Lecture #2. Phonetic and graphic expressive means and stylistic devices

Items for discussion:

I. Rhyme

II. Rhythm

III. Alliteration

Iv. Onomatopoeia

V. Graphic expressive means

I. Separate sounds due to their acoustic properties may awake certain ideas, feelings images and emotions. Different sounds have different effect by choosing words writers can evoke strong emotional responses and reinforce the meaning they wish to convey. Phonetic expressive means deal with the sound instrumenting of the utterance.

Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound, chaining two or more lines of a poem

Rhyming words are generally placed at a regular distance from each other. Rhyme has several functions:

1. It adds a musical quality to the poem

2. It makes the poem easier to remember.

3. It affects the pace (слог,шаг) and tone of the poem.

Types of rhyme:

1. True/perfect/full rhyme – identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds (boat,float)

2. incomplete rhyme (identity of the vowel sounds and difference in the consonant)

3. compound rhyme (a bottom-forgot’em-shot him)

4. Eye-rhyme (no identity in the sounds used (have – grave, love-prove)

II. Rhythm is a deliberate arrangement of speech into regularly recurring iunits intended to be grasped as a definite periodicity. (by hook or by crook)

It is one more feature of verse. Rhythm in language demands opposition that alternates (long-shot, high-low, stressed-unstressed)

There exist different types of rhythm

1. Trochee

2. Iambus

3. Dactyl

4. Amphibrach

5. Anapaest

III. Alliteration is the repitition of similar sounds (usually consonants) at the beginning of successive words (следующих друг за другом). E.g., Sense and sensibility; Pride and Prejudice.

It aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. Alliteration in English is deeply rooted in English folklore. In old enlgish poetry it was one of the basic principles of verse. It’s generally regarded as a musical support of the author’s idea, giving it some emotional atmosphere which each reader interprates for himself. (doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before). In graphics alliteration is used as a design component .

IV. Onomatopoeia (звукоподражание) is a combination of speech sounds which aim at imitating sound produced by animas, people or inanimate things.

The phonematic structure of the word proves to be very important for the creation of expressive and emotive connotations.

There are two types:

1. Direct. It imitates naturel sounds, az buzz, bang, beep.

2.Indirect. it is a combination of sounds that echoes the sense of the utterance.

V. Graphon fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation wi the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary (tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).

Types of graphons:

1. CAPITAL LETTERS

2. Apostrophe ‘

3. Italics

4. hyphen – . It denotes emotional pauses

5. suspension marks ‘…’ which reflects different emotions of characters (confusion, embarrassment). It may also denote some intentional omission (пропуск,выпуск). or asterisks (***)

6. The absence of punctuation is very often used by modern poets. It may convey stream of consciousness.