WORD COMBINATIONS AND PHRASES. After their last (first, second) year at college (the university) - проучившись на последнем (первом
after their last (first, second) year at college (the university) - проучившись на последнем (первом, втором) курсе колледжа (университета);
according to smth. (their map, my watch, their orders or instructions, her words, etc.) - в соответствии (согласно) чему-либо (согласно их карте, по моим часам, по (согласно) их приказам или инструкциям, по ее словам и т.п.);
smooth hair (forehead, surface, board, paper, skin, road, sea) - гладкие волосы (лоб, поверхность, доска, бумага, кожа, море);
to break into flower - расцвести, зацвести; to be in leaf (in flower) - с распустившейся листвой (И цветении);
with one's eyes on smb. or smth. (with one's hair flung back) - глядя на кого-л. или что-л. (откинув волосы назад); to show smb. the way - показать кому-л. дорогу; to break in (into a conversation) - перебить, влезть в разговор;
to hurt or pain smb. - болеть (у кого-л.);
My leg is hurting me (hurts). - У меня болит нога.
to take smb. in from head to heel - оглядеть кого-л. с головы до НОГ;
to get smth. ready - подготовить что-л.; there's no room for - нет места для...; one at a time - по одному.
Exercise 4, p. 258
1. After their last year (together) at the university they made up their minds to go to work in the North. 2. According to his words he is not to blame. 3. The pebbles on the beach were smooth and shiny. 4. The smooth sea looked empty and hostile. 5. We drove down the smooth gravel drive and out of the white gates. 6. The woman stood leaning against the wall with her eyes on him. 7. He stood stock-still (совершенно неподвижно, как столб) with his eyes on the painting. 8. Thank you for showing us the way. 9. I wish you wouldn't break into our conversation/break in. 10. Sorry for breaking into your conversation/for breaking in. 11. The back hurt/pained me so I couldn't sleep. 12. She walked on without complaining though her foot hurt/pained her terribly. 13. She took him in from head to heel. 14. It will take me half an hour to get everything ready. 1 5. Have a rest while I get the spare room ready. 16. The trees will soon be in leaf. 17. What can be more delightful to the eye than a cherry tree ready to break into flower? 18.1 did not go with them as there was no room in the car.
Exercise 5, p. 259
1. After their first year together at (the) university they became great friends. 2. According to the directions/instructions we must get the camp ready for the tourists' arrival by the first of June. 3. According to my watch it's high time to put the children to bed. 4. Our trip went (off)smoothly/without a hitch. 5. The road was smooth and we quickly got to the station. 6. The boy was standing with his eyes on the car. If only he were/was taken for a ride (in it)! 7. She looked very pretty/She looked lovely with her hair flung back. 8. I'm afraid we are going in the wrong direction, let's ask somebody to show us the way to the shop. 9. Excuse me for breaking in, but I've got to talk to you right now. Yesterday evening/Last night I had such a toothache/my tooth pained/hurt me so much
that I couldn't go to sleep. 11. "Where does it hurt?" asked the doctor. 12. The landlady took them in from head to heel and only after that invited them into the house. 13.I'll get everything ready in five minutes! 14. The hedge was breaking into flower filling the air with a sweetish smell. 15. The slender aspens/asps are in flower. They bloom/Theystay in floweruntil they are in leaf. 16. There's no room for another armchair in the room. It's too crowded (with furniture) as it is. 17. The teacher asked the children to speak one at a time because when all of them spoke together it was difficult to understand what they wanted.
Exercise 8, p. 260
добраться до (какого-л. места) - to make (some place); питать склонность к - to have a bent for; сорвать цветок - to pluck a flower; говорить ерунду - to talk through one's hat; на фоне неба - against the sky; башмаки потрескались - the shoes were split; с откинутыми назад волосами - with the hair flung back; поднять руку в знак приветствия - to put up one's hand in a salute;
остановиться на ночь - to stay the night;
без смущения - without shyness;
продолжать расспросы - to take up the catechism;
старый яблоневый сад - an old orchard of apple-trees;
комната для гостей - a spare room;
стоять отдельно - to stand by itself;
песчаное дно - a sandy bottom;
свисать над водой - to overhang the water;
глаза, сверкающие как роса - dewy eyes.
Exercise 9, p. 260
1. Frank Ashurst and his friend Robert Garton were travelling on foot. 2. Giving the knee a rest and talking of the universe. 3. Like some wild prehistorical animal. 4. Garton's dark curly 1 hick hair which looked as though its depths had never been louched by a comb. 5. Robert was talking nonsense. 6. And Ashurst who saw beauty without giving a thought to (speculat- ing how) it could benefit him/how he could benefit/profit from it... 7. His head was bare/He wasn't wearing a hat, so how could he take off what wasn't there? 8. Garton went on asking questions. 9- The girl's aunt's neck was also long and graceful and mobile and probably reminded one vaguely of a snake. 10. He felt unreasonably happy.
Exercise 2, p. 261
1. Дорожка превратилась в каменистую тропу, которая привела их к главной дороге. 2. «Что вы знаете о вашем друге Пайле?» - «Весьма немного. Просто наши пути пересекаются, вот и все». 3- Сказать, что он замел свои следы, было бы неправдой. Он вообще не оставил следов, так что нечего было заметать. 4. Вдалеке мы увидели очертания башни. 5. Старый дуб красиво вырисовывался на фоне голубого неба. 6. Простыми словами он коротко изложил просьбу, с которой к нему обратилась Энн. 7. Подошвы его ног были заскорузлыми и мозолистыми от ходьбы. 8. Ей пришлось тяжело: двух ее сыновей унесла война. 9. Насколько хорошо этот грузовик приспособлен к ухабистым проселочным дорогам/к бездорожью? 10. Стол сколочен из необструганных досок. 11. Вот черновой набросок моей речи. 12. Это единственный вопрос/пункт, по которому мы с Гарри расходимся (во мнениях). 13. Он привлек мое внимание и тут же пустился в объяснения. 14. Уверяю вас, что никогда прежде его не видел. 15. Он еще немного прошел/проехал по дороге, попутно прикидывая на глазок высоту стены. 16. Лучше останься здесь и не спускай с него глаз. Я позвоню в полицию. 17. «Мы пили кофе». - «Тогда неудивительно, что вам не хочется спать». 18. На свете много чудес, но самое чудесное/удивительное - это человек. 19- Он знал, что Роберт послал за ним не затем, чтобы беседовать о погоде, и теперь гадал, когда же тот заговорит о сути дела.
1. Вы легко узнаете его: он слегка прихрамывает. 2. Думаю, он хромой от рождения. 3. Джун всегда носилась (fussed over) со своими несчастненькими. 4. Я взял себя в руки, выдал какие-то неубедительные объяснения, и мы вместе спустились по лестнице на первый этаж. 5. Наверное, вы слышали о Люси-хромоножке - хромой девушке с костылем. 6. Отметьте фамилии отсутствующих студентов. 7. Не может быть, чтобы вы сделали эту ужасную вещь: отложили поездку туда ради нас. 8. Эта новость положила конец нашим надеждам. 9. Вы можете предоставить ночлег еще нескольким гостям/разместить у себя на ночь еще несколько гостей? 10. Общество писателей было ему явно непривычно, и мы все тщетно пытались сделать так, чтобы он перестал чувствовать себя неловко. 11. Я позвонил друзьям и отложил ту небольшую вечеринку, которую собирался устроить вечером. 12. «Я не думал об этом в последнее время. С тех пор как встретил вас», - хотел добавить он, но вдруг ощутил непонятную робость и промолчал. 13. Она по натуре очень застенчива. 14. Он боится показывать свои эмоции. 15. Теперь я избавился от той робости и застенчивости, которую прежде испытывал в общении с незнакомыми людьми. 16. Он высок, худощав и у него хорошая выправка/осанка (spare and holds himself well). 17. На какое-то мгновение он почувствовал ужасное искушение: ему хотелось промолчать, ведь о его визите к ним никто ничего не знал. 18. Она продолжала говорить, отчаянно стараясь удержать его внимание. 19. Теперь, когда молодость ее была позади, что готовило ей будущее? 20. Было сравнительно прохладно, и я был рад возможности размять ноги после долгого плавания. 21. Он встал, потянулся и перегнулся через подоконник.
22. Он протянул свои длинные тонкие руки к огню, чувствуя, что напряжение спало. 23. Девочка вытянула шею и заглянула (peeped) за верхний край забора.
Exercise 3, р. 262
А. 1. I'm afraid I've completely lost track of him. 2. She stumbled along the steep track that led up the hill. 3. The man was sure he had covered up his tracks. 4. The mystery bored him and he could not keep track of the plot. 5. The hounds were on the track of the fox. 6.1 know I've followed the wrong track. 7. The quaint ancient castle was outlined against the dark sky. 8. The student was asked to outline the historical event. 9- In her letters she had outlined her life/had told me about her life in outline. 10. The sea is rough today. 11. His rough manner frightened the children 12. Should the weather be rough, do not think of riding. 13. What he told me opened my eyes to the true state of affairs. 14.1 hope we see eye to eye/I hope I see eye to eye with you in this matter. 15.1 never set eyes on her before. (Very informal-. I never clapped eyes on her.) 17. His words opened my eyes to their plans. 18. You should keep an eye on the children when they are playing. 19. He has an eye for a pretty girl. 20. A half-indignant mutter arose about him but he just closed his eyes to it.
В. 1. Television is one of contemporary world's wonders. 2. It's no wonder/No wonder/Small wonder that your words sent her temper up. 3.1 wonder at her saying that. 4.1 wonder what she told you./What did she tell you I wonder? 5. Melody wondered if she would ever find the courage to dare to confide in Sarah. 6. This is a lame argument, it does not prove anything. 7. How would you put this in French? 8. The outbreak (вспышка) of dysentery was put down to bad drinking-water. 9. I'll put in a word for you, I promise. 10. His modesty is all put on. 11. He was very much put out by the loss of the document.
23. Let's put off our hiking tour until the weather is better.
23. Don't be shy of ringing me up any time. I'll be in the whole day. 14. She stretched out/held out her fragile hand to her cousin and touched his wife softly with the other. 15. He stretched himself out on the settee and watched the canary hop about in its cage. 16. Hurst parish stretches over miles of sandy lowland and sandstone hill. 17. The meeting was held in the hospital dining-room. 18. He had been careful to hold back what he knew about the subject. 19. She did not know whether or not to hold out her hand.
Exercise 4, p. 263
A. 1. I clean forgot about the time/the passage of time./ I completely forgot that there was such a thing as time./The fact that the time was passing and sooner or later this would end had slipped my mind. It was wonderful. 2. He was very careful not to leave any signs/marks that could let people know where he had been or what he had done. 3- You are thinking in a way that's likely to lead to an incorrect result./ You are after the wrong person/You are barking up the wrong tree/You are suspecting the wrong person/You've chosen a wrong way. 4. It was that, that eventually made our friend guess/understand what had happened. 5. I hope you don't expect me to follow all the details? 6. The dim white contour of her summer dress was all that I could see. 7.1 begin to see - not what you would like me to see - the shape of a face and a form - but the shape of a mind./ I begin to see - not what you would like me to see - not the way he/she looks but the way his/her mind works. 8. He was prepared to accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones./He realized that it wouldn't be all plain sailing and was prepared to face the problems as they came./He realized that there might be problems and difficulties and was prepared to face them. 9. Mrs. Steptoe believes in treating poor relations unkindly/ looking down her nose on poor relations and being unpleasant to them. 10. Hance was an old man with a brusque/impolite tongue and compassionate eyes. 11. She shook hands very firmly looking me straight in the face. 12. Do you mind looking through/glancing at these accounts? 13. Well, I don't suppose there's hope of making you understand the realities of life/there's no hope of making you give up your illusions and see life as it really is. 14. He pictured the image of the girl to himself/He saw the girl in his mind's eye. 15. She has no opinions of her own: she sees everything just like her mother. 16. She gave/told me the main points of the article but I read it myself. 17. He spoke briefly about the events of those stirring days. 18. I can never get over the marvels of modern science. 19. The Christmas tree, of what they had never seen the likes, filled them with admiration and amazement/awe. 20. Finch considered whether he should embrace the boy - give him a hug and a kiss. 21. It's very surprising/I'm very surprised/It's a miracle you got here at all. 22. The X-ray treatment has remarkably improved his condition.
В. 1. A lean old gentleman rose from his chair and hobbled forward to meet me/and walked forward in such a way that it was evident that one of his legs or feet was injured, stiff or malformed. 2. He tried to prevent me from what I intended to do by making empty promises. 3. This will make me spend a lot of money. 4. I can't stand this noise any longer. 1 am going to try and put an end to it. 5. Don't try to assume that air of injured dignity: I can see through you pretence/ Don't try to pretend that your dignity is injured: I know that you are play-acting. 6. He tried not to think about/to forget the incident. 7. I think in those days we sometimes hesitated/didn't dare to show our emotions. 8. I thought if we had spent one evening together perhaps he would dare to ask me of his own accord another time. 9. He is capable of speaking 24 hours running/in a row/non-stop/without stopping. 10. A wet railway line/Wet rails and ties ran into the desolate distance. 11. We didn't know what the future held in store for us/We hadn't the least notion/the faintest idea what would happen to us in the future. 12. A girl in a cotton dress and straw hat ran up to him her hands held out. 13. You have the air of one who can dictate the terms/who has all the trumps (and will have everything their own way). 14. She can stand her ground with anyone and she isn't one to be trifled with. 15. Can I suggest an alternative solution that's likely to work/an alternative sensible solution? 16. I'd like to be able to behave in this town in a way that shows that I have no cause to be ashamed of myself and that I expect respect.
Exercise 5, p- 264
shy - timid
1. A bold man by nature, he wasshy as a boy in the presence of women. 2. "The soup is beastly!" old Osborn roared, in answer to atimid look of inquiry from his daughter.
shy - self-conscious
1. She was obviously wearing her best clothes and had the self-conscious wooden smile on her face. 2. The girl looked at the man with ashy smile.
rude - rough
1. Thoughrough in manner and speech the old soldier was at heart kind and considerate. 2. Squire Western wasrude to the servants and the women of his household.
rough - coarse
1. The surface of the stone isrough. It needs polishing. 2. The fire gleamed on thecoarse white tablecloth.
Exercise 6, p. 264
A. 1. Our train is on track five, let's hurry up/let's walk faster. 2. Sinking into the deep snow the hound was follow- ing a hare's tracks. 3. He is not the kind of man/person (He is not one/He is not a man/person) to follow the beaten track. 4.1 have lost track of his reasoning and couldn't understand what he was talking about. 5. Beyond the railway/railroad (US) tracks there was a field which stretched to the (very) horizon. 6. Here's the outline of my report. Will you look it through? 7. Unfortunately I don't have this article with me now but if you wish I can outline it to you/tell you what it's about in outline. 8. The road was rough from the tracks of countless wheels. 9. The man was wearing (a short overcoat) made of coarse cloth/fabric/a short coarse overcoat and no hat. 10. The woman's hands were rough from washing clothes and dishes/from laundering and washing up. 11.1 don't advise you to write a rough copy of the paper: you won't have the time to rewrite it (you won't have the time to write a fair copy then). 12. I'm afraid that Father and I don't see eye to eye on this point. 13. There's something wrong with her, keep an eye on her. 14. He ran his eyes over/through the list and saw his name on it. 15. He is a clever artist with an eye for colour. 16. The doll was so pretty that the little girl couldn't take her eyes off it. 17. I've come herewith an eye to/with a view to getting to the bottom of this affair/to clearing up this matter. 18. She couldn't thread the needle because the eye was too small. 19. The boy caught the teacher's eye and stopped talking. 20. No wonder/Small wonder/It is no wonder (that) it's so cold: the window is open. 21.1 wonder why the doctor has given up/dropped medical practice. 22. It's a wonder to me how one can be so tactless.
B. 1. Why are you lame in the right foot? - I've slipped and fallen. 2. Tim noticed that the girl was walking with a slight limp. 3. She made up some lame story to excuse her being late/her late arrival (some lame excuse for being late). 4. The old man shifted the hard straw-filled/straw-stuffed pillow and drew/pulled/stretched the blanket over himself. 5. Have you got a pen? I'm afraid I'll forget your address if I don'tput it down/write it down/take it down/make a note of it. 6. I've got everything ready. Put aside your work and let's have supper/dinner. 7. It's time to put the winter clothes away or they will/may/might be eaten by moths/or moths may get to them. 8. I put all his failures to a lack of confidence. 9- I know him well enough and I'm sure that he'll cope with this work/job. One should put in a word for him or it may be given to someone else, and he is very interested in it. 10. We can't accept this offer without thinking everything over properly. Let's put off the decision till tomorrow. 11. The fact that the paragraph was put on the first page shows (testifies to) the importance of this event. 12. Why do you want to put up at a hotel? Stay with us as long as you wish, we've got a lot of room. 13. "I don't want to put up with you laziness," the father said. "You must do this work today." 14. She struck me as a clever but very shy girl.
24. "Here's you room. If you need somethingdon't be shy of calling me/don't nesitate to call me," the hostess said.
25. The girl got very shy when I addressed her. 17. These woollen socks have shrunk a lot, can they be stretched somehow? 18. Anne stretched a clothes-line between two trees and began to hang the underwear on it. 19. Finley spread his coat over/on the wet grass and stretched himself (out) on it. 20. I don't know why they have to hold a trial here, at my place," said Mr. White. 21. Do you think this bag will hold the apples? 22. He held his breath and pricked his ears. 23. This warm spell is temporary. This kind of weather won't hold long. 24. At that moment the boy lost hold of the rope and fell to the ground/plopped down.
Exercise 7, p. 266
оставлять следы - to leave tracks; замести следы - to cover up one's tracks; избитый путь - the beaten track; вырисовываться иа фоне - to be outlined against; растрепанные волосы - rough hair; черновик - a rough copy; присматривать за - to keep an eye on; открыть кому-л. глаза на... - to open one's eyes to; строить глазки - to make eyes (at smb.); смотреть сквозь пальцы на что-л. - to turn a blind eye to smth.; to close one's eyes to smth.;
знать в чем-то толк - to have an eye for smth.; с намерением - with an eye to;
хромать на правую (левую) ногу - to be lame of/in the right (left) foot/leg;
неудачная отговорка - a lame excuse;
выбросить из головы - to put smth. out of one's mind;
ввести в расходы - to put smb. to expense;
примириться с... - to put up with;
застенчивая улыбка - a shy smile;
размять ноги - to stretch one's legs;
без перерыва - at a stretch;
протянуть руку - to stretch out one's hand/to hold out one's hand;
скрыть что-л. -to hold smth. back; to keep smth/ back; схватить за - to catch (take, get, seize, grip, lay) hold of.
Exercise 12, p. 267
1. My sister was very ill and I had to situp all night with her. 2. This little stream never driesup. 3. You have worked very well so far; keep itup. 4. You have got the story all mixedup. 5. The home was burneddown before the fire brigade came. 6. The sleeves of my dress are too short. I must ask the tailor to let themdown an inch. 7. We can't buy that car just yet, but we are savingup. 8.After dinner I'll washup.9. Sitdown, there is plenty of roomfor everyone. 10. Your coat collar isup at the back, shall I turn itdown? 11. Don't standunder a high tree during a thunderstorm. 12. I can't use my office now, it isunder repair. 13-1 did thisunderorders. 14.Under the circumstances I will not give you any extra work. 15. He isunder age and cannot be allowed to be independent.
Exercise 13, p. 267
1. At five o'clock I was already up and without wasting time set to work/started working. 2. Hang up your overcoat here, I'll show you the way to your room. 3- I've picked up a handkerchief. Is it yours? 4. Her parents died when she was still a little girl and she has been brought up by an aunt. 5. The boy turned the box upside down, and the toys scattered/slipped all over the floor. 6.1 was up all night, and now I'm dropping with fatigue. 7. Let's go up this hill, it (its top) gives/offers a very lovely view of the river. 8. Yesterday Mother fell down the stairs and hurt/injured her foot/leg. I'm very worried about her./I worry about her very much. 9.I'm feeling off colour/under the weather/unwell,I'd better go and lie down. 10.1 don't like looking down from a big height, I feel dizzy. 11. You had better put down my address in a notebook, you may lose this sheet/slip of paper. 12. A large part of the city was flooded/was covered with water/was under water. 13. A boy of about five was sitting at a desk alone. 14. A lot of writers publish their works under assumed names. 15. The students were conducting/carrying out/making an experiment under the guidance of a professor.
CONVERSATION AND DISCUSSION
MAN AND NATURE
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
Natural resources and attractions. - Природные ресурсы и достопримечательности:
minerals - минералы; полезные ископаемые;
(fresh) water supplies (reservoirs) - запасы (пресной)
ВОДЫ;
reservoir ['rezavwa: ] - водохранилище;
flood - 1) наводнение; половодье; разлив; 2) поток;
rainfall - осадки;
vegetation - растительность;
greenery - зелень; растительность; листва;
woodland - лесной массив, лесистая местность;
woodlands - лесные массивы;
forestry - лесоводство, лесноеХОЗЯЙСТВО;
wildlife - дикая природа;
animal kingdom - животный мир;
animal population - популяция животных;
flora and fauna [fo: пэ] - флора и фауна;
arable land (soil) (also ploughland) - пахотная земля;
cultivated land - обработанная земля;
open land - открытый грунт; свободное пространство;
"green" belts — зеленые пояса (вокруг городов);
recreation areas - зоны отдыха;
coastal areas - прибрежные районы; country (national) parks - национальные парки; clear landscapes - открытые ландшафты; public open spaces - открытые пространства для общего пользования.
Environment and man. - Окружающая среда и человек:
to link man to nature - устанавливать связь человека с природой;
to adapt to environment - приспособить(ся) к окружающей среде;
to be preoccupied with economic growth - заботиться об экономическом росте;
unrestricted industrialization - безудержная индустриализация;
the sprawl of large built-up areas - беспорядочное расширение районов застройки;
to upset the biological balance - нарушить биологическое равновесие;
to abuse nature - хищнически эксплуатировать природу, нерационально использовать природные ресурсы;
to disfigure (litter) the landscape - уродовать (засорять) местность;
ecology -ЭКОЛОГИЯ;ecosystem - экосистема;
to be environment-conscious - понимать необходимость охраны окружающей среды;
to be environment-educated - быть экологически образованным.
Environmental destruction and pollution. - Разрушение и загрязнение окружающей среды:
land pollution - загрязнение грунта; derelict land - заброшенная земля; industrial waste - промышленные отходы; the by-products of massive industrialization - отходы массовой индустриализации, пригодные для использования в других отраслях, побочные продукты массовой индустри- ;1лизации;
to dump waste (products) on land - вываливать/выли- нать/высыпать отходы на землю;
extensive use of agrochemicals - экстенсивное использование агрохимикатов /ядохимикатов;
the denudation of soil - денудация/оголение грунта; the toxic fall-outs of materials - токсичные осадки; water pollution - загрязнение воды; a dropping water level - снижающийся уровень воды; to face the fresh water supply problem - бороться с проблемой уменьшения запасов пресной воды;
depletion of water resources - истощение ресурсов/исТОЧНИКОВ ВОДЫ;
the disruption of water cycle - нарушение круговорота воды в природе;
marine pollution - загрязнение морской воды; oil spillage - разлив нефти;
air (atmospheric) pollution - загрязнение воздуха (атмосферы);
the air pollution index - уровень загрязнения воздуха; to produce foul air - загрязнять воздух; to exhaust toxic gases (fuel) - выбрасывать токсичные газы (-oe топливо);
combustion of fuel - сгорание топлива; concentrations of smoke in the air - уровни концентрации дыма в воздухе;
dust content in the air - содержание пыли в воздухе; загрязнение воздуха пылью; radiation - радиация;
high (low) radioactivity - высокая (низкая) радиоактивность;
to store (disperse) radioactive waste - хранить (распространять) радиоактивные отходы;
noise offenders (pollutants) - источники шума, превышающего нормы; нарушители предельных уровней шума;
merciless killing of animals - безжалостное истребление животных;
destruction of animals habitats - разрушение естественной среды обитания животных.
Nature conservation and environment protection. - Охрана природы и защита окружающей среды:
a global imperative for environment - важнейшая задача охраны окружающей среды;
global environmental security - всемирная экологическая безопасность;
to preserve ecosystems - сохранять экосистемы; to create disaster-prevention programs - создавать программы по защите от катастроф/стихийных бедствий;
to harmonize industry and community - гармонизировать деятельность промышленных предприятий и жизнь населения;
plants and people - растения и люди; conservation movement - экологическое движение; to preserve woodlands - сохранять лесные массивы; to protect and reproduce animal (fish, bird) reserves - сохранять и воспроизводить популяцию животных (рыб, птиц);
to fight pollution - бороться с загрязнением окружающей среды;
to install antipollution equipment - создавать очистные сооружения;
to minimize noise disturbance - сводить к минимуму шумовое загрязнение;
to reduce pollution - уменьшать загрязнение окружающей среды;
to dispose of garbage (litter, waste) - удалять мусор (мусор, отходы).
MORPHOLOGY
Exercise 1, p. 362
1. Normally no article is used with names of people as they point out individuals, so the proper nouns Peter (first name), Carl (middle name) and Faberge (surname) are used without articles.
2 and 7. These are cases of a metonymic transfer. In these sentences the names of the famous jeweller (Faberge) and painters (Levitan and Aivazovsky) are used to denote their works and thus become common countable nouns. As such they must be used with articles. The indefinite classifying article is used, because the works of art in both sentences are mentioned for the first time.
3. No article is used if the name of a person is modified by the descriptive attribute little. The same rule applies to big, dear, poor, lucky, old, young, honest, pretty and some others because they form a part of the name they precede.
4.Big Ben and the Tower are proper names denoting buildings. The use of articles with names of important buildings varies from name to name and largely depends on tradition. Most of them take no article but there are quite a few exceptions which should be memorized.
5.Here tower is a common noun used in a set phrase with the classifying indefinite article.
In the first clause of this compound sentence "the city" is a common noun. It is used with the definite article in its specifying function because it is clear from the context that the city in question is London. In the second clause of the sentence uthe City" is a proper name. The use of the definite article here is based on tradition.
6.10, 15, 16. These are clear cases of a metonymic transfer. Names of companies usually take no article but here Sony, Panasonic, Ford, Adidas, Nike and Chanel denote not the manufacturing companies but items produced by them. As such they are countable and can take articles including the classifying indefinite article as in these sentences.
7.There is a legend that the popular nickname for Academy Awards which were first conferred by the US-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1929 for excellence in acting, directing, writing screenplays and other aspects of film production stuck to the gilted statuette in the following way. One of the Academy's employees, a Margaret Merrick looked at one of the first statuettes and said, "Why he looks just like my uncle Oscar!" Thus as a result of a metonymic transfer the Academy Awards came to be known as Oscars. This is a common count noun which takes articles and has a regular plural.
11. Henry Ford is a personal name. Generally such names take no articles and this is just the case.
12 and 13. These are clear cases of a metonymic transfer. Names of persons become countable common nouns indicating typical features associated with those names. In sentence 12 the indefinite article is used because the speaker evidently does not think the boy or young man in question unique. In sentence 13 the definite article is used because everybody seems to believe the singer a unique phenomenon.
14. This is another case of a metonymic transfer. The characteristic qualities of the proverbial Jack-of-call-trades are meant, so the name becomes a count noun.
17.The definite article is used with the surname in the plural to indicate the whole family.
18.If a name is preceded by Mr., Mrs. or Miss, the use of the indefinite article implies that the speaker doesn't know this person.
19- See 17 for the Benois. The indefinite article is used before the ште Benois to indicate that one of a family is meant.
20.The definite article is used with the name of a person modified by descriptive attributes as the limitation is clear from the context.
21.In the second sentence the name is just that - a personal name indicating the bearer of the name, so no article is used. In the first sentence the characteristic qualities of the Cora in question are meant, and it becomes a countable common noun in the plural.
22.The name is modified by a descriptive attribute and is the center of communication, so the indefinite article is used.
Exercise 2,p. ЗбЗ
1.Can I introduce Margaret Diamond?
2Can I introduce the Margaret Diamond I told you about last week?
3.There is a Margaret Diamond waiting for you in the office.
4.Well, mine is a Lincoln, not a Toyota.
5.The National Gallery bought a Constable at the auction.
6.Have you got a Collins that I could borrow?
7.- What a bright pullover! - Yes, it's a Benetton.
8.- Do you know who invented the Pullman?
9/The actor got a Nika for this film.
10/She was a good actress. She made a rather touching Natalia Petrovna in "A Month in the Country" by Turgenev.
11/This isn't the Paris I used to know.
12.There will always be an England for me!
13.The two Americas have different climatic zones.
14.The concert hall bought a new Petroff.
15.How strong the boy is! A true Hercules!
Exercise 3, p. 363
1. Could you lend me your Webster? - Will a Hornby do?/Will a Hornby suit you?
2. You are a real Lovelace! - And you are a Don Juan.
3. 1 know nothing about painting. I can't tell a Cezanne from a Picasso.
4. Is it Lillian? How changed she is! It is surely not the Lillian I knew when she was a little girl.
5. Can I book a ticket to Birmingham?/Can I pay for a call to Birmingham? - Yes, but we've got two Birminghams in the computer. Do you need the Birmingham which is in the USA or the Birmingham in England? - The Birmingham which is in England.
6.1 bought a new TV set yesterday. - Is it a Sony? - No, it's a Philips.
7.
We have received a fax from a Romanov.
8.With all those magic tricks of his your son may become another/a new David Copperfield.
9. see you've got a Honda, haven't you? - No, it's my wife's new car.
10.A new McDonalds is opening/opens in Moscow tomorrow.
11.Have you got a copy of America to read? Unfortunately not. But I've got Cosmopolitan.
13.1 would never have thought that the Morozovs had such a gorgeous library.
14.To my delight I saw a Dahl in the bookshop and bought it.
15.Stop behaving like that. You are not a Scarlett and I'm not a Rhett.
16.Why, you are a real James Bond.
17.The police say you keep a Kalashnikov in your house.
18.The girl wants Father Frost to bring her a Barbie for the New Year.
19.Lord Sandwich invented the sandwich.
20.I'll have a Martini. - And I'd like a soda, please.
21.The scared/frightened Marina answered the phone call.
22.Now we have a complete "Britannica" and we are very glad about it.
23.Is Nurse at home? - She is out doing the shopping./She has gone to the shops/gone shopping.
24What a lovely shop! - Yes it's a Valentino.
Exercise 4, p. 364
1. Он подумал, что спать в таком месте было бы безумием.
to sleep is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs the function of the subject.
2.Дик взобрался на верхушку высокого дуба, чтобы оглядеть занесенный снегом лес.
to look is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose.
3.Они бросились бежать напрямик, как олени, и бежали достаточно быстро, чтобы успеть вовремя.
to run is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It is part of a compound verbal phasal predicate. To be is also an active non- perfect simple infinitive. It is an adverbial modifier of consequence.
4.- Продолжай, сынок. Я здесь для того, чтобы выслушать тебя. - Ну, в общем, я хочу взять свои слова обратно, сэр. Простите, что я вас обозвал.
to listen and to take are active non-perfect simple infinitives. To have called is an active perfect infinitive. To listen is part of an adverbial modifier of purpose. To take and to have called are parts of objects.
5.Его никто не любит, потому что у него столько денег, которые он может швырять направо и налево.
to throw around is an active non-perfect infinitive; it performs the function of an attribute.
6.Чтобы исключить всякую возможность ошибок, необходимо провести исследования также и в этой области.
to exclude is an active non-perfect simple infinitive, which serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose. To do is also an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs the function of an object.
7.Я мало знал о человеке, которого мне предстояло защищать, и отнюдь не жаждал взяться за его дело.
to defend and to take up are both active non-perfect simple infinitives. To defend is part of a compound verbal modal predicate and to take up is an object.
8.Золото и любовные связи похожи в одном: их трудно скрыть.
to hide is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves as an object.
9- Есть время ловить рыбу и время сушить сети.
to fish and to dry are active non-perfect simple infinitives serving as attributes.
10. Я воспользовался удобным случаем, чтобы поговорить с Пандорой.
to speak is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves as part of an adverbial modifier of purpose.
11. Услышав эту шутку, наш проводник улыбнулся впервые за все время.
smile is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as an object. It is bare because though most of the verbs that take two objects the first of which is a noun or a pronoun and the second is an infinitive take an infinitive with the particle to, some are used with bare infinitives, namely to make, to let, to have and the verbs of sense perception.
12. Я не заметил, как Кэролайн вышла из дома.
to see and leave are active non-perfect simple infinitives, tosee is an object; leave is part of a complex object/an objective with an infinitive construction. It is bare because after the verbs of sense perception such as to see complex objects contain bare infinitives.
13. Это было чрезвычайно глупо, не правда ли?
to do is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. In this sentence it serves as an attribute.
14. Слушать Элтона Джона - чистое удовольствие.
to listen is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which performs the function of the subject.
15. Люди отправляются на сафари, чтобы посмотреть на диких животных в естественных условиях их обитания.
to watch is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose.
16. Я пошел в ванную, чтобы ополоснуться холодной водой.
to cool down is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose.
17. Стоит ли добавлять что-либо к уже сказанному? Лучше я замолчу, чтобы, как бы сказать помягче, не усугубить положение.
Say and stop are active non-perfect simple infinitives. They are bare because the modal verb need takes a bare infinitive. Both are parts of compound verbal modal predicates. To cause and to put are active non-perfect simple infinitives. To cause is part of an adverbial modifier of purpose, and to put is part of a parenthesis.
18. Чтобы победить в соревновании, Полу нужна была удача.
to win is an active non-perfect simple infinitive which serves as an adverbial modifier of purpose.
19- За этим столом очень удобно работать. to work at is an active non-perfect simple infinitive. It performs the function of an object.
20. Мне очень приятно принимать вас в моем доме.
to accept is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as the subject.
21.С ним трудно иметь дело/ладить.
to deal with is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as an object.
22.Мне надо обдумать так много проблем.
to consider is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as an attribute.
23- Он отправился на Ближний Восток, чтобы найти там смерть от желтой лихорадки.
to die is an active non-perfect simple infinitive serving as part of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances.
Exercise 5, p. 365
1. Father is willing to let us be independent.
2. David is known to have taken part in the campaign.
3. 3.1 won't have you say it behind my back.
4. Ever since Simon came here he has been made to look like a fool.
5. Why not buy something new and smashing?
6. Mother made everybody do some work about the house.
7. She is always seen to walk with her grandchildren.
8. We suppose her to be in her late fifties.
9. I've never seen anyone enjoy food so much.
10.I would sooner let myself be cut in a thousand pieces than betray my friends.
11.The team was announced to have won the Cup.
12.Let's have a day off, shall we?
13.You'd better not say anything. I'd rather be left alone.
14.The Lovedays can't afford to buy this house.
15.1 was made to scrub the pans and pots.
16.Don't let's go home yet.
17.He is known to be an expert on ecology.
18.There is nothing to do but risk it.
19.We have to go now. We can't wait any more.
20.She felt her shoes pinch.
Exercise 6, p. 365
1. Tomorrow will be a very busy day. You've got several clients to receive and two meetings to attend.
2.I've got no time to relax at all. And there is still so much to do!
3.Janice is very hard/difficult to get in touch with. She seems to be talking on/over the phone/by phone all evening.
4.I'll have to consult my diary (Br. Ј>?g.)/ca]endar (Am. Eng.), I may have phone calls to make.
5.To know oneself is to know one's merits and demerits/ one's virtues and faults/shortcomings/drawbacks/one's good and bad qualities.
6.Books made me revise my world outlook/made me look at the world with new eyes.
7.The secret is to know how to use different colours (so as/in order) to produce/have the best possible effect.
8.We advise you not to waste a single day (so as/in order) to achieve the best possible results.
9..This paste is potent enough to remove all kinds (different/various kinds) of stains.
10.To exclude/To rule out any possibility of (making) a mistake/an error it is necessary to carry out a thorough investigation/to investigate the matter thoroughly.
11Need I say anything else/say more? - No, you'd better keep silent (you had better stop) so as not to cause more trouble/not to make things worse.
12Adrian took the opportunity to talk to his father.
13He was made to allow the children to go on/for a picnic/to let the children go on/for a picnic.
141He built a house for himself never to live in it.
15It's hard to trust him/He's hard to trust. He's the last man to turn to for help.
Exercise 7, p. 366
I.
Sentences 1, 2,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,16, 17, 18 are cases of a metonymic transfer.
1.The change of meaning from glass to a glass is quite considerable. Whereas glass is an uncountable noun of material meaning a transparent solid substance used for making windows bottles, etc. - стекло, a glass is a container made of that material and used for drinking - стакан, бокал. It takes an article.
2.Whereas paper is an uncountable material meaning material in the form of thin sheets that is used for writing on, wrapping things etc. - бумага, a paper is a sheet of paper with print or writing on it. It is countable and means either a newspaper or a document or a letter or a piece of paper with writing on it that one uses in one's work. As such it is countable and if it is singular it takes an article.
3.Wood is an uncountable noun of material which in its general sense takes no article. It is the material trees are made of - дерево, древесина. A wood is a small forest.
4.Iron is an uncountable material noun meaning a common hard metal used to make steel - железо. An iron is a device made of this metal and used for making clothes smooth - утюг. It is countable and as such can take articles.
5.String is an uncountable material noun used in such word combinations as "a piece of string", "a ball of string" etc. It means a thin strong thread made of several threads twisted together used for tying things - бечевка, шнур. A string is a piece of the above - кусок бечевки, бечевка. In this sense it can be used with the indefinite article.
6.Coffee is an uncountable material noun and as such can't take the indefinite article. A coffee is a portion of the above, most probably a cup. In this sense the noun is countable, it can be used with the indefinite article.
7.Cloth is an uncountable material noun meaning material used for making things such as clothes - ткань, материя. A cloth is a piece of cloth used for a particular purpose, e.g. a wet cloth, a clean cloth, a tablecloth, a dishcloth.
8.Rubber is a non-count material noun meaning an elastic substance used to make tyres, boots etc. - резина. A rubber {Br. Eng.) is the same as the American eraser - a small pieoe of rubber or other material used for rubbing off pencil marks from paper. It is countable, has a plural and can be used with the indefinite article.
9.A lamb is a countable common noun meaning a young sheep - ягненок. Lamb is the meat of the above. It is an uncountable material noun.
10.Language is an abstract uncountable noun meaning the use of written or spoken words - речь, язык, e.g. written language, colloquial language, informal language or the words and style used in poetry, writing or speech or the words used in a particular activity or job, e.g. literary language, foul language, everyday language, medical language, etc. A language is a system of communication by words which is used by the people of a particular countiy or area - язык.
11.Tin is an uncountable material noun meaning a soft silver-gray non-precious metal - олово. A tin is a small metal container often tin-plated in whish food or drink is sold or stored.
12.Study is an abstract noun meaning learning e.g. from books, especially if you do it at home by yourself - изучение, учеба, e.g. fond of study, give a lot of one's time to study etc. It can't take the indefinite article but is often used in plural. A study is either a piece of research, or a room used by smb. for reading, writing, etc.
13.Light is an uncountable material noun meaning the energy from the sun, a lamp etc. that makes things visible - свет. A light is either a particularly type of light or a source of light. It is a result of a metonymic transfer from light.
14.Air is an uncountable material noun. Air is the mixture of gases around the Earth that we breathe - воздух. An air is an appearance, a manner e.g. an air of confidence. It is a common countable noun which has a plural and can take the indefinite article.
15.Duck - утятина is the meat of a duck (утка) - a very common water bird. Duck is an uncountable material noun and a duck is a class countable one. Duck is derived from a duck as a result of a metonymic transfer.
16.Gold is an uncountable material noun meaning a soft yellow precious metal - золото. A gold as a countable noun is a case of a metonymic transfer from gold. It can mean either the colour of gold and or a gold medal in which sense it is always countable and can take the indefinite article.
17.Play is an abstract uncountable noun meaning the things people do for amusement rather than work - игра. A play is a story written to be performed by actors - пьеса. As such is a countable noun which can be used in plural and take the indefinite article.
18. Thought is an abstract uncountable noun meaning an act or process of thinking or careful consideration - раздумье, размышления, e.g. lost in thought. A thought is an abstract countable noun meaning an idea, an intention or an opinion formed by thinking - мысль
II.
What terrible weather! What a terrible climate!
What (a) beautiful language! What a beautiful suitcase!
What elegant clothes! What an elegant dress!
What heavy rainfall! What a heavy shower!
What a healthy cow! What healthy cattle!
What awful rubbish! What an awful mess!
What clever people! What a clever person!
What a difficult job! What difficult work!
What fresh bread! What a fresh loaf, a delicious meal!
What delicious food!
What a horrible song! What horrible music!
What a tough steak! What tough beef!
| 1. | a lottery - | 8. a woman - | 21. a species - species |
| lotteries | women | 22. a carp - carp, | |
| 2. | a fisherman - | 9. advice | carps |
| fishermen | 10. a mouse - mice | 23. a tooth - teeth | |
| з. | a fish - fish, | 11. petrol | 24. a cuckoo - |
| fishes | 12. a chef - chefs | cuckoos | |
| 4. | a series - series | 13. information | 25. a taxi - taxis |
| 5. | a Japanese - | 14. a foot - feet | 26. a menu - menus |
| the Japanese | 15. weather | 27. toast | |
| (the entire | 16. a tomato - | 28. a mongoose - | |
| nation), two, | tomatoes | mongooses | |
| three etc. | 17. a means - | 29. a disco - discos | |
| Japanese (people/ | means | 30. a Swiss - | |
| men/women) | 18. a photo - | the Swiss (the | |
| 6. | progress | photos | entire nation), |
| 7. | a person - | 19. a leaf - leaves | two Swiss (peo |
| people, persons | 20. an ox - oxen | ple/men/girls) |
| 1. a class-mate - | 6. a mother-in-law | 11. a boy-friend - |
| class-mates | - mothers-in- | boy-friends |
| 2. a forget-me- | law | 12. an office- |
| not - forget- | 7. a passer-by - | block - |
| me-nots | passers-by | office-blocks |
| 3. a man-of-war - | 8. a woman- | 13. a cupful - |
| men-of-war | driver - | cupfuls |
| 4. a man-servant | women- | 14. a court-martial |
| - men-servants | drivers | - courts- |
| 5. a merry-go- | 9. a grown-up - | martial |
| round - | grown-ups | 15. a school-inspec- |
| merry-go- | 10. a hanger-on - | tor - school- |
| rounds | hangers-on | inspectors |
Exercise 9, p. 367
Complete the table. Note that some of these words of foreign origin have regular plurals.
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| 1. cactus | cacti, cactuses | 14. stadium | stadiums, |
| 2. analysis | analyses | stadia | |
| 3. stimulus | stimuli | 15. museum | museums |
| 4. stratum | strata | 16. addendum | addenda, adden- |
| 5. datum | data | dums | |
| 6. curriculum | curricula, | 17. radius | radii |
| curriculums | 18. drama | dramas | |
| 7. basis | bases | 19. genius | geniuses |
| 8. fungus | fungi, | 20. appendix | 1. appendices; |
| funguses | 2. appendixes | ||
| 9. genus | genera | (see the differ | |
| 10. index | indices, | ence in meaning | |
| indexes | in a good dic | ||
| 11. crisis | crises | tionary) | |
| 12. criterion | criteria | 21. axis | axes |
| 13- memoran | memoranda, | 22. medium | media |
| dum | memorandums | 23. album | albums |
| 24. phenome | phenomena | ||
| non |
Exercise 10, p. 368
I, 2,4,8, 13, 15, 16, 18. All these uncountable abstract nouns are used without articles because in a general sense such nouns take no article. It is notworthy that all these nouns: information, advice, neivs, weather, money, work (in the meaning a job or an activity that one does, especially in order to earn money -работа) are never used with the indefinite article.
3. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract noun information because the limitation is clear from the context out of which the sentence has been taken.
5. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract noun advice because there is the limiting attribute I gave you.
6. One instance of giving or receiving advice is a piece of advice. One needs such a long construction because advice remains an invariable singular noun no matter how often you give of receive it.
7. For advice see 4 and 6. As for good name the word combination generally takes an article, mostly the indefinite one, as name is an abstract countable noun. Here, however, it is used with zero article, probably to echo good advice which cannot take the indefinite article.
10. The countable abstract noun weather never takes the indefinite article. When preceded by a descriptive attribute it takes no article at all.
II. The uncountable noun money is never used with the indefinite article.
12. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract noun money because there is a limiting attribute.
14. The abstract uncountable noun weather is always used with the definite article if it is not preceded by a descriptive attribute.
17. When used in a general sense abstract uncountable nouns take no article and this is just the case.
Exercise 11, p. 368
1. Play and no work will make you lazy.
2. History repeats itself.
3. Grammar is taught deeply in this school.
4. My father has an old French grammar.
5. Nature should be protected against pollution.
7. He was a man who lived for pleasure.
8. He has a nature like his grandfather's.
9. It was a pleasure to talk to you.
10.Can you do me a favour?
11.Get down to business, all of you!
12.Charity begins at home.
13.You should study law at university.
14.Language is unique to humans.
15. To succeed in life you need a will.
16.In her youth she was a beauty.
17.We are looking for people with experience. 18.1 need a study where I can work quietly.
19- They are looking for work at the moment. 20. Speech is a manifestation of language.
Exercise 12, p. 369
1.What is news and how is it gathered?
2.What is the latest news? - It is very interesting.
3.There is a piece/bit of news I'd like to discuss.
4. Be careful! Such fatal news can kill the old man.
5. A reporter looks through the news he has managed to obtain/he has been able to get.
6. Bad news travels fast.
7. Most information comes from the press.
8. The spy brought important information.
9. Is the information accurate? Can it be trusted?
10."Mom, we've come to you for advice."
11.A good piece/bit of advice is what you need now.
12.Do you want advice? OK, I can give you a bit of it.
13. This is an invaluable piece/bit of advice! It comes from the heart.
14. People like to talk about the weather because it's a safe subject.
15. What is the weather like today? - The weather is cold. It looks like snow.
16.1 like to roam the forest in the weather favourable to the growth of mushrooms.
17.Work in a bank was difficult for him.
18. Is this interesting work? Do you like it?
19. He has got an extensive knowledge of physics.
20. The гоек concert was a great success.
21. My students are making great progress in the foreign language.
22. There is money in the box. Take it. The money is yours.
23. He counted the money carefully and put it into his wallet.
24. Education is the best investment.
25. He has given his son a first-class education.
Exercise 13, p. 369
1. In both sentences particular sorts of cheese are mentioned, so the noun cheese has become a class countable one.
2. Material uncountable nouns used in a general sense (food in this case) take no article. The presence of a descriptive attribute good makes no difference.
3. Snack is a countable noun used as an attribute to foods which is also countable because it denotes different sorts of food. Popcorn is an uncountable noun of material. Since it is used in a general sense no article is used. A treat is a class noun used with the indefinite article in its classifying function.
4. Lunch is a class noun. As it is used with a descriptive attribute very fancy it takes the indefinite article in its classifying function. Meats is a countable plural noun here because it denotes different kinds of meat. A salad is also a class countable noun as it denotes a particular sort of salad. As such it is used with the indefinite article in its classifying function.
5. In the first sentence the material noun mine is used in its general sense, so it is uncountable, takes no article and is used with a singular verb. In the second sentence the noun wines denotes various sorts of wine so it is countable and plural.
6. A wine denotes a particular sort of wine, so it is countable and can take the indefinite article.
7. See 5, the second sentence.
8. See 5, the second sentence.
9-10. See 5. Vegetable (9) and fruit (10) are material nouns used as attributes.
11 .A salad denotes a particular sort of salad, so it is countable. Fruit is an uncountable noun of material used as an attribute.
12. Two teas mean two cups of tea, and a coffee denotes j a cup of coffee. When one speaks of portions of tea, coffee, beer, salad, etc. these material nouns become class countable ones and can be used with numerals or with "a" meaning "one".
13- Chicken here is not a bird but its flesh which one eats as food, so it is an uncountable noun of material. Fruit is an uncountable material noun used attributively. Fruit here is a singular invariable noun. The same applies to toast which unlike fruit is always singular.
14. See 1.
15. Different sorts of soup are mentioned so the noun becomes a class countable one. A particular kind of broth is mentioned, so it is countable and can take the indefinite article. Teas mean different sorts of tea, so the noun has also become a class countable one.
Exercise 14, pp. 370-371
I.
A singular invariable noun.
If the word fruit is used in the botanical sense, that is the part of a plant, bush or tree which contains the seeds, it can be countable (плод).
The fruits of nature or of the earth are those plant or vegetable products that may be used for food. These are set expressions and the word fruit in them is countable.
In this sentence the noun fruit is singular and is used in its botanical sense (See 2). Most oftenyh/#has no plural but it doesn't mean that it can't be used with the indefinite article like advice or toast.