язык, обращая внимание на его употребление в модальном значении “должен, обязан по приказу, договоренности, расписанию”

1. The function of the transmitting station is to modulate the carrier wave and then radiate it for the purpose of reaching the receiver.

Задание 6. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов:

1. A: I have a Physics exam tomorrow.

B: Oh dear. Physics is/ area very difficult subject.

2. A: My office is three miles from my house.

B: Three miles is/ area long way to walk to work.

3. A: My little brother has got measles.

B: Oh dear. Measles is/ arequite a serious illness.

4. A: Jane looked nice today, didn't she?

B: Yes. Her clothes were/wasvery smart.

5. A: I've got two pounds. I'm going to buy a CD.

B: Two pounds is/arenot enough to buy a CD.