Make up 10 questions to the text using the words from the vocabulary list.

12) Can you explain the following:

1. The audience wants the benefit of that person's thinking and analysis.

2. Events like grand opening, anniversaries, and retirements usually have friendly, receptive audiences.

13) Develop the following statement:

A speech may inform, persuade, activate, or celebrate.

14) Render the following text in English:

Для успеха выступления крайне важно учитывать специфику, настрой, и ожидание слушателей, которые можно почувствовать в непосредственном контакте с аудиторией. Это впечатление может заставить полностью изменить план выступления и даже его содержание; но не задачу, ибо она остается прежней.

Необходимо также учитывать и количество слушателей. Это совсем не одно и тоже - выступать перед сотней человек или перед десятью.

В большой аудитории могут применяться ораторские приемы, в ней не стоит вести дискуссию, ведь она может быть неинтересна другой части и они своим невниманием могут повлиять на общий настрой. В такой аудитории ра­ботают особенности восприятия большой общности людей. Надо рассчиты­вать на реакцию группы, а не одного человека, а приводимые аргументы дол­жны быть понятны всем.

В маленькой же аудитории можно и даже желательно установить контакты едва ли не с каждым слушателем и тут должны быть совершенно неофици­альные отношения. В такой аудитории нужно продемонстрировать всю глу­бину своих знаний предмета. При этом может быть максимум вопросов, и если оратор не знает ответа на них, то в этом можно признаться (впрочем, так следует поступать во всех случаях) и пригласить слушателей к сотворчеству и взаимному поиску ответа. Для этого также можно познакомить слушателей со всеми аргументами относительно какого-либо мнения и затем найти правиль­ное решение.

Text D

Speech Must Be Timely

Regardless of the nature and the objective of a speech, it must be interesting now. It must include up-to-date facts and information; it does no good to talk about a situ­ation that is no longer current or has no present interest for the audience. If the topic is an old one, it is imperative that the speaker talk about it in a new way. For example, everyone knows that dinosaurs are extinct, but their demise still retains current inter­est as scientists argue over the reasons for it.

If the speech is one of several in a general program, it is wise to learn what others will be talking about. This will provide a context for the talk and add interest by ref­erence to the other topics and speakers. It will also help you avoid saying the same thing as other speakers.

Another dimension of timeliness is the length of the speech. In general, shorter is bet­ter. For a meeting that has no other business, the talk should be about 20 minutes long.

It is a typical practice in many organizations to put the speaker on after a half hour of organizational announcements and committee reports. In such a situation, since the audience will already be getting tired, the talk should last no more than 10 to 15 min­utes. If it is one of several speeches, the limit should be 10 minutes.

The time of day is very important. A morning speech generally finds the audience most alert and receptive. At the end of the day, with the cocktail hour only minutes away, a speaker is at an extreme disadvantage. The latter situation calls for more skills on the part of the speaker; he or she must be more enthusiastic, more forceful, and more attention-getting than his or her morning counterpart.

Vocabulary:

timely - своевременный

up-to-date - новейший; (самый) последний

current - текущий; настоящий

imperative - необходимый

dinosaur - динозавр

extinct - вымерший

demise - кончина; прекращение существования

retain - удерживать, поддерживать, сохранять

referenceto - ссылка на

dimension - измерение

since - поскольку

alert - живой, внимательный, восприимчивый

atadisadvantage - в невыгодном положении

counterpart - коллега

Exercises

1) Find the English equivalents in the text. Use them in sentences of your own:

по-новому; представлять интерес для аудитории; спорить по поводу чего-либо; причина чего-либо; избежать чего-либо; продолжительность; организацион­ные сообщения; предел; со стороны кого-либо; продолжаться.

2) Find in the text the words which mean or describe the following:

1. done or happening when expected or at exactly the right time -

2. happening or existing now, but not likely to last for a long time -

3. extremely important, necessary, and urgent -

4. to keep something or continue to keep something -

5.able to think quickly and clearly -

6. someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place -

7. something you say or write that mentions another person or thing -

3) Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Failure to make payments in a timely manner may lead to penalties.

2. What is your current occupation?

3. It's imperative that you leave immediately.

4. The town has retained much of its country charm.

5.The medicine can make it difficult to remain alert.

6.Bars in Madrid offer more and better food than their American counterparts.

7. Oddly, the ad makes no reference to the product being sold.

4)Match the words which are close in their meaning:

enthusiastic	lively
current	maximum
alert	contemporary
forceful	eager
extreme	powerful

5) Match the words having the opposite meaning:

enthusiastic	antiquated
current	moderate
alert	meek
extreme	apathetic
forceful	weary

6) Analyze the grammatical structure of the sentence. Use the same structure in sentences of your own:

It is imperative that the speaker talk about it in a new way.

Make use of the following expressions:

It's advisable... It's necessary... It's important... It's essential... It's urgent... It's desirable...

7) Answer the following questions:

1. What should a speech include to be interesting?

2. Why do some old topics retain current interest for the audience?

3. Why is it wise to learn what others will be talking about, if the speech is one of several in a general program?

4. How long should the talk be for a meeting that has no other business?

5.What is a typical practice in many organizations?

6. Why is the time of day very important?

8) Can you explain the following:

1. A morning speech generally finds the audience most alert and receptive.

2. The latter situation calls for more skills on the part of the speaker.

9) Develop the following points:

1. A speech can be a powerful communication tool.

2. It must be prepared for listeners, not readers.

3. It must fit the audience, be specific, get a reaction, have a definite objective, and be timely.

10) Translate the following text into Russian: