Text A. English is a world language
Aviation words
plane, aircraft – самолёт
to fly – летать
flight – полёт, рейс
helicopter – вертолёт
runway (RW) – взлётно-посадочная полоса (ВПП)
taxiway (TW) – рулёжная дорожка
airdrome, airfield – аэродром
alternative – запасной аэродром
hangar – ангар
crew – экипаж
captain - командир
co-pilot, first officer – второй пилот
navigator – штурман
radio-operator – радист
flight engineer – бортинженер
air-hostess – стюардесса
(to) take off – взлетать, взлёт
to land – приземляться
landing – посадка
(to) climb – набирать высоту, набор высоты
to descend – снижаться
descent – снижение
body – фюзеляж
wing – крыло
nose – носовая часть
tail unit – хвостовое оперение
engine – двигатель
landing gear, undercarriage – шасси
wheel – колесо
brakes – тормоза
flaps – закрылки
cockpit – кабина лётчика
cabin – пассажирский салон
baggage compartment – багажное отделение
control tower – диспетчерская вышка
air traffic controller – диспетчер
powerful – мощный
experienced – опытный
convinient – удобный
3. Combine the word with its definition:
| Cockpit | Part of the wing of an aircraft that can be lifted in flight to alter its upward direction and speed. |
| Engine | Undercarriage |
| Wing | Device for reducing speed or stopping |
| Flap | Compartment in an aircraft for the pilot. |
| Flight | Movement and path through the air. |
| Landing gear | Circular frame which turns on an axle |
| Brake | Machine that converts energy into power |
| Wheel | Surface by which an aircraft is supported in the air |
Business words:
Nouns: Chief, employee, company, partner, colleague, customer, representative, competitor, letter, bill, order, form, mail, price, money, goods, profit, meeting, talks, discount, fine, tax, salary, offer, enquiry, furniture, business trip, contract, secretary, businessman, market, warehouse
Adjectives: High, low, interesting, boring, long, short, expensive, cheap, old-fashioned, modern
Verbs: to send, to pay, to get, to receive, to speak to somebody, to buy, to sell, to meet, to type, to sign
4. Combine the word with its definition:
| An employee | means costing a great deal. |
| A customer | is a statement offering to do or to give something. |
| A representative | is a person or a firm that competes. |
| A competitor | is a sum of money paid as penalty for breaking a law or rules. |
| An enquiry | is a person who is employed for work. |
| A warehouse | is weekly or monthly payment for work. |
| Expensive | is a person who buys things. |
| Salary | is a person appointed to act for others. |
| Fine | is a building for storing goods before selling. |
| An offer | is a document asking for something. |
5. Insert the missed words:
1. They will send their … to the meeting.
2. As he didn’t buy a ticket he had to pay ….
3. He must be satisfied with his work as his … is rather high.
4. A lot of … work in this company.
5. Their goods are popular and they have a lot of ….
6. They didn’t buy this equipment as it was too ….
7. Their … are low and they are not afraid of ….
8. They built a new … last year.
9. Yesterday we received a very interesting … from our partners.
Text B. Jerome К. Jerome
In the history of English literature Jerome K. Jerome occupies a modest place. He cannot be compared with Dickens, Thackeray, or Bernard Shaw, but he is well known as a writer-humorist not only in his country but in many other countries too.
Jerome Klapka Jerome was born in England on May 2, 1859. Jerome was the fourth child in the family. He had two sisters and a brother. Jerome's childhood was poor and sad. Due to bad investments the family suffered poverty and was often visited by debt collectors.
He could not finish school because his parents died when he was only 13 years old. The boy left school and began working to support himself. At first he worked at the railway, collecting coal that fell along the railway. Four years later he decided to follow his sister’s example and to try his hand at acting. For three years he was an actor and had to play different parts. During all this period he was short of money and often had no place to sleep.
He tried to become a journalist, writing essays, articles and short stories, but most of them were rejected and not published. Over the next few years he was a school teacher, a packer, and a solicitor’s clerk. He never stopped writing.
His first literary success was a one-act comedy which was performed in the Globe theatre in London in 1885. In 1886 a collection of his articles was published under the title "The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow". This book became very popular in England, and it was published 105 times in 4 years.
In 1888 Jerome married. The honeymoon took place on the Thames, a fact which had a significant influence on his next, and most important work "Three Men in a Boat" which came out in 1889.
Jerome sat down to write "Three Men in a Boat" as soon as the couple returned from their honeymoon. In the novel his wife was replaced by his friends George and Harris. He created a lot of comic situations experienced by three friends and connected with the Thames region. The book became an instant success. Its popularity was such that the number of registered Thames boats immediately increased 50 per cent and the Thames became a tourist attraction. "Three Men in a Boat" made the author famous. The book was translated into several European languages and its plot was taken for movies, TV and radio shows and for stage plays. This book is still popular and is still printed.
"Three Men in a Boat" provided Jerome financial security and he could dedicate all of his time writing. In the following years Jerome published several books and plays but none of them had the success of "Three Men in a Boat."
In 1898 after a short stay in Germany Jerome decided to write the sequel to "Three Men in a Boat" named "Three Men on the Bummel." He reintroduced the same characters having a foreign bicycle tour. This book couldn’t recapture the success of "Three Men in a Boat" either. Jerome K. Jerome also wrote serious books but the public didn’t like them.
Jerome travelled all over Europe and in 1899 he visited St. Petersburg where he was met with enthusiasm. He knew Russian literature very well.
Jerome's last book was his autobiography "My Life and Time". He died in 1927. The works of Jerome are full of humour and they can't but amuse the reader.
2. Make word combinations according to the text:
| to be short of | an instant success |
| to follow | under the title |
| to become | influence |
| to suffer | sister’s example |
| to have | the success |
| to try | the reader |
| to provide | poverty |
| to amuse | financial security |
| to publish | money |
| to recapture | one’s hand at acting |
3. Fill in the gaps with the words in brackets:
1. I have never ….. at book-keeping. 2. Don’ be so …… 3. Many people all over the world live in …… 4. It is difficult to ….. these two persons. 5. She is adult but her parents still have great ….. on her. 6. He didn’t expect to get such an ….. answer. 7. He can’t buy expensive things now. He is ….. money. 9. He felt sorry of her and wanted to ….. her. 10. The creditors are angry with him because he can’t pay his ……
(to compare, modest, instant, poverty, to be short of, debt, to try one’s hand at, to amuse, influence)
Aviation page
Stand – стоянка
(to) circle – кружить
turn to land – очередь на посадку
make a mistake – совершить ошибку
to crash – разбиться
An Airport
Have you ever visited an airport? It is often a very exciting place. If you are ever near an airport, why not go inside?
An airport is usually full of people. Some of them will be passengers. Some have just arrived by plane and they are now waiting for a car or a bus or a train to take them home. Others are waiting to go on planes that will take them to another city or another country. They are buying books to read on the plane or talking to their friends or relatives. Many of the people at an airport are not passengers. They have come to meet passengers who are arriving or to say goodbye to friends or relatives who are leaving.
There is usually a place at an airport where you can see the planes landing or taking off. Usually an airport has severeal runways and taxiways connecting them with stands.
You may see one plane moving towards a runway. Another is at the end of the runway, waiting to take off. Another plane is just taking off. It moves faster and faster until, suddenly, the wheels leave the ground and the plane begins to climb. As it rises, you see the wheels disappearing inside the plane.
Above the airport other planes may be circling in the air. They are waiting for their turn to land. If you look around the airport, you will see the control tower. It is a tall building with very large windows. Inside there are air traffic controllers who control all these planes. They tell each plane when to take off, when to land and when to wait. They work very hard. They have to be very careful. If they make a mistake, planes may crash and people may be killed.
Reading page
Aviation page
Kite – воздушный змей
to fail – терпеть неудачу
Balloon – воздушный шар
to go upwards – подниматься вверх
hydrogen – водород
to steer – управлять
The First Men to Fly
Men always wanted to fly. For hundreds of years they watched birds flying and wished that they could fly too. Birds fly very easily. They beat the air with their wings and climb up through the air. Then they spread their wings and float on the air. The air keeps them up. Men knew how to make kites hundreds of years ago. Kites could stay in the air for many hours. 'If birds and kites can stay up in the air, perhaps we can,' they thought. At first they made wings like birds. Then they jumped off high buildings and tried to fly. Many men did this but they all failed to fly.
They crashed to the ground. Some were killed and some were badly hurt. After many times they stopped trying to fly with wings. Then two brothers tried another way. Can you guess which way ? They tried balloons. 'Hot air is lighter than cold air,' they said. 'That is why hot air goes upwards. If we fill a balloon with hot air, it will go upwards.' They built a balloon. It was made of thin cloth and paper. They lit a fire beneath it. Up into the air it went! It reached a height of 1,800 metres. Then the air inside the balloon became cool and it came slowly down and gently rested on the ground.
A few months later the brothers sent up another balloon. This time there was a basket hanging underneath it. In the basket there were three animals: a sheep, a duck and a hen. The balloon travelled through the air to a place two and a half kilometres away. Then it came down safely to earth.
Now it was time for man to fly! In October 1783 another of the brothers' balloons went up. This time a man went with it. The balloon did not rise very far. It went only to twenty-five metres. It was tied to the ground by a rope. A month later two men went up in a balloon full of hot air. This time there was no rope! A great crowd of people watched. The balloon rose to a height of 900 metres. The wind blew it along for nine kilometres. Then it came gently back to earth. Men had travelled through the air for the first time!
Other men filled balloons with a gas called hydrogen. Hydrogen is much lighter than air. Balloons filled with hydrogen were able to travel long distances. But the men in the baskets underneath could not steer them. They went where the wind took them.
Later, balloons were made in the shape of a cigar. These were called airships. They had engines to drive them along, and they could be steered a little. But they were still blown about by the wind. The hydrogen gas was dangerous, too. It caught fire very easily. There were many accidents and many people died. At last they stopped making airships.
Spoken page
Topic: Family
Close relatives, distant relatives, aunt, uncle, niece, nephew, cousin, single, to be engaged to somebody, fiancée, bride, bridegroom, best man, bride’s maid, wedding, honey-moon, married, to marry somebody, husband, wife, mother-in-law, father-in-law, divorced, to divorce somebody, step-mother, step-father, to die, widow, widower, bachelor, spinster, to look like somebody, to bring up, to make a will, to inherit
1. Express in one word:
Your mother’s sister; a woman whose husband is dead; wife’s father; son’s wife; uncle’s son; sister’s daughter; a man whose wife died; to stop being a husband and a wife; some period of time after wedding; father’s second wife; daughter’s husband; sister’s son; father’s brother
Lesson 4
Some – Any – No – Every
| Affirmative | Interrogative | Negative |
| I have some questions. | Would you like some coffee? (offer) Can you give me some money? (request) | |
| Ask me any question. | Have you any questions? | I haven’t any questions. |
| I have no questions. |
Compounds
Some: somebody, something, someone, somewhere
Any: anybody, anything, anyone, anywhere
No: nobody, nothing, no one, none, nowhere
Every: everybody, everything, everyone, everywhere
9. Read and translate:
Let’s do something. Let’s phone somebody. Let’s go somewhere. Have you anything for me? Do you know anybody in this firm? I can’t find him anywhere. Ask anyone. Everybody is happy. Everything is all right. Their goods are everywhere. They have nothing. Nobody can help me. None is ill.
10. Insert some, any, no, every:
1. We have … customers. Only our firm produces this equipment, so we have … competitors.
2. Give me ... coffee, please. - Do you want ... milk in your coffee?
3. Have you got ... time to spare? I'd like to ask you ... questions.
4. It is winter. There are ... leaves on the trees.
5. Is there ... paper on your table?
6. … new customer gets a discount.
7. I'm going to buy .... equipment.
8. They didn't make .... mistakes in the contract.
9. I can pay. I've got............money.
10. There aren't ...........shops in this part of the town.
11. They haven't got....enquiries.
12. Have you got............tax benefits?
13. There are............big warehouses in this town.
14. Are there............letters for me this morning?
15. I have got............customers but my competitors haven't got............
16. Do you know............good hotels in London?
17. Would you like............tea? Yes, please.
18. Don't buy............furniture. We don't need............
19. We haven't got............profit this year.
20. We discussed …………. point of the contract.
14. Fill in the gaps with the derivatives of some, any, no orevery:
1. Are you meeting ................ today? No, I'm staying at the office.
2. Are you hungry? Yes, I want....................to eat.
3. Did he say ................ about it? No, he said .............. .
4. There was.............. in the office because it was very late.
5. ................. is waiting for our chief in the hall.
6. That is a very easy question. …….... can answer it.
7. I can do this job alone. I don't need............................to help me.
8. Do you know ................... about their company?
9. There isn't ................... in the safe. It's empty.
10. Our staff is very friendly. The chief invited ………… to his anniversary.
11. ... is all right, your order is ready.
12. Give me ... to drink.
13. My secretary is very good. She keeps ……….. in order.
14. I haven’t any money with me, so I can't buy ….
15. He said ………….. about it. He kept it in secret.
16. Where is the catalogue? It must be ………… here.
17. I don't know …….... about your company. Tell me ... about it. 3.
18. Please give me ……... warm: it is cold here.
19. I understand ……... now. Thank you for your explanation.
20. What shall I do now? I have done my homework. You can do …... you like.
Business page
Active vocabulary
supplier – поставщик
attractive price – привлекательная цена
reliable partner – надёжный партнёр
to send orders – посылать заказы
to deliver goods – доставлять товары
to make a mistake – совершить ошибку
to study closely – изучать тщательно
price list – прейскурант
to place an order with some company – разместить заказ в какой-то фирме
Our company
Our company is not large. Mr. Moris is our chief. He is clever and hardworking. He controls our work himself. We have a lot of partners and competitors. The firm Brown and Co. is our Supplier. The firm White and Co. is our Customer. They are both reliable. We have some customers abroad. Our Buyers send us their enquiries. We study them closely and send our offers to the Buyers. If our offer is attractive for them they place an order with us. We send them their orders quickly. Usually we deliver the goods ourselves. But if the Buyers want to get their order faster, they can come and take it from our warehouse themselves. Last month we had ten orders but neither of them was big. So our profit was low. Last week we had two orders. Both of them were big and our profit was high. We were happy.
Once we made a mistake. We send one order to the company but it wasn’t theirs. Our chief was angry.
4. Insert the necessary prepositions:
Our company produces office equipment. Our production is … high quality. Our goods are well known … the world market. We have branches … different countries. We send our offers … the Buyers. They place orders … our company. We deliver the goods … time. Sometimes our customers take their orders … the warehouse themselves.
5. Translate into English:
1. Если вы хотите что-нибудь спросить, задавайте любой вопрос. 2. Расскажите нам всё о вашей фирме. 3. Пришлите нам ваши предложения. Мы их тщательно изучим. 4. Давай пригласим их в ресторан. 5. Отдай документы секретарю сам. 6. У нас есть некоторые проблемы. 7. У нас нет никаких долгов. 8. Этот каталог не мой. 9. Он должен исправить свою ошибку сам. 10. И у начальника, и у всех сотрудников много работы. 11. Вы можете разместить у нас заказ на любое оборудование. 12.Мы ничего не можем сделать. У нас нет ни её адреса, ни телефона. Будем надеяться, она позвонит сама. 13. Оба наших покупателя горят желанием купить новую модель. 14. Ни один из этих поставщиков не надёжный. 15. И начальник, и секретарь больны.
Aviation page
Skilful - умелый
a glider - планер
to float - парить
to start the engine – запустить двигатель
The Wright brothers
The first aeroplane to fly successfully was made by two brothers called Wright. The Wright brothers were skilful young men. They first used their skill to make a glider. A glider is an aeroplane without an engine. A glider floats on the air like a kite. A man can sit in a glider and steer it, but it cannot stay in the air very long. It has no engine.
In those days motor cars had petrol engines but they were heavy. The Wright brothers made a very small and light engine. They put it in their glider. Then one of them sat in the aeroplane and started the engine. Some men held the wings until the engine was going very fast. Then they let the plane go. The aeroplane ran quickly along the ground. Then, at last, it rose a few feet into the air. A man had really flown for the first time! This happened on the 17th of December, 1903.
Soon the whole world heard about the Wright brothers' success. They became famous. Other people made aeroplanes. They became bigger and better. Today great aeroplanes carrying hundreds of people fly at great speed all over the world. But it all started with the brave and skilful brothers!
Reading page
On cats and dogs
What I have suffered from them this morning nobody can tell!
It began with Gustavus Adolphus. Gustavus Adolphus is a very good dog when he is in the middle of a large field; but our house is too small for him. He gets up - and two chairs fall on the floor. He just moves his tail - and the things on the table fall down.
At dinner-time he lies under the table for some time, and then gets up suddenly. The table moves; we all try to keep it in a horizontal position; he struggles, and at last upsets the table with the dinner on it.
He came in this morning in his usual style, that of an American cyclone, and first of all he upset my coffee cup.
I rose from my chair and called him. But he ran to the door where he met Eliza, coming in with eggs. Eliza said: "Ugh!" and sat down on the floor. The eggs fell on the carpet and Gustavus Adolphus left the room. I went after him and told him to go downstairs. Then I came back and finished my breakfast. When I looked into the passage ten minutes later, he was sitting at the top of the stairs again. I told him to go down, but he only barked. Why did he not go down? I went to see.
It was Tittums. She was sitting on the first stair and he was afraid to pass her. Tittums is our little cat. She is very small. But dogs are sometimes afraid of even very small cats.
I put Tittums into my pocket, and went back to the room. I sat down to work and forgot about her for the moment: but when I looked up I found that she was sitting on my table trying to eat the pen; then she put her leg into the ink-pot and upset it. I put her down on the floor where she began to quarrel with Tim, our two-year-old fox-terrier.
Then Tittums' mother came in, and they began quarelling, all three. I was very glad to see them but I wanted to continue my work. So I put them, all three, into the passage.
Life with them is sometimes difficult but, in general, I like cats and dogs very much. They are very good companions. They are better friends than men. They do not quarrel with you. They never talk about stupid things. They never ask you stupid questions. They never say any bad things to you. They never tell you of your mistakes. They are always glad to see you. They never ask if you are rich or poor, stupid or clever, good or bad. They are really good friends.
Yes, it is good to love animals. But we must not go too far in this. I know a family where the dog was the central figure of the house. They always spoke about what "dear Fido" has done, does, can do, cannot do, must do, was doing, is doing, will do, will not do and so on. The poor dog
has not a free minute for himself. Such stupid love only spoils the good nature of animals.
(Jerome K. Jerome)
Lesson 5
Grammar page: There is / There are
2. Put the sentences into the Past and Future:
1. There is a receptionist’s table opposite the front door. 2. There are some letters on the table.3. There is little furniture in the office. 4. There are many employees in our office. 5. There are few goods at the warehouse. 6. There is much equipment at their plant.
4. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:
1. There are some bills on the chief’s table. 2. There is some money in the safe. 3. There will be some modern pictures on the walls. 4. There were some visitors in the office yesterday. 5. There was some money in the safe.
5. Use the construction There is in the correct form:
- I was hungry but ………. anything to eat.
- Let’s have a snack. ……….some food in the refrigerator.
- ………. any mail for me yesterday?
- ………. a football match on TV last night but I didn't see it.
- The hotel is nice. But ………. a swimming pool in it.
- The safe is empty. ………. any money in it.
- Don’t go to that warehouse. ………. no goods at it.
- I found a wallet in the street but. ………. any money in it.
- ………. many people at the meeting? No, very few.
10. We didn't visit the museum. ………. enough time.
11. Our representative was late for the meeting, because ………. a lot of traffic.
12. The radio wasn't working because ………. any batteries in it.
13. Look! ………. an accident. Call the ambulance!
14. Why ………. policemen outside the bank? ………. a robbery.
15. When we arrived at the cinema, ………. a long queue outside.
16. ……….. somebody at the station to meet you when you arrive tomorrow.
17. Twenty years ago …… 10 schools in our town. Now …… 20.
18. How many students ………. in your group?
19. ………. a bus from the city centre to the airport?
20. Look! ………. a photograph of George in the newspaper!
Prepositions of place
| in | in the house; in the room; in the corner; in the middle of … |
| on | on the table; on the ground |
| under | under the table; under the chair |
| over | over the door |
| between | between the buildings |
| opposite | opposite the hotel |
| behind | behind the warehouse |
| near | near the bus-stop |
| far from | far from the factory |
| at | at the factory; at the lesson; at home |
| in front of | in front of the house |
6. Insert the prepositions. Use every preposition only once:
I work … the office. I live … the factory, so I go to work on foot. My friend lives … … his work, so goes by bus. There are many rooms … our office. … the door of the office there is a sign White and sons. There is a staircase … … the door. There is a carpet … the floor of all rooms. Our small factory is situated … the office. There is a warehouse and a garage … the factory. There is a large department store … our office. There is a wide road … our office and the department store.
Business page
Active vocabulary
to cooperate – сотрудничать
to produce goods of high quality – производить товары высокого качества
to ship goods – отправлять товары
to meet a customer – встречать заказчика
to take decisions – принимать решения
receptionist – секретарша
to come into fashion – войти в моду
plant – завод
catalogue – каталог
Our office
I work in a large company. Our office is situated in a multi-storey building on the seventh floor. You are welcome to our office. First you find yourself in a large hall. There is a receptionist’s table opposite the front door. The receptionist meets all our visitors and gives them all necessary information. There is a rack for our visitors’ overcoats in the corner to the right of the door. There are some sofas and arm-chairs where they can sit and wait. There is a small table in front of the sofas. There are a few magazines and an ash-tray on it. There are some modern pictures on the walls. There aren't any visitors here now.
On the left there is a door to the chief’s room. His room isn’t as large as the hall. There aren’t any arm-chairs and there isn’t any sofa in his room. There isn’t much furniture in it either. There is a table near the window. There is jalousie on the window. There aren't any flowers in this office. There is no wall-paper on the walls. The walls are painted. They are light brown. There is a modern chandelier on the ceiling, but he seldom uses it. There is a reading lamp, a telephone and a computer on his table. There are two book-cases between his table and the door. There are a lot of catalogues and files in them. There is a safe for important documents in the corner. There isn’t much dust in his room. The room is clean. The office cleaner cleans the room every evening.
3. Translate into English:
1. На рынке товаров и услуг некоторые изменения. 2. Есть что-нибудь новое на рынке сегодня? 3. Где вы были утром? Я и другие инженеры нашей конторы были на заводе. Там много нового оборудования. 4. На моем дисплее есть несколько новых цифр. 5. Здесь вчера были каталоги и прейскуранты. Мне бы хотелось их просмотреть. 6. На столе директора есть телефон, но на других столах телефонов нет. 7. Сколько писем на столе у секретаря? Там только два письма. Где другие письма? Они на столе господина Воронина. 8. Есть новое оборудование на этом заводе? 9. Здесь нет счетов от фирмы «Роберт и Ко.». Где они? Мне бы хотелось просмотреть их сейчас. Они на столе секретаря. Возьмите их. 10. Там никого нет. 11. В офисе есть кто-нибудь? — Да, там есть кто-то.
Aviation page
Zhukovsky
Known as “the father of Russian aviation,” Zhukovsky became interested in the late 1880’s in flight in heavier-than-air machines, a basic problem of which was lift .
Considering it necessary to first establish a physical picture of lift, Zhukovsky in 1890 considered the possibility that it can result from certain vortical motions caused by the viscosity of the surrounding medium.
His subsequent experiments with disks rotating in an air current (1890- 189 I ) anticipated his concept of bound vortices, the basis of his theory of lift.
In 1891 Zhukovsky began studying the dynamics of flight in heavier-than-air machines, theoretically substantiating the possibility of complex motion of an airborne craft, in particular the existence of loops. In 1890-1891 Zhukovsky undertook experiments designed to study the changing position of the center of pressure of a wing with the simplest profile, a flat disk. By that time he had already turned his attention to the question of stability and was conducting tests of gliders and kites. In studying propeller thrust, Zhukovsky considered heavier-than-air craft powered by flapping wings, multipropellered helicopters, and screw propellors. In 1897 he presented a method of computing the most efficient angle of attack of a wing.
Zhukovsky established that lift results from the flow in an airstream of an immobile bound vortex (or system of vortices) by which the object can be replaced. From this starting point, he derived a formula for lift, equal to the product of the density of air, the circulation velocity of the surrounding airstream, and the velocity of the body . The theorem was confirmed in experiments with rotating oblong disks, conducted in 1905-1906 at the Aerodynamics Institute at Kuchino, near Moscow.
The formulation in 1910 of the Zhukovsky-Chaplygin postulate, concerning the determination of the rate of circulation around a wing, made it possible to solve the problem of lift, to determine its moment, and to develop a profile for airplane wings. Zhukovsky also investigated the profile of resistance of a wing and established the existence of resistance caused by the flow of turbulence from the wing’s sharp leading edge.
In high-speed aerodynamics, Zhukovsky in 1919 presented a theory of the distribution of high-velocity plane and spherical waves, and demonstrated its possible application to determine the resistance of projectiles . His work in airplane stability included a major monograph (1918) in which he considered the construction of airplanes on the assumption that the longerons bear uniform loads arising from the weight of the wings and from the air pressure.
Zhukovsky initiated the study in Russia of the theory of bombing from airplanes. In 1915 he offered a method of determining the trajectory and bomb velocity when the air resistance is proportional to the square of the velocity ; he provided a method of calculating the change of air density from a given altitude ; and he examined various practical methods for using bombing and sighting apparatus .
Spoken page
Topic: Flat
House, apartment, block of flats, wall, floor, window, window-sill, ceiling, modern conveniences, hot and cold running water, central heating, rubbish chute, hall, kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, sitting-room, study, nursery, communicating rooms, separate rooms
Furniture: table, chair, arm-chair, sofa, wardrobe, bookcase, wall-units, chest of drawers, bed-side table, TV-set, carpet, wall-paper, curtains
Kitchen: refrigerator (fridge), water-sink, tap, gas/electric cooker, dish-washer, micro-wave oven, cup, plate, saucer, spoon, fork, knife, wine-glass, jug, table cloth, oil cloth, sugar basin, frying pan, lid, tea-pot, dinner-things, tea-things
Bedroom: sheet, pillow, pillow-case, blanket, blanket-cover, bed-spread
Hall: door-bell, lock, spying-glass, rail, rug
Electric devices:washing machine, vacuum-cleaner, air-conditioner, freezer, standing lamp, spot light, wall lamp, food mixer, iron, video, fan, heater, tape-recorder, electric kettle, chandelier
1. Match column A with column B:
A B
| wall | curtains |
| window | blanket |
| ceiling | plant |
| bedroom | wall-paper |
| frying pan | tap |
| plate | chandelier |
| water-sink | spoon |
| wardrobe | lid |
| window-sill | carpet |
| floor | clothes |
Forms
| Square | Flat |
| Round | Volumetrical |
| Oval | Prolonged |
| Rectangle | Cylindrical |
| Triangle | Trapeziform |
Materials
| Metal | Lead | Cloth |
| Iron | Stone | Cotton |
| Gold | Brick | Wool |
| Steel | Cement | Silk |
| Silver | Concrete | Diamond |
| Copper | Paper | Ruby |
| Tin | Plastics | Emerald |
| Wood | Glass | Sapphire |
| Plywood | Leather | Amethyst |
| Cardboard | Rubber | Granite |
| China | Tile | Marble |
Reading page
Lesson 6
Speech patterns
| It is interesting to It is easy to It is difficult to It is possible to It is impossible to It is important to It is necessary to | It is very expensive It is risky to It is dangerous to It is useful to It is useless to It is (high) time to |
1. Fill in the gaps with suitable phrases:
1. It is ….. to jump with parachute. 2. It is …..to know foreign languages. 3. It is …..to send this letter today. It is urgent. 4. It is ….. to ask for a discount. They never give discounts. 5. It is …..to speak to a famous person. 6. It is …..to go abroad without a visa. 7. It is …..to eat a lot of vegetables. 8. It is …..to make repairing by yourself. 8. It is ….. to have a rest abroad.
Adjectives and adverbs
| Adjective | Adverb |
| awful | awfully |
| extreme | extremely |
| angry | angrily |
| terrible | terribly |
| fast | fast |
| hard | hard |
| good | well |
3. Form adverbs:
real, successful, lazy, sad, beautiful, useful, terrible, grateful, nice, quick, impatient, impossible, hopeful, hopeless, merry
4. Fill in the gaps with the suitable adverbs:
1. We reached the office …. 2. “Give me the document.” He said …. 3. I was … tired after the meeting. 4. The hall was … decorated. 5. They are … interested in our production. 5. The room is … furnished. 6. “We’ll never meet,” he said …. 7. He was looking through the newspaper …. 8. Everybody was dancing …. 9. He spends his free time very …. 10. He passed the exams ….
5. Use adjective or adverb:
1. He looked at me grateful/gratefully.
2. He was grateful/gratefully to me.
3. The weather is awful/awfully.
4. The talks are awful/awfully long.
5. He gave me a hopeful/hopefully answer.
6. He smiled hopeful/hopefully.
7. I suppose it isn’t a real/really gold.
8. I am real/really glad to see you.
9. He is a good/well specialist.
10. He knows his work good/well.
Business page
Active vocabulary
advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки
to sell goods at high price – продавать товары по высокой цене
raw material – сырьё
to advertise the goods – рекламировать товары
to place an advertisement in a popular magazine – разместить рекламу в популярном журнале
to expand – расширяться
to make a marketing research – проводить маркетинговые исследования
to invest money – вложить деньги
Aviation page
Spoken page
Topic: The weather
Reading page
The weather forecast
I remember a holiday of mine being completely ruined one late autumn by our paying attention to the weather report of the local newspaper: "Heavy showers, with thunderstorms, may be expected today."
So we gave up our picnic and stayed indoors all day, waiting for the rain. And people passed the house as joyfully and merrily as could be. The sun was shining and not a cloud was seen. By twelve o'clock, with the sun pouring into the room, the heat became quite oppressive, and we wondered when those heavy showers and occasional thunderstorms were going to begin. "Oh! They'll come in the afternoon, you'll find," we said to each other.
At one o'clock the landlady came in and asked if we were going out, as it seemed such a lovely day. "No, no," we replied. "We don't mean to get wet - no, no."
And when the afternoon was nearly gone, and still there was no sign of rain, we tried to cheer ourselves up with the idea that it would come down all at once. But not a drop ever fell, and it finished a grand day, and a lovely night after that.
The next morning we read that it was going to be a warm, fine day, much heat. We put on light things and went out. Half an hour after we had started, it began to rain hard and a bitterly cold wind began to blow. The weather is a thing that I never can understand.
(after Jerome K. Jerome)
Aviation words
plane, aircraft – самолёт
to fly – летать
flight – полёт, рейс
helicopter – вертолёт
runway (RW) – взлётно-посадочная полоса (ВПП)
taxiway (TW) – рулёжная дорожка
airdrome, airfield – аэродром
alternative – запасной аэродром
hangar – ангар
crew – экипаж
captain - командир
co-pilot, first officer – второй пилот
navigator – штурман
radio-operator – радист
flight engineer – бортинженер
air-hostess – стюардесса
(to) take off – взлетать, взлёт
to land – приземляться
landing – посадка
(to) climb – набирать высоту, набор высоты
to descend – снижаться
descent – снижение
body – фюзеляж
wing – крыло
nose – носовая часть
tail unit – хвостовое оперение
engine – двигатель
landing gear, undercarriage – шасси
wheel – колесо
brakes – тормоза
flaps – закрылки
cockpit – кабина лётчика
cabin – пассажирский салон
baggage compartment – багажное отделение
control tower – диспетчерская вышка
air traffic controller – диспетчер
powerful – мощный
experienced – опытный
convinient – удобный
3. Combine the word with its definition:
| Cockpit | Part of the wing of an aircraft that can be lifted in flight to alter its upward direction and speed. |
| Engine | Undercarriage |
| Wing | Device for reducing speed or stopping |
| Flap | Compartment in an aircraft for the pilot. |
| Flight | Movement and path through the air. |
| Landing gear | Circular frame which turns on an axle |
| Brake | Machine that converts energy into power |
| Wheel | Surface by which an aircraft is supported in the air |
Business words:
Nouns: Chief, employee, company, partner, colleague, customer, representative, competitor, letter, bill, order, form, mail, price, money, goods, profit, meeting, talks, discount, fine, tax, salary, offer, enquiry, furniture, business trip, contract, secretary, businessman, market, warehouse
Adjectives: High, low, interesting, boring, long, short, expensive, cheap, old-fashioned, modern
Verbs: to send, to pay, to get, to receive, to speak to somebody, to buy, to sell, to meet, to type, to sign
4. Combine the word with its definition:
| An employee | means costing a great deal. |
| A customer | is a statement offering to do or to give something. |
| A representative | is a person or a firm that competes. |
| A competitor | is a sum of money paid as penalty for breaking a law or rules. |
| An enquiry | is a person who is employed for work. |
| A warehouse | is weekly or monthly payment for work. |
| Expensive | is a person who buys things. |
| Salary | is a person appointed to act for others. |
| Fine | is a building for storing goods before selling. |
| An offer | is a document asking for something. |
5. Insert the missed words:
1. They will send their … to the meeting.
2. As he didn’t buy a ticket he had to pay ….
3. He must be satisfied with his work as his … is rather high.
4. A lot of … work in this company.
5. Their goods are popular and they have a lot of ….
6. They didn’t buy this equipment as it was too ….
7. Their … are low and they are not afraid of ….
8. They built a new … last year.
9. Yesterday we received a very interesting … from our partners.
Text B. Jerome К. Jerome
In the history of English literature Jerome K. Jerome occupies a modest place. He cannot be compared with Dickens, Thackeray, or Bernard Shaw, but he is well known as a writer-humorist not only in his country but in many other countries too.
Jerome Klapka Jerome was born in England on May 2, 1859. Jerome was the fourth child in the family. He had two sisters and a brother. Jerome's childhood was poor and sad. Due to bad investments the family suffered poverty and was often visited by debt collectors.
He could not finish school because his parents died when he was only 13 years old. The boy left school and began working to support himself. At first he worked at the railway, collecting coal that fell along the railway. Four years later he decided to follow his sister’s example and to try his hand at acting. For three years he was an actor and had to play different parts. During all this period he was short of money and often had no place to sleep.
He tried to become a journalist, writing essays, articles and short stories, but most of them were rejected and not published. Over the next few years he was a school teacher, a packer, and a solicitor’s clerk. He never stopped writing.
His first literary success was a one-act comedy which was performed in the Globe theatre in London in 1885. In 1886 a collection of his articles was published under the title "The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow". This book became very popular in England, and it was published 105 times in 4 years.
In 1888 Jerome married. The honeymoon took place on the Thames, a fact which had a significant influence on his next, and most important work "Three Men in a Boat" which came out in 1889.
Jerome sat down to write "Three Men in a Boat" as soon as the couple returned from their honeymoon. In the novel his wife was replaced by his friends George and Harris. He created a lot of comic situations experienced by three friends and connected with the Thames region. The book became an instant success. Its popularity was such that the number of registered Thames boats immediately increased 50 per cent and the Thames became a tourist attraction. "Three Men in a Boat" made the author famous. The book was translated into several European languages and its plot was taken for movies, TV and radio shows and for stage plays. This book is still popular and is still printed.
"Three Men in a Boat" provided Jerome financial security and he could dedicate all of his time writing. In the following years Jerome published several books and plays but none of them had the success of "Three Men in a Boat."
In 1898 after a short stay in Germany Jerome decided to write the sequel to "Three Men in a Boat" named "Three Men on the Bummel." He reintroduced the same characters having a foreign bicycle tour. This book couldn’t recapture the success of "Three Men in a Boat" either. Jerome K. Jerome also wrote serious books but the public didn’t like them.
Jerome travelled all over Europe and in 1899 he visited St. Petersburg where he was met with enthusiasm. He knew Russian literature very well.
Jerome's last book was his autobiography "My Life and Time". He died in 1927. The works of Jerome are full of humour and they can't but amuse the reader.
2. Make word combinations according to the text:
| to be short of | an instant success |
| to follow | under the title |
| to become | influence |
| to suffer | sister’s example |
| to have | the success |
| to try | the reader |
| to provide | poverty |
| to amuse | financial security |
| to publish | money |
| to recapture | one’s hand at acting |
3. Fill in the gaps with the words in brackets:
1. I have never ….. at book-keeping. 2. Don’ be so …… 3. Many people all over the world live in …… 4. It is difficult to ….. these two persons. 5. She is adult but her parents still have great ….. on her. 6. He didn’t expect to get such an ….. answer. 7. He can’t buy expensive things now. He is ….. money. 9. He felt sorry of her and wanted to ….. her. 10. The creditors are angry with him because he can’t pay his ……
(to compare, modest, instant, poverty, to be short of, debt, to try one’s hand at, to amuse, influence)
Aviation page
Stand – стоянка
(to) circle – кружить
turn to land – очередь на посадку
make a mistake – совершить ошибку
to crash – разбиться
An Airport
Have you ever visited an airport? It is often a very exciting place. If you are ever near an airport, why not go inside?
An airport is usually full of people. Some of them will be passengers. Some have just arrived by plane and they are now waiting for a car or a bus or a train to take them home. Others are waiting to go on planes that will take them to another city or another country. They are buying books to read on the plane or talking to their friends or relatives. Many of the people at an airport are not passengers. They have come to meet passengers who are arriving or to say goodbye to friends or relatives who are leaving.
There is usually a place at an airport where you can see the planes landing or taking off. Usually an airport has severeal runways and taxiways connecting them with stands.
You may see one plane moving towards a runway. Another is at the end of the runway, waiting to take off. Another plane is just taking off. It moves faster and faster until, suddenly, the wheels leave the ground and the plane begins to climb. As it rises, you see the wheels disappearing inside the plane.
Above the airport other planes may be circling in the air. They are waiting for their turn to land. If you look around the airport, you will see the control tower. It is a tall building with very large windows. Inside there are air traffic controllers who control all these planes. They tell each plane when to take off, when to land and when to wait. They work very hard. They have to be very careful. If they make a mistake, planes may crash and people may be killed.
Reading page
Text A. English is a world language
Geographically, English is the most widespread language on Earth. It is the language of business, science, technology, sport, and aviation. All international conferences are held in English. Today, when English has become an international language, it is difficult to imagine that just some centuries ago only a few million people spoke English, and thelanguage was not considered very important in other countries.
When and why did the situation change? English has becomea world language because it is spoken as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English beganin the 17th century, with the first settlements in North America. Then in the 18th century it was brought to Australia, Africa and India. Later due to the great growth of population in the United States and massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the English language got its present status in the world.
People who speak English belong to one of three groups: those for whom it is their native language; those for whom it as a second language in a bilingual society; and those who have to use it for a practical purpose – administrative, professional or educational. Nearly 20% of the world's population belongs to one of these three groups. 4 hundred million people speak English as their first language. 6 hundred million people speak English as their second or foreign language. 80% of the world's mail and 60% of the world's telephone calls are in English.
Old English, like modern German, French, Russian had many inflections showing singular and plural, tense, person, etc. But modern English has simplified.Verbs now have very few inflections, and adjectives do not changeaccording to the noun.As a result English has become a very flexible language. Without inflections, the same word can operate as many different parts of speech. Many nouns and verbs have the same form, for example swim, drink, walk, kiss, look,and smile.We can drinkwater and water the flowers; read a paper and paper a room. Adjectives can be used as verbs. We have warm clothes and warm our hands in front of a fire. Prepositions too are flexible. An elderly man is nearing retirement.
This involves the free admissions of words from other languages and the easy creation of compounds and derivatives. Most world languages have contributed some words to English and have taken some words from it. Many words came to English from other countries. For example:
| from Russia | sputnik, cosmonaut, tundra, tsar |
| from Italy | piano, ballerina, bandit, casino |
| from France | cuisine, boutique, aubergine |
| from Greece | theory, synonym, psychology |
| from Germany | kindergarten, hamburger, rottweiler, poodle, waltz |
| from Spain | embargo, siesta, guerilla, mosquito, lasso, matcho |
| from Portugal | marmalade, cobra |
| from Holland | tattoo, yacht |
| from Norway | fjord, ski |
| from Finland | sauna |
| from Japan | karate, judo, bonsai |
| from Turkey | tulip, caftan, yoghurt, jackal |
So English language came to America and became a mother tongue in this country. Is the language of the Americans absolutely the same as the language of the British people? Of course, people in Britain and America understand each other but there are some differences in vocabulary, in pronunciation, in spelling. Study the table:
| English English | American English |
| underground lorry autumn rubbish flat centre theatre | subway truck Fall garbage apartment center theater |
3. Use: many, much, little, few, a little, a few
1. I am very busy. I have … free time. 2. He works hard and earns … money. 3. He is a good mixer and he has … friends. 4. Has Mr. Black … competitors? No, he has … 5. How … contracts have you made? 6. The typist has … questions. 7. Has your chief … or … work? 8. She isn’t very talkative. She says … but she does …. 9. Don’t speak … on the telephone. 10. Let’s rest … 11. Can you say … words about our new partners. 12. The day was quite. He only had … telephone calls.13. I have … free time so let’s discuss this question. 14. We have … profit. It is not enough to open a new branch.
4. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:
A. 1. He is at home. 2. The secretary is late for work today. 3. We are angry with our partners. 4. All shelves in my office are full of documents. 4. The salaries at this firm are high. 5. We have many customers. 6. I am proud of our goods. 7. Our goods are of high quality. 8. He has many orders. 9. We will have new orders. 10. He has a high salary.
B. 1.The aircraft was on the RW.
1. This aerodrome has the longest RW.
2. The plane is taxing along TW 7.
3. The helicopter is circling over the field.
4. The air hostess has a lot of duties.
5. A businessman usually has a business class ticket.
6. The captain of this crew is very experienced.
7. This plane has a glass cockpit.
5. Transform the sentences into the Past and Future:
A. 1. Our chief is on holiday. 2. He is ill this week. 3. We are interested in their goods. 4. I am busy today. 5. We have many orders for new equipment. 6. The prices for new equipment are high. 7. He has two cars. 8. The rooms in our office are clean. 9. The talks are boring. 10. This supermarket has a large parking. 11. Our equipment is of high quality. 12. All our partners have a good reputation. 13. Our goods are well known in the world market. 14. We have branches in different countries. 15. Our company has tax benefits.
1. The helicopter is in the hangar.
2. The air hostess has a lot of duties.
3. The captain of this crew is very experienced.
4. There is only one runway at this airfield.
5. All members of the crew are reliable.
6. The helicopter isn’t in the hangar.
6. Put 5 types of questions:
1. Mr. Black has a large company.
2. Their work is hard.
3. The employees have high salaries.
4. They will have a new warehouse next year.
5. The aircraft is on