F. Fill in the correct words derived from the words in brackets.

Le Compromise

One small but (1) remarkable (REMARK) success of the chunnel (the Channel tunnel) enterprise seems to be linguistic. You might think that there would have been some (2) __________ (ARGUE). Which language would be used to talk about the chunnel and things connected with it? English or French? No problems! A (3) __________ (WORK) compromise was soon established, in which English nouns are (4) __________ (COMBINE) with French words of other (5) __________ (GRAMMAR) classes. For example, the company that built the chunnel is called Transmanche Link (la Manche is the French name for the Channel), and the train that goes through the tunnel is (6) __________ (OFFICIAL) called Le Shuttle.

This linguistic mixing (7) __________ (QUICK) became popular in Britain. On 12 February 1994, hundred of volunteers walked the 50 kilometres through the chunnel to raise money for charity. The Daily Mail, the British newspaper that organized the event, (8) __________ (PUBLISH) as ‘Le walk’, and the British media reported on the progress of ‘Les walkers’.

Grammar Focus

Prefixes and Suffixes

A.

ü At the beginning of a word un- the opposite of unmarried non- not non-smoker anti- against anti-American pro- in favour of pro-American pre- before pre-war post- after post-1960 ex- former ex-President re-do again re-start mis- wrongly mis-understand over- too much over-confident   ü At the end of the word -nessadjective → noun darkness -ableverb → adjective washable -enadjective → verb brighten -lesswithouthomeless -fula quantity cupful -ishapproximately youngish

B. The three most important negative prefixes in English are:

un- unhappy

dis- disapprove

mis- misinterpret

Complete the following sentences using a word which starts with one of these prefixes.

1. In some countries men and women receive _________ pay. What do you think of the idea of equal pay for equal work?

2. I was sure I had locked the back door, but when we got back home, I found it _________.

3. John and his wife usually agree, but when it comes to money matters, they always _________.

4. We found people in country areas very friendly, but the people we spoke to in the cities were very _________.

5. I always thought that Bill was totally honest, so when I found out that he had been _________, I was very shocked.

6. The shop said the toy was _________, but it didn’t take the children long to break it!

7. I’ve always found Mary very kind, so I’m surprised that you said she was _________ to you.

8. I like nearly all fruit, but I have to say that I _________ bananas.

9. I was sure I had understood what you meant, but I obviously _________ you badly. I’m sorry.

10. I hope that peace and order will come out of the present situation of terrorism and _________.

11. At first we were satisfied with our hotel, but as it became noisier and noisier, we grew more and more _________.

12. You can bring cooked meat into Britain, but you can’t bring in _________ meat.

13. Some of your ideas are helpful, but I’m sorry to say that some are _________.

14. Last year’s festival was very _________, but this year’s is much better organized.

15. Twelve runners were qualified for the 100 metres, but two were _________ for using drugs.

16. Why don’t we stress the similarities between us, instead of the _________?

17. No sooner had we packed, than we had to _________ again. The plane was delayed for 24 hours.

18. The opponents of factory farming say it is _________. The natural thing is for animals to be outside, running free.

C. Although the two most common ways of making opposites in English are to use un- or dis-, there are other prefixes:

In- il- im- ir

There are no definite rules for which words take which prefixes. Do you know the opposites of these common words? Use the prefixes given above.

1. ___possible 7. ___ mature 13.___experienced

2. ___complete 8. ___ correct 14. ___practical

3. ___responsible 9. ___ relevant 15. ___capable

4. ___direct 10. __ accurate 16. ___sensitive

5. ___sincere 11. ___visible 17. ___legal

6. ___legitimate 12. ___logical 18. ___convenient

D. Some adjectives can be made into nouns by adding –ness.

Example:

dark – darkness loud – loudness

Make nouns from the adjectives and use in the sentences below:

***

cheerful _________ ill _________ happy _________

smooth _________ kind _________ weak _________

dark _________ sad _________ rough _________

1. I really appreciated your ________ when I was in hospital. It was so nice to have a visitor.

2. Can you find ________ in money or possessions?

3. You could tell how expensive her coat was by the ________ of the leather.

4. Chocolates are my biggest ________. What’s yours?

5. Did you see the ________ on the faces of the children dying of hunger in the Sudan?

6. We were still looking for somewhere to stay the night when ________ fell.

7. There are still lots of ________ which have no cure.

8. The journey was very uncomfortable. I was surprised by the ________ of the road.

9. The best thing about the survivors of the train crash was their ________.

E. Make four words of your own with each of these prefixes. They can be real words, or words you think you need – new, invented words. People often invent new words using prefixes.

1. anti- ________________ ________________

________________ ________________

2. pro- ________________ ________________

________________ ________________

3. ex- ________________ ________________

________________ ________________

Speaking Practice

Going by Train

Buying a ticket

► A day return to London, please.

► A single to Birmingham, please.

► Two day returns to Oxford, please.

► An ordinary return to Cambridge, please.

► And which platform is it, please?

Speaking to another passenger

Remember, if you speak to a stranger, you usually begin with Excuse me.

► Is this seat taken?

► Are these two taken?

► Do you mind if I move your bag, please?

► Could you keep an eye on my things for a moment, please?

► Do you mind if I close/open the window, please?

► Is this (York) we’re coming to?

► Do you know if there’s a buffet car on the train?

if we’re on time?

what time we get to (York)?

A. Double drill.

Student A translates the sentences into Ukrainian.

Student B renders them again into English.

B. Fill in the spaces in this conversation:

You: A return to Victoria, _______.

Clerk: When are you coming back?

You: Tonight.

Clerk: And do you want an underground ticket as well?

You: Yes _______.

Clerk: Then you want a Capital card. That’ll be £8.40.

You: ____ _____ _____ _____.

C. Now practise buying a ticket, and then checking that you have the right train for these destinations:

1. Sydney

2. Washington

3. Toronto

4. Seattle

UNIT EIGHT. UNDERGROUND

Pre-reading Activity

ü What means does Kharkiv transport include?

ü How do Londoners call their underground railway?

ü Where was the world’s first urban underground railway opened? When?

Make sure you know these words:

congestion - перевантаженість (затор вуличного руху)

divert - відводити, відхиляти

expel - викидати, виштовхувати

necessitate - робити необхідним, неминуче тягнути за собою

ensue - слідувати

1. Read the Text ***

London Underground

It was thanks to horsedrawn vehicles, like stage coaches, and the congestion they caused in London’s streets, that people turned their thoughts to constructing an underground railway.

When it was opened in 1863, the London Underground, or ‘tube’ as it is affectionately known, was the world’s first urban underground railway. The first line ran between Paddington and Farringdon via King’s Cross and was operated by the Metropolitan Railway. Despite reports in The Times that Londoners would never take to travelling underground, the new railway was an immediate success.

The Metropolitan Railway bought specially designed steam locomotives to run through its tunnels. These were supposed to consume their own smoke by diverting it into the engine’s water tanks. In practice, the same had to be frequently expelled, necessitating the construction of ventilation shafts to the ground above.

Over the ensuing years, the London Underground expanded throughout the centre of the capital and beyond. Today’s network covers 415 kilometres, over one-third of them in tube tunnelling, and over 2.8 million journeys are made on the Underground each day.

London Underground has always been at the forefront of innovative design. Its distinctive symbol with its bright red circle and blue bar is a familiar sight around the city and its suburbs. An earlier version, with a solid red disc, first appeared on station platforms in 1908 as a way of displaying the station’s name. The famous Underground line diagram, originally designed by Henry Beck in 1931, has become an internationally acknowledged masterpiece.

Reading Comprehension

1. Why did the Londoners turn their thoughts to constructing an underground railway?

2. What railway engine was bought by the Metropolitan Railway?

3. What is the distinctive symbol of London Underground?

Vocabulary Focus