Continue the sentences using your imagination and creativity.
TEXT 3. CULTURAL VALUES
- Work with a partner and discuss these questions.
- How do you understand the term value?
- How do you understand the term norms?
- Are there any differences between values and norms?
- Now read the text and check your answers.
A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. Values can be defined as broad preference concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As such, values reflect a person's sense of right and wrong or what "ought" to be. "Equal rights for all", "Excellence deserves admiration", and "People should be treated with respect and dignity" are representative of values. Values tend to influence attitudes and behavior.
Cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes at the top levels in some sports are honored (in the form of monetary payment) more than college professors. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value. There is a difference between values clarification and cognitive moral education. Values clarification is, "helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for. Students are encouraged to define their own values and understand others' values." Cognitive moral education is based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops." Educationist Chaveen Dissanayake_says personal and cultural values can be varied by the living standards of a person.
Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more global and abstract than norms. Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral. In certain cultures they
reflect the values of respect and support of friends and family. Different cultures reflect different values. "Over the last three decades, traditional-age college students have shown ail increased interest in personal well-being and a decreased interest in the welfare of others." Values seemed to have changed, affecting the beliefs, and attitudes of college students.
Members take part in a culture even if each member's personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values sanctioned in the culture. This reflects an individual's ability to synthesize and extract aspects valuable to them from the multiple subcultures they belong to. If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the group's norms, the group's authority may carry out various ways of encouraging conformity or stigmatizing the non-conforming behavior of its members. For example, imprisonment can result from conflict with social nonns that have been established as law.
Источник: http://cn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MainPage
3. Read the text again and complete the chart below:
| Values can be defined as... | broad preference concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. |
| Values reflect... | |
| The values of a society can often be identified by... | |
| Values clarification is... | |
| Cognitive moral education is based on... | |
| Values are... | |
| No mis are... |
Essential Vocabulary
| society [ss'saiati] | общество; объединение,организация |
| identify [ai dentifai] | отождествлять (что-л.) с(чем-л.) |
| to be honored ['юп.эг] | быть уважаемым; заслуженным; почтенным |
| reluctant [rf Uk.tont] | делающий что-л. с большой неохотой, по принуждению; сопротивляющийся |
| clarification [klaeri.fi'kei.Jbn] | преобразование; разъяснение, выяснение |
| cognitive [kngni.tiv] | когнитивный, познавательный |
| moral education [ moral edju'keijh] | нравственное воспитание |
| to be worth [ta bi W3:0] | стоить, иметь стоимость, ценность |
| encourage [ш'клпсЩ | ободрять; поощрять, поддерживать (в чём-л.) |
| reflect [ri'flekt] | отражать; воспроизводить; свидетельствовать (о чем-л.) |
| increased [in'kri:s] | повышенный; увеличенный |
| decreased [di'kri:s] | пониженный, уменьшенный; сниженный |
| welfare |' we I. fear] | благоденствие, благополучие, благосостояние |
| subculture ['йлЬ клltfor] | субкультура |
| conformity [kan'fa:.mi.ti] | согласованность; соответствие похожесть, схожесть |
| stigmatize [stig.ma.taiz] | клеймить; татуировать |
| established [i'staeb.liJV| | учреждённый; установленный; упрочившийся авторитетный, заслуживающий доверия, признанный |
| consistent | I) последовательный, стойкий; 2) совместимый |
| representative | образец, типичный представитель |
| dignity | достоинство, гордость; чувство собственного достоинства |
| outcome | исход, итог, последствие, результат |
| deserve | заслуживать, быть достойным чего-л. |
| admiration | восторг; изумление, восхищение |
4. Use dictionaries to study the meaning of the following vocabulary items:
society, education, admiration.
1. Write out common collocations with them.
2. Find derivatives formed from admiration, society.
5. Match the words with their definitions. There are two extra definitions:
1. identify a) something which has been chosen as a model
2. reluctant b) behaviour that is acceptable because it is similar to the behaviour of everyone else to be honored c) something that has become less
3. consistent d) to recognize something and understand exactly what it is
4. representative e) process is one that is connected with recognizing and understanding things
5. conformity f) respect that other people have for you or that you have for yourself
6. decreased g)('the final result of a process, meeting, activity
7. cognitive h)j a feeling of respect and approval
8. to be worth i) not willing to do something
9. dignity j) to treat a particular type of behaviour as wrong or embarrassing and to try to make people who behave in this way feel ashamed
10. outcome k) having existed for a long time, and therefore recognized as good or successful
11. admiration 1) proud that you have been given special respect or a special opportunity
12. stigmatize m) including or affecting the whole world
13. established n) the people who live in a particular country or area, or who belong to a particular time
o) not changing in behaviour, attitudes, or qualities
p) used for saying how good, useful, or reliable someone or something is
6. Fill in the blanks with words from the word-box. There are two extra vocabulary items:
| welfare | consistent | admiration |
| reflect | clarification | reluctant |
| encourage | deserve | outcome |
1. Please contact us if you require_______of any of these matters.
2. He said that the statement did not_________ his own views.
3. You_________a medal for putting up with I^n's constant demands.
4. We intend to make child__________ one of our priorities.
5. Her riding soon drew the__________of the older girls.
6. Frank had__________Diana in her ambition to become a model.
7. It was impossible to predict the_________of the election.
7.Supply the necessary derivative/compound related to the italicized word the complete each sentence.
· admiration
· representative
· honour
· established
· increased
1. Lewis was much__________for his work on medieval literature.
2. A group of students made___________to the college about the poor standard of the accommodation.
3. Ifelt very__________ to be included in the team.
4. The public is treated with contempt by the art__________.
5. An__________ number of people are choosing not to have children.
8. Paraphrase the following sentences using your active vocabulary:
1. The election results do not always show the views of the voters.
2. The sea is said to be sensibly becoming less in size.
3. I have never thought that an article could be so informative.
4. The results of the election will be announced at midnight.
5. The president of the company said that everything is open to discussion.
6. I’m sure that the children are worth being treated in a better way.
7. She gaily sat down beside Tom on the sofa and looked at him with delight.
8. With 2500 delegates, it is the most inclusive and credible convention.
Continue the sentences using your imagination and creativity.
1. She felt encouraged by...
2. Moral education is worth...
3. Subcultures should be...
4. There was no dignity in...
5. We must act in conformity with...
6. Some people often feel stigmatized by society because...
7. He deserves all he gets because...
8. We need to be consistent in...
9. It is a great honor to...
10. Scientists have identified the gene that...