Временные формы глаголов группы Perfect
Форма Present Perfect служит для передачи действий или процессов, которые совершились или завершили свое течение к настоящему временному моменту. То есть результаты таких действий или процессов непосредственно связаны с настоящим, к которому относится этот их результат, хотя на русский они переводятся глаголами в форме прошедшего времени, например:
1. Elisabeth has made her beautiful cake already. – Элизабет уже испекла свой прекрасный торт (утвердительное предложение).
Форма Present Perfect используется в английской речи в следующих ситуациях:
Когда важно подчеркнуть факт совершения действия, а связанные с ним временные и прочие обстоятельства никакого значения не имеют, например: Jane has broken her leg two times.
2. Когда период совершения действия еще не истек, например: Sarah has finishedher knitting tonight.
3. Когда необходимо обозначить действия, начавшиеся в прошлом и продолжающиеся в момент ведущегося разговора, например: Jack has studied German since 2002. – Джек занимается изучением немецкого с 2002 года.
Форма Past Perfect употребляется в английском речи для передачи действий или процессов, завершившихся к некоему моменту в прошлом, например:
1. Her cousin came too late, Janehadalready dropped asleep. – Ее двоюродная сестра прибыла слишком поздно: Джейн уже уснула (утвердительное предложение).
2. Elisabeth had not (hadn`t) written her report for many hours before she understood her mistake. – Элизабет не писала свой доклад в течение многих часов, прежде чем она обнаружила свою ошибку (отрицательное предложение).
Речевые случаи употребления формы Past Perfect:
1. Когда действие совершилось к определенному (названному в контексте) временному моменту в прошлом, маркируемому при помощи точной даты, времени, указания на начало какого-то иного процесса или действия или же когда подобный временной момент четко понятен из имеющегося контекста, например: After all the patients hadbeen examined, Mr. Jackson went home. – После того, как все пациенты были осмотрены, доктор Джексон пошел домой.
2. Когда перечисляются действия или процессы, завершенные до времени в прошлом, в котором развертывается повествование, например: George finally caught the animal and saw the consequences of their fighting. His cat had scratched his hands and the left cheek. – Джордж, наконец, поймал животное и увидел последствия их борьбы. Кот расцарапал его руки и левую щеку.
Форма Future Perfect нечасто употребляется в английской речи и передает процессы и действия, которые завершатся до называемого временного момента, а также до начала иных процессов и действий в будущем или будут продолжаться и после таковых, например:
1. A day after tomorrow Ann will have worked here for ten years. – Послезавтра исполнится десять лет, как Энн работает здесь (утвердительное высказывание).
2.WillAnn have worked here for ten years a day after tomorrow? – Исполнится послезавтра десять лет с тех пор, как Энн работает здесь (вопросительное высказывание)?
3. A day after tomorrow Ann will not (won`t) have worked here for ten years. – Послезавтра не исполнится десять лет с тех пор, как Энн здесь работает (отрицательное высказывание).
Рассматриваемая временная форма употребляется в следующих речевых ситуациях:
Когда процессы или действия, начинаются и заканчиваются ранее названного временного момента в будущем, например: Mary will have gathered a lot of mushrooms before they can find her. – Мэри наберет много грибов, прежде чем они смогут найти ее.
Задание 2. Дополните предложения глаголом в скобках, поставленным в правильную форму.
1.When I came to the parking I found that my Opel … (to steal).
2.Peter … (to live) in London for two years before he got used to rainy weather.
3.Kate … (to learn) Spanish for two years now.
4.The aborigines were stunned because they … (never, to see) ships before.
5.Security won’t let him in because he … (to forget) his member card.
6.The security said: ‘I won’t let you in because you … (to forget) your member card’.
7.… (to see) the new film by Scorsese?
8.Girls … (to drink) a lot of Martini by the time the celebration ended.
9.My friend were nervous because they … (to wait) for too long.
10.He never gets up from the table before others … (to finish).
Задание 3. Измените время глагола на Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The pupils are writing the dictation. 2. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 3. I am learning a poem 4. She is telling them an interesting story. 5. Kate is sweeping the floor. 6. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 7. I am eating my breakfast. 8. We are drinking water. 9. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 10. You are putting the dishes on the table.
Основные теоретические положения:
Предлоги направления.
1. down –указывает на направление вниз: Tell him to go down the steps. - расположенный внизу или в более отдаленном месте: Her house is situated down the river. 2. up -вверх по, на (обозначает движение наверх, снизу вверх или нахождение наверху чего-либо): She is going up the stairs. - на (обозначает движение на север): To go up North —на север. - вдоль по: To go up the street. 3. across –указывает на направление: - через, поперёк: She is running across the street. A tree lay across the road. - по ту сторону, на той стороне: There is a forest across the river. 4. over - указывает: - на нахождение над каким-либо предметом: To fly over the sea. - на положение поверх какого-либо предмета: His hand was over his heart. - на положение поперёк чего-либо: A new bridge was built over the river. - на надевание одежды, натягивание чехла: She put an apron over the dress. - на большое количество: He was over 40. - на источник, средство, способ передачи, пересылки: To speak over the telephone. 5. into–указывает: - на движение или направление внутрь, в сферу или область чего-либо: He went into the room. - на включение одного предмета в состав другого: Slipping his hands into the coat pocket he felt for his keys. - на столкновение с каким-либо предметом: His car ran into the wall. - на переход в новую форму, иное качество или состояние: The rain changed into snow. - на принадлежность к какой-либо определённой сфере деятельности или выполнение какого-либо определенного действия: I'm into electronics myself. 6. out of –указывает: - на движение за пределы чего-либо: I took my keys out of my bag and >put it in my pocket. Примечание: Предлог out ofтакже используется в следующих случаях: - при обозначении материала, из которого сделан предмет: to make a building out of stone - для обозначения соотношения части и целого: 20% out of hundred. - при указании причины, основания действия: He did it out of envy. - при отсутствии какого-либо предмета, признака: This phrase is out of use. 7. through –указывает на: - направление через, сквозь что-либо: He came into the house through the window. The path goes through the forest. To go through the tunnel. - через что-либо (препятствия, опасности, трудности) с преодолением: He got through the examinations. Примечание: - предлог through также может использоваться для обозначения всего промежутка времени: all night through. The children are too young to sit through a long concert. 8. past -мимо: He walked past the church. Примечание: - предлог pastтакже употребляется для обозначении времени (за, после): It’s a quarter past three. 9. under –указывает на действие, местонахождение или условие: - под, ниже (указывает на расположение одного предмета ниже другого): under the table under the tree - под (указывает на расположение под поверхностью чего-либо): under water under the book - под (указывает на нахождение под бременем, тяжестью, давлением, угрозой чего-либо:) under pressure - в, под, при (указывает на пребывание под каким-либо действием, влиянием чего-либо, а также нахождение в каких-либо условиях): under the impression - ниже; меньше; младше (указывает на меньшее количество, меньшую степень, более низкую цену, на меньший возраст и т.п.): under the age of 12 purchased under cost 10. round/around -вокруг, кругом; повсюду: around the world - около, неподалеку: around corner - по, в неопределенном направлении: to walk around the town Примечание: - около, приблизительно: He paid around a $ 100. 11. along - вдоль, по: along the street - по (в процессе), во время (чего-либо): I lost my hat along the way. 12. towards [tə'wɔːdz] - к, по направлению к: I turned towards home. - к, по отношению к: His attitude towards us was quite good. - для; с тем, чтобы: He saved money towards education. - к моменту: towards the end of month Задание 4. Вставьте предлоги on, in или into. 1. There are many people … the park today. 2. There is a girl standing … the bridge. Why is she crying? – She has dropped her doll … the water. 3. There is no tea … my cup. 4. Pour some tea … my cup. 5. Put these flowers … the windowsill. 6. I saw many people … the platform waiting for the train. 7. We went … the garden and sat down … a bench. 8. The teacher hung a picture … the blackboard. 9. I opened the door and went … the classroom. The teacher was writing some words … the blackboard. The pupils were writing these words … their exercise books. There were two maps … the wall and some flowers … the windowsills. I saw a pen … the floor. I picked it up and put it … the table. 10. He put his hand … his pocket, took out a letter and dropped it … the mailbox which hung … the wall of the house. Then he got … his car and drove off. 11. Where is the book? – It is … the table. 12. Where is the tea? – It is … the cup. 13. Put the plates … the table. 14. Put the book … the bag. 15. There is a beautiful picture … the wall. 16. He went … the room. 17. I like to sit … the sofa … my room. 19. She went … the room and sat down … the sofa. Домашнее задание:Повторить грамматический материал Практическое занятие №8 . Тема: «Времена глагола» Цель: Активизация лексико-грамматического материала Задание 1. Образуйте вопросительные предложения:  Jack loves Jill. Does Jack love Jill? 1. She speaks French. 2. Bob has met your sister. 3. The wind was blowing hard. 4. He has played tennis for two years now. 5. I am right. 6. She brought him a glass of water. 7. They came to a village. 8. The children have had breakfast. 9. You have heard of him. 10. She will do her best. 11. The cat was lying under the table. 12. She knows English well. Задание 2. Измените вопросительные предложения в утвердительные:  Does he love her? He loves her. 1. Will they come tonight? 2. Has Tom painted this portrait? 3. Do you want to go to Paris? 4. Have the girls gone home? 5. Did they go home at six o’clock? 6. Has he drunk all the whisky? 7. Does Graham speak Spanish? 8. Have they sold their old car? 9. Did she visit Tom every day? 10. Has she changed much? Задание 3. Вставьте в пропуски Present Perfect или Past Simple: 1. .......... (You/go) on holidays last year? 2. Yes, I.................... (go) to Spain. 3. ............ (you/ever/be) there? 4. I.......................... (not/finish) my homework yet. 5. We .... (not/see) him since he ............ (leave) school. 6. We................ (go) to bed early last night because we .................. (be) tired. 7. Kevin .............................. (lose) his key. He................... (leave) it on the bus yesterday. 8. I ........ (not play) tennis since I ....................... (be) at school. 9. I think our teacher ........................ (forget) about the test. He ............ (not say) anything about it in the last lesson. 10. Sarah ................ (break) her leg. She ........ (fall) off a horse last week. 11. I ............. (finish) decorating my room. I ......... (paint) it last week and I........................ (put) the new curtains last night. 12. Tom ............... (see) this film twice. Задание 4. Откройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в Past Indefinite, the Present Perfect, the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous. 1. Cliff usually________ (to have) six lessons every day. 2. What Linda and Charles________ (to do) in the night club now? 3. Whose friends________ (to learn) French? 4. How many times a week she ________ (to do) her morning exercises? 5. Why you ________ (not to cook) chicken for the picnic yet? 6. Where she usually________ (to travel)? 7. Who ________ (to play) the guitar in the next room now? 8. The lessons ________ (to begin) at 10 o’clock yesterday. 9. We just ________ (to listen) to classical music. 10. My friend ________ (to do) well in English. 11. Whose friend________ ( to be) in London last year? 12. What Paul ________ (to do)? He ________ (to be) an actor. 13. I________ (to get) up early yesterday morning. 14. They just________ (to tell) me about their trip to Paris. 15. Who ________ (to read) French well in your class? 16. I never ________ (to be) late for my classes yet. 17. His class usually ________ (to last) 45 miutes. 18. Which of you________ (to read ) English books? We________ (to do) Домашнее задание:повторить ЛЕ, РО, выучить грамматический материал Практическое занятие № 9. Тема: Обобщение лексико-грамматического материала по изученным темам Раздела 1. Цель: осуществить контроль обучения, продолжить систематизацию знания, выявить уровень усвоения материала, сформированности умений и навыков Задание 1. Выберите правильный вариант ответа (только один ответ верный). 1. I can see Amanda. ______ is waiting for the New York plane. A) I B) She C) His D) He 2. The clerk is speaking to the women. He is talking to ______ . A) them B) they C) him D) he 3. I haven’t got the keys. Father has got ______ . A) him B) her C) it D) them 4. Can you see those boys and ______ father? A) they B) them C) their D) him 5. Cats can wash ______ paws and fur. A) they B) his C) its D) their Задание 2. Образуйте множественное число существительных, сделав необходимые изменения во всем предложении. The child is from Mexico, he is 10 years old. (Ребенок из Мексики, ему 10 лет.) – The children are from Mexico, they are 10 years old. (Дети из Мексики, им по 10 лет.)
  Домашнее задание:выучить ЛЕ |
Практическое занятие № 11
Тема: «Проблемы молодежи, отношения с друзьями и семьей».
Цель: Развивать навыки чтения с извлечением необходимой информации из текста
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
Family Relationships
How could you describe the word "family"? First of all "family" means a close unit of parents and their children living together. But we shouldn't forget that it is a most complex system of relationships. Family relationships are rarely as easy as we would like, and very often we have to work hard at keeping them peaceful.
When do people usually start a family? This question doesn't have a definite answer. In the 18th, 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century people used to get married at the age of 18 or even 16. If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said to be an old maid or a spinster. That might have turned out a real tragedy for her family which usually brought up more than three children, because in some cases a successful marriage was the only chance to provide a good life for the daughter and to help her family. Despite the fact that the girl was so young, she was already able to keep the house, take care of her husband and raise children. To feel the time, its culture and customs I advise you to read a wonderful novel or see a breathtaking film "Pride and Prejudice". Though the story takes place at the turn of the 19th century, it retains fascination for modern readers, revealing some problems which may be urgent in the 21st century.
But life's changing as well as people's style of life. Nowadays we have got much more freedom in questions concerning family. It is natural to get married at the age of 20 up to 30; however, some people prefer to make a career first and only after that start a family when they are already in their forties. Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live together without being married. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, it is difficult to juggle a family life with studies at school or university. But without good education it is practically impossible to find a suitable well-paid steady job. It's a must to get a higher education, but by this moment you are already 22—24 years old. After that you seek for a well-paid job to live independently, which takes about 3—5 years. Now you see why people in the 21st century do not hurry to get married.
There is also another difference between old and modern families. Nowadays it is very unusual to find three generations living under one roof as they used to do in the past. Relatives, as a rule, live separately and don't often meet one another. This fact sharply hurts an older generation. Our parents and grandparents usually suffer from lack of attention and respect from their children and grandchildren, although they try not to show it. They really don't need much, just a telephone call or a visit once a week will make them happy.
There are two basic types of families. A nuclear family — a typical family consisting of parents and children. A single-parent family consists of one parent and children. Nowadays there are very few people who have never divorced. Today the highest divorce rate in the world has the Maldive Republic. The United States of America take the third place. Russia is at the ninth place. What are the reasons of great numbers of divorce? Let us name some of the most common and serious ones.
• Occurrence of adultery once or throughout the marriage. The unfaithful attitude towards a spouse destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation.
• Communication breakdown. After some time of living under one roof spouses find out that they are absolutely incompatible. Constant clashes, brawls and squabbles cause serious problems. The differences grow as a snowball and can't be already settled by kisses or hugs.
• Physical, psychological or emotional abuses. When a person taunts, humiliates, hits the children or his spouse, it can't but end with a divorce.
• Financial problems. It sounds lamentably, but sometimes love alone can't guarantee well-being, whereas money can solve many of your problems. So when a couple lacks it, their relations become more and more complicated, their priorities change and the relationships end.
• Boredom. A lot of couples get bored of each other after 7 or more years of marriage. Boredom may become the reason of constant quarrels and adultery which inevitably leads to a divorce.
However, it goes without saying, in most cases married couples succeed in solving all the problems and keep living in peace and happiness.
Vocabulary:
relationship — родство, отношение
unit — единство
a most — очень, чрезвычайно
complex — сложный
rarely — редко
peaceful — мирный
definite — определённый, точный
old maid — старая дева
spinster — старая дева
to turn out — оказываться
to bring up — воспитывать, растить
to provide — обеспечивать
despite — несмотря на
to keep the house — вести домашнее хозяйство
to raise children — растить детей
custom — обычай
breathtaking — захватывающий
"Pride and Prejudice" — «Гордость и предубеждение» (роман Джейн Остин)
to take place — происходить
at the turn of the 19th century — в конце XIX века
to retain — сохранять, удерживать
fascination — очарование, обаяние, привлекательность
modern — современный
to reveal — открывать, раскрывать, обнажать
urgent — насущный, актуальный
to concern — касаться, иметь отношение к
to start a family — заводить семью
to be in one's forties — быть в возрасте от 40 до 50 лет
moreover — более того
to juggle — совмещать
suitable — подходящий
well-paid — хорошо оплачиваемый
steady — постоянный
higher education — высшее образование
to seek — искать
independently — независимо
generation — поколение
separately — раздельно
to suffer from — страдать от
lack of attention — недостаток внимания
nuclear family — полная семья
typical — типичный
single-parent family — неполная семья
to consist of — состоять из
to divorce — разводиться
divorce rate — уровень разводов
occurrence — возникновение, случай
adultery — измена
throughout — на протяжении, в течение
unfaithful attitude — предательское отношение
spouse — супруг, супруга
separation — расставание
communication breakdown — невозможность общения
to be incompatible — быть несовместимыми
clash — конфликт
brawl — перебранка, скандал
squabble — спор, мелкая ссора
difference — разногласие
to resolve — улаживать, решать
hug — крепкое объятие
abuse — оскорбление, надругательство
to taunt — насмехаться, говорить колкости
to humiliate — унижать
to hit — бить, ударять
lamentably — печально, грустно
wellbeing — благополучие
priority — приоритет
to solve — решать
boredom — скука
inevitably — неизбежно
Задание 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
семейные отношения
точный ответ
предательское отношение
состоять из
удачное замужество
обеспечить хорошую жизнь
вести домашнее хозяйство
неполная семья
Задание 2. Подберите к каждому слову из первой колонки соответствие из второй колонки
1. complex a)сложный
2. peaceful b) подходящий
3. definite c) постоянный
4. urgent d) мирный
5. suitable e) хорошо оплачиваемый
6. well-paid f) точный
7. steady g) актуальный
Задание 3. Закончите предложения.
1)First of all "family" means…
2)If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said…
3)But life's changing as well as…
4)Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live together…
5)Nowadays it is very unusual to find three generations living under one roof as…
6)A single-parent family consists of…
7)….. destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation.
Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы .
1. How many members are there in your family?
2. At what age did your parents get married?
3. Give your opinion of marriages of the previous centuries.
4. Do you think it is possible for a modern girl of eighteen to start a family?
5. People should not get married unless they are deeply in love, should they?
6. What can be done by both spouses to prevent a divorce?
7 What are the family roles distributed within a family? What is a "woman's place" and what is a "man's place" in the family?
8. Can the birth of children strengthen the family?
9. There is a good phrase in the English language about marriages — "to go on the rocks". It means to break down, to crumble. Think of the similar ones in Russian.
10. Do you agree with the statement that unhappy couples with children should stay together until the children are grown?
Домашнее задание:подготовить пересказ текста
Практическое занятие № 12
Тема: «Повседневная жизнь, быт, семья».
Цель: Введение и активизация ЛЕ
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
About My Family
My family is not very big, just a typical family: Dad, Mom, me, my brother and sister and our cat. My Mummy is forty-one, she is a teacher of Spanish at the University. She is a born teacher. She has teaching abilities. My Dad is forty-two, he is a professional painter, he works for a design company. My parents both like their work very much.
My elder sister Natasha is nineteen, she goes to the University, she wants to be a teacher of history. She is fond of reading books on history and fiction. My younger brother Igor is only six years old, he goes to the kindergarten. He is very funny; I like to spend my free time teaching him something. Igor likes to play with our cat.
My grandparents are retired. They like gardening. They spend a lot of their time in the garden. They grow vegetables and fruits. We enjoy having fresh vegetables and green on our dinner table. I love my family very much. We always help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend.
Vocabulary:
typical- типичный
Spanish - испанский
ability - способность
painter - художник
fiction - художественная литература
funny - смешной
to spend - проводить
to grow - выращивать
to enjoy - наслаждаться
green - зелень
to be fond of smth. - нравиться кому-либо
Задание 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
обыкновенная семья
профессиональный художник
младший брат
свежие овощи
лучшие друзья
проводить время в саду
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. How many people are there in the family?
2. Do you have a brother or a sister?
3. Where do your parents work?
4. Do your parents understand you?
5. In what way do you help your parents?
6. How old are your grandparents?
7. How do you get along with your family?
8. Which of the parents do you want to be like?
My Week-day
My week-days didn't differ much one from another. I went to school six days a week. That's why, I had to wake up at 7 o'clock every morning. Sometimes I wanted to stay in bed for some more time but my mother always insisted on my getting up. I put on my bathrobe and slippers and unwillingly went to the bathroom. A cold shower made me feel not so sleepy, then I dried myself on a towel and hurried to the bedroom .I switched on a TV-set, it was just the time for a cartoon.
You may ask me why I didn't do my morning exercises. From time to time, when I saw smiling slim girls on TV briskly doing their exercises to music, I swore I should get up earlier and do my morning exercises every day, but it didn't last long and soon I forgot about it. Then I did my bed, dressed myself and had my breakfast. At a quarter to eight I rushed to school, it usually took me 10 minutes to get there. My classes began at 8 o'clock, and every day I had seven or eight lessons. At 3 o'clock the classes were over, and I went home.
After dinner, I did some work about the house (washed dishes, swept the floor, went shopping) and sat down to my lessons. I spent a great deal of time on them. At 8 o'clock all my textbooks and notebooks were put into a bag, and I could watch TV or read a book, look through papers and magazines. Sometimes, when my friend called for me we went for a walk .At eleven o'clock, tired after a long working day, I went to bed and in some minutes fell asleep.
Vocabulary:
bathrobe — банный халат
slippers — тапочки
unwillingly — без желания, неохотно
to dry on a towel — вытираться полотенцем
to switch on a TV-set — включать телевизор
cartoon — мультфильм
from time to time — время от времени
slim — стройный
briskly — оживленно
to do one's bed — застилать постель
to rush — спешить, мчаться
to do some work about the house — делать домашнюю работу
to sit down to one's lessons — садиться за уроки
to look through — просматривать что-либо
to call for smb. — заходить за кем-либо
to be tired after — устать после
Задание 3. Подберите к каждому из слов в первой колонке подходящее слово из второй колонки.
1. insist on a) надевать
2. put on b) идти в
3. go to c)садиться
4. switch on d) положить в
5. get up e) настаивать на
6. sit down f) вставать
7. put into g) включать
Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When did you have to wake up when you went to school?
2. When did you go to the bathroom?
3. When did you hurry to your bedroom?
4. When did you swear you would do your morning exercises?
5. At what time did you rush to school?
6. How many lessons did you have every day?
7. Did you do some work about the house?
8. What work did you do about the house?
9. What did you do in the evening?
10. When did you go to bed?
11. Did you fall asleep at once? Why?
Домашнее задание:выучить ЛЕ
Практическое занятие № 13
Тема: «Мой дом».
Цель: Введение и первичное закрепление ЛЕ
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
House of My Dream
Everyone likes dreaming. Dream is a hope for better things. It helps us to overcome the difficulties of our daily routine. A dream depends on people, on their education, nationality, character and other things. People imagine they have a lot of money, own family, an expensive car. Other people imagine themselves to be presidents of different countries or whole planets, etc.
I'd like to tell you about the house of my dream. I'd like to have my own house on the bank of a beautiful river with crystal water, surrounded by high mountains, covered with green forest of evergreen trees.
I would live there with my wife and two children. I imagine my house to be a 2 storeyed building. Near the front side it has a facade with columns and steps up to the front door. There are also two balconies and a terrace in my house. The windows are in the shape of arches. Through them you can see a wonderful landscape. There are lots of fir trees and flowers around the house. And you can walk in the shade of these trees listening to the birds singing.
As you come through the front door, you find yourself in a large hall with an open fireplace. One of the doors leads to the living room. This room faces the south, so it's very sunny and has a lovely view of the whole valley. In the middle of this room there's a thick Persian carpet.
There are few units of furniture in this room. On the left there's a leather sofa and small table nearby, on the right you can see home cinema and satellite receiver. There are two armchairs in the corner of this room. In the living room we spend our evenings chatting with each other, children play with a kitten.
Then a wide staircase takes you to the first floor where there are four bedrooms. My children's rooms are really vast. The wallpapers are very colourful in bright shapes. Also there are lots of toys to play with.
In the basement there is a big garage for our cars. We have got two cars: one for me and one for my wife.
Behind the house there is a swimming bath, covered with glass. There are some plastic armchairs around the swimming bath. Our house looks peaceful and calm and the calmest room is my study. Next door to the study there is our library. It is a huge room with thousands books on history, astronomy, physics, science fictions, fantasy, poetry, etc. Someone might think that it is an antagonism, because everything we want to read we can receive via Internet, but I like real books, to handle them in my hands, to read them page by page. As for my children, they prefer associating with their friends.
We have many different electrical appliances in our house. They make our life more comfortable. Also we have some robots to help us. They look after the house, grow vegetables in our garden and involved in cooking. So, we enjoy having greens and fresh vegetables on our dinner table during long winters. Our house is a beautiful place at any time of the year. In winter it's warm and cosy, in summer there is so much to do outside.
Vocabulary:
to dream — мечтать, грезить
to overcome (past overcame, p.p. overcome) — превозмочь; преодолеть
routine — рутина
expensive — дорогой
crystal — кристально чистый
surrounded — окруженный
evergreen — вечнозеленый
facade — фасад .
terrace — терраса
shape — форма, очертание
arch — арка
landscape — ландшафт, пейзаж
fir tree — елка
shade — тень
fireplace — камин
to lead (past led, p.p. ied)to — вести в
valley — долина
carpet — ковер
furniture — мебель
leather — кожа
nearby — вблизи, поблизости, около, возле
satellite receiver — спутниковый приемник
armchairs — кресла
to chat — непринужденно болтать, беседовать, разговаривать
kitten — котенок
staircase — лестница
vast — обширный, громадный
wallpaper — обои
toy — игрушка
basement — подвал, (полу)подвальный этаж
garage — гараж
calm — спокойный, мирный
study — кабинет, рабочий кабинет
huge — большой, гигантский, громадный, огромный
to receive — получать, принимать
via — посредством чего-л., с помощью чего-л.
to handle — вручать
to associate —общаться с кем-л.
electrical appliances — электрические приборы
to look after — присматривать, смотреть за
to grow (past grew,-p.p. grown) — расти, вырастать
to involve — касаться, затрагивать
to cook — готовить/стряпать
Задание 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
чудесный пейзаж
в форме арки
в центре комнаты
двухэтажное здание
выращивать овощи
присматривать за домом
электроприборы
Задание 2. Подберите к каждому слову из первой колонки соответствие из второй колонки.
1. dream a) брать
2. imagine b) выращивать
3. tell c) гулять
4. walk d) думать
5. lead e) покрывать
6. play f) мечтать
7.take g) представлять
8. cover h) приводить
9. think i) рассказывать
10. grow j) играть
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. Why do people like dreaming?
2. Where would I like to have my own house?
3. How many rooms and floors are there in my house?
4. What can you see in my living room?
5. What can you see in the children's rooms?
6. What is there in the basement?
7. What makes our life more comfortable?
Задание 4. Расскажите о своем доме.
Домашнее задание:Кратко перескажите текст
Практическое занятие № 14
Тема: «Домашние хлопоты».
Цель: Развитие навыков устной речи
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
My Household Duties
This is my last year at school, and I work hard to pass my final exams successfully. As I am very busy, I can't help my parents much in keeping the house.
But still I have some household duties. Every day I do my room and my bed, wash up dishes, dust the furniture and usually go to the baker's after I have dinner.
I buy some brown and white bread, biscuits and cakes there. The shop is not far from our house and it doesn't take me long to do everyday shopping.
Once a week I help my mother to do all other work about the house. We wash our linen, iron and mend it, clean the flat. We beat the dust out of the carpets, vacuum the floors and polish them. It's not difficult to keep the flat tidy if you do your rooms regularly. This is my usual round of duties. But sometimes I have some other things to do.
When my mother is ill or away from home, I do the cooking and the washing up, the buying of food and the planning of meals. I am not a good cook, but my vegetable soup is always tasty. I can also boil an egg or fry some meat. I also lay the table and clear away the dishes. If I'm too busy or can't do these things, all the duties are organized among other members of our family.
Sometimes I have to visit everyday services: hairdresser's, shoemaker's, tailor's, dry-cleaner's, photographer's. At the hairdresser's I have my hair cut and waved. At the shoemaker's I have my shoes and boots repaired, at the photographer's I have my photos taken. Service is generally good, but in some cases it leaves much to be desired.
My brother has his own duties at home. He helps to fix and repair some things. For example, he repairs electrical appliances when they are out of order. He has already repaired our mother's electric iron, my desk lamp and his own shaver.
Last year I was at my grandparents. They are elderly people and need care and attention. During my stay there, I swept the floors and washed them, fed the chickens, collected the eggs and weeded the vegetable-beds. I don't know how to milk the cow but I helped to feed the other animals: lambs, sheep and pigs. I enjoyed this work very much.
Vocabulary:
household — домашние, по уходу за домом
to work hard — напряженно работать
to keep the house — содержать дом
linen — постельное белье
to mend — чинить
to vacuum — пылесосить
to polish — полировать
tidy — аккуратный, прибранный
round of duties — круг обязанностей
tasty — вкусный
hairdresser — парикмахер
to have one's hair waved — завивать волосы
to repair — ремонтировать
to have one's photo taken — фотографироваться
to leave much to be desired — оставляет желать лучшего
to fix — устанавливать
appliances — приспособления, устройства
to be out of order — быть в неисправности
shaver — бритвенный прибор, бритва
to feed (fed, fed) — кормить
to weed — пропалывать
to milk the cow — доить корову
lamb — ягненок
pig — поросенок
Задание 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
успешно сдать экзамены
домашние обязанности
вести домашнее хозяйство
мыть посуду
заправлять постель
вытирать пыль
убирать комнату
оставляет желать лучшего
Задание 2. Закончите предложения:
1.As I am very busy, I can't…
2.Once a week I help my mother to do…
3.If I'm too busy or can't do these things, all the duties are organized among…
4.My brother has his own…
5.They are elderly people and need…
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Why do you work hard?
2. What do you do every day?
3. What do you do once a week?
4. Why is it not difficult to keep the flat tidy?
5. What do you do when your mother is ill?
6. What services do you have to visit?
7. What are your brother's duties at home?
8. What did you do when you were at your grandparents?
Задание 4. Составьте список ваших домашних обязанностей.
Домашнее задание: выучить ЛЕ, грамматический материал, составить диалог
Практическое занятие № 15
Тема: «Межличностные отношения (дружба, любовь, конфликты)».
Цель: Ведение и активизация ЛЕ
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
Love Is Life
What is love? Even in this advanced age of science, when people conquer space, do the shopping via the Internet, clone animals and transplant organs, they still don't fully understand the nature and purpose of love. There are numerous definitions of love. For example, the dictionary defines love as 'a strong feeling of fondness for another person, especially between members of a family or close friends'. Love is a mixture of complex and extremely powerful feelings. It is a major theme in philosophy, literature, music, poetry and cinematography.
A great number of scientists and psychologists have been trying to understand the essence of love. Robert Sternberg, an American psychologist, has proposed a triangular theory of love. To his mind love is made of some combination of intimacy, passion and commitment. According to Robert Sternberg, intimacy 'encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness'. Passion 'encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation'. Commitment is 'the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other'. Robert Sternberg has affirmed that 'passion is the quickest to develop, and the quickest to fade. Intimacy develops more slowly, and commitment more gradually still'. Different stages and types of love can be explained by different combinations of these three elements. Robert Sternberg has also distinguished such types of love as nonlove, liking or friendship, infatuated love (pure passion), empty love (commitment without intimacy or passion), romantic love (emotional and physical bonds), companionate love (intimate, non-passionate love), fatuous love (passion without intimacy), consummate love (perfect love).
Scientists affirm that love has a chemical basis. Recent studies in neuroscience have shown that when people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals that stimulate the brain's pleasure center and cause increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. This stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years. So it is not unusual that passion which characterizes the first stage of love disappears with the passing of time and other feelings such as respect, tenderness and affection set in. Only true love stands the test of time. People who are truly in love and who have been together for years don't grow apart but draw closer to one another.
Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people who are in love resemble to those with a mental illness. Scientists say that love deactivates the brain regions associated with negative emotions, with social judgment and with judging other people's intentions and emotions. That is why people in love are often unable to make critical judgments and they look at their partner through rose-coloured spectacles.
What is the secret of long-term relationships? Why do some couples live long and happily together while others separate? Maybe the secret is to try to understand and forgive each other and to feel the responsibility for your partner's life. Shared interests unite people while sincerity and mutual understanding form emotional closeness. And of course it is very important to have confidence in each other as in true love there is no room for doubt and jealousy.
Задание 1. Подберите к предложениям (A-H) окончания (1—8):
A. Love is a mixture of
B. To Robert Sternberg's mind, love is made of some combination of
C. Different stages and types of love can be explained by
D. Robert Sternberg has also distinguished such types of love as
E. Scientists affirm that love
F. Passion which characterizes the first stage of love
G. Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people infatuated by love
H. People who are truly in love and who have been together for years don't grow apart but
1. draw closer to one another.
2. disappears with the passing of time.
3. nonlove, liking or friendship, infatuated love, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love, consummate love.
4. resemble to those with a mental illness.
5. different combinations of these three elements.
6. complex and extremely powerful feelings.
7. has a chemical basis.
8. intimacy, passion and commitment.
Задание 2. Дайте определения следующих слов:
• fondness • romance • intimacy • affection • passion • relationship • commitment • jealousy
Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие пословицы и поговорки, найдите их русские эквиваленты, объясните их значение.
• All is fair in love and war.
• Faults are thick where love is thin.
• Love conquers all.
• Love laughs at locksmiths.
• Love and cough cannot be hid.
• He that loves the tree, loves the branch.
• Love makes the world go around.
• Love is not found in the market.
• Love is blind.
• No herb will cure love.
• When poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window.
• Old love does not rust.
Задание 4. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие утверждения. Объясните свою точку зрения.
• It is no use trying to understand the essence of love. Love is not science. It is magic.
• Opposites attract.
• Love is just chemistry.
• Love is a natural feeling like hunger or thirst.
• Love can't last forever.
• We often look at our partner through rose-coloured spectacles.
• Only true love stands the test of time.
• In true love there is no room for doubt and jealousy.
Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы:
1) Why is love a major theme in philosophy, literature, music, poetry and cinematography?
2) What can you say about the triangular theory of love? Do you agree with it?
3) What is the difference between intimacy, passion and commitment?
4) What do scientists say about the essence of love?
5) What are the symptoms of love?
6) Why can't we say that passion and love are synonyms?
7) Why do people who are in love often seem to be mad?
8) What is the secret of long-term relationships to your mind?
9) Why is love important in people's life?
10) Do you agree that 'all we need is love'? Explain your answer.
Задание 6. Прочитайте высказывания, выскажите свое мнение.
'All love shifts and changes. I don't know if you can be wholeheartedly in love all the time.' (Julie
Andrews)
'Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage.'(Lao Tzu)
'Life is the flower for which love is the honey.' (Victor Hugo)
Домашнее задание:составить рассказ
Практическое занятие № 16
Тема: «Здоровье и забота о нем»
Цель: Введение и активизация ЛЕ
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
Health
Do you know the famous phrase "We are what we eat"? The saying is as old as the hills and means that to be fit and healthy you need to eat proper food.
Do you think carefully about the food you eat or you just don't care? Your answer will fully determine your health condition. Nowadays we have a generally accepted pearl of beauty which is foisted on us by the fashion industry. A beautiful girl is suggested to be very slim and even skinny, tall, long legged and long armed. Many girls do their best to look like top-models whom they see every day on advertisement boardings and on TV. But this glossy beauty, which in most cases is made in special computer programmes, conceals a huge problem, sometimes a mortal problem.
Compared with adults, children need more nutrients, as bones, muscles and blood system in their bodies are developing. These nutrients: carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, protein and fat provide us with energy necessary for growth, tissue repair, immunity and metabolism. Nowadays there is a tendency among teenagers to follow different diets in order to be in line with their idols. Unfortunately, a passion for diets may turn out a real tragedy. It is very important to keep in mind that you mustn't go on a diet without consulting a dietician beforehand; otherwise it may be really dangerous for your health.
There are girls who try to keep a healthy diet, it may be vegetarian, dairy product or rice diet. However, there are also girls who are sure that the less they eat the healthier they are. And that's a great mistake. When preoccupation with being thin takes over your eating habits, thoughts, and life, it's a sign of a psychic disorder. An eating disorder is an illness which causes deep concern about your everyday diet. Eating disorders frequently appear during the teen years. One of the well-known types of eating disorder is anorexia.
When a person has anorexia, the desire to lose weight becomes more important than anything else. He may even lose the ability to see himself from the side. Because of a person's dread of growing fat or disgust at the sight of his body, the eating process may be very stressful. Thoughts about dieting, food, and body may take up most of the day. There is no more time for friends, family, and other activities he or she used to enjoy. But no matter how thin a person grew, it's never enough. People suffering from anorexia never acknowledge the illness, but it can damage their health and even threaten their life.
So, what is the difference between healthy dieting and anorexia? First of all, healthy dieting is an attempt to control only weight, but anorexia is an attempt to control the whole life and emotions. Secondly, when dieting a person's self-esteem is based on good mood and improving his or her appearance; as for anorexia, it is based entirely on the fact how many kilogrammes you've managed to lose. Thirdly, the aim of losing weight while dieting is to improve a person's health and appearance, whereas for people having anorexia losing weight is the way to achieve happiness.
Anorexia is a very complicated disease and very difficult to cure as it involves not only body but also one's mind. To recover from anorexia a person has to realize that he has a problem. Only in this case it is possible to get over it. Besides anorexia, there are similar diseases caused by lack of eating, for example, bulimia.
There is also another illness connected with eating disorder — obesity. A person with such a problem loses control over his or her eating. The notion "obesity" is different from "being overweight", though both terms mean that a person's weight is greater than the standard corresponding to his or her height. Obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than he or she uses. Being obese increases the risk of diabetes, heart diseases, arthritis and some kinds of cancer. If one is obese, losing even 5 to 10 per cent of one's weight can delay or prevent some of these diseases.
As you probably know, this problem is quite widespread in the USA. Over the last several decades obesity rates have increased for all population groups in the United States. Approximately nine million children over six years of age are considered obese. From 1980 up to 2008, the prevalence of obesity among children aged 6 to 11 years old tripled from 6.5 per cent to 19.6 per cent. It happens not only because Americans are fond of junk food and eat nothing but hamburgers. The main problem comes from genetics. American people try to cope with obesity by banning sodas, junk food and candy at school districts.
I hope that having read this topic, you have learned something useful for yourself. Nothing can be more important in the world than your health. It means that your body is your temple, which should be taken proper care of. I can give you an example of such care. A sensible, well-balanced diet will be a good beginning for keeping fit.
Moreover, you may devote about 30 minutes to physical activities 3—4 times a week just to improve your style of life. These may be some aerobic exercises, walking, cycling, jogging, swimming or dancing. Healthy way of life is a key to success.
Vocabulary:
saying — высказывание
as old as the hills — старо как мир
proper — правильный
to determine — определять
health condition — состояние здоровья
metabolism — обмен веществ
generally accepted — общепринятый
pearl of beauty — эталон красоты
to foist — навязывать
fashion industry — индустрия моды
slim — тонкий, стройный
skinny — тощий, костлявый
advertisement hoarding — рекламный щит
glossy — глянцевый
to conceal — скрывать
mortal — смертельный
nutrient — питательное вещество
to develop — развивать
carbohydrate — углевод
protein — белок
fat — жир
to provide — обеспечивать
tissue repair — восстановление тканей
immunity — иммунитет
to be in line with — следовать
idol — кумир
passion for — страстное увлечение, пристрастие
to turn out — оказываться
dietitian — врач-диетолог
preoccupation — поглощённость, увлечённость
eating disorder — нарушение питания
concern — обеспокоенность, тревога
dread — страх
disgust — отвращение
to damage — уничтожать
attempt — попытка
self-esteem — чувство собственного достоинства
to improve — улучшать
appearance — внешность
entirely — всецело, полностью
to cure — лечить
to involve — включать, вовлекать
to recover — вылечиваться
to get over — преодолеть
obesity — ожирение
overweight — излишний вес
to occur — появляться
diabetes — диабет
arthritis — артрит
cancer — рак
to delay — замедлять, задерживать
to prevent — предотвращать
to be widespread — быть распространённым
approximately — приблизительно
prevalence — распространение
to triple — утраиваться
junk food — вредная еда
to cope with — справляться с
to ban — запрещать
soda — здесь: газировка
temple — храм
proper — должный, правильный
sensible — разумный
jogging — бег трусцой
Задание 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений
правильное питание
состояние здоровья
расстройство пищеварения
наносить вред здоровью
сбрасывать вес
увеличивать риск
терять способность к чему-либо
выглядеть как модель
страдать от
Задание 2. Дайте определение следующих понятий:
Anorexia
Bulimia
Obesity
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Are modern people very much concentrated on being healthy?
2. What is done for people in order to improve their style of life?
3. Do you know any proverbs or sayings about keeping fit?
4. What is the reason of young girls' preoccupation with dieting?
5. How can you explain the reason of irregular eating?
6. What adequate nutrition should you receive to be healthy?
7. Metabolism is a process of your body breaking down food and regulating energy, isn't it?
8. What is the most important thing for every person?
9. What is sold at your school canteen? Can you name these products — junk food?
10. How can you help people who have anorexia?
Домашнее задание:выучить ЛЕ, составить диалог.
Практическое занятие № 17
Тема: «Здоровье забота о нем».
Цель: Развитие навыков монологической речи
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания, приведенные ниже:
Biorhythms
At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are built not just of flesh and blood but also of time.
They were able to demonstrate that we all have an internal «body clock» which regulates the rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the next.
The idea of an internal «body clock» should not be surprising, since the lives of most living things are dominated by the 24-hour night-and-day cycle.
The most obvious feature of