The early days of the automobile
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel1 a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled2 vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine3 which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop 100 yards to make more steam.
2. From 1800 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
3. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine-cars, as they had come to be known, caused huge capital flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rise from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate.
VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1. Was the motor car the product of any single inventor?
2. What vehicles were developed gradually?
3. What did the development of these vehicles cause?
4. How many cars were manufactured in 1960?
5. Had other industry ever developed at such a rate?
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.
2.The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.
3.Numerous questions were being discussed by the commission.
4.The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be published.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
1.The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.
2.We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.
3.One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. We had to change the design of this machine.
2. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.
3. We have introduced a new system of work.
4. He does morning exercises every day.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.
2.The substance they had to work with had an unpleasant odour.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.
2.To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.
3.The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country.
4.To operate the complex device was rather difficult.
VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту:
1.ultrasonics - ультразвук
2.a transducer – датчик
3.quartz – кварц
4.to come across – натолкнуться, встретить
5.proves to be – оказывается
Ultrasonics1
1. The source of the ultrasonic sound is called a transducer2. One of the transducers is a quartz3 crystal. This is a solid body whose property is to change its dimensions under the influence of electricity. A quartz crystal is pressed against the surface of the metal to be tested. An electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to the crystal to make it vibrate with the same frequency. From the crystal a short burst of sound travels into the specimen. If it comes across4 an air bubble, a crack or some other defects it is reflected from that region, thus locating the defect. If the specimen has no defects the signal is not reflected back until it reaches the opposite surface of the specimen.
2. Ultrasonic method is applied to study the ocean bottom, to locate shoals of fish or to detect some danger of navigation. However the early wish to detect icebergs by ultrasonic equipment failed to be realized. The reason for the failure is to be explained by the following acoustic fundamentals – water and ice have nearly the same density and sound travels at nearly the same speed through both. Thus a sound wave passes freely from one medium into the other with only a small amount of reflection.
3. Ultrasonic waves are used in various industries. Ultrasonic cleaning proves to be5 especially successful in treating metal parts of irregular shape. The cracks which are inaccessible to cleaning by all the usual methods come out clean when treated by ultrasonics. To clean by ultrasonics seems to be very simple. But a physicist knows that in attempting to explain this simple process of ultrasonic cleaning he has to go into the fundamentals of acoustics and thermodynamics.
VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.
1.Where are ultrasonic waves used?
2.What metal parts are successfully cleaned by ultrasonics?
3.How can cracks in metals be cleaned?
4.Does cleaning by ultrasonic seem to be very simple or very complex?
5.What does a physicist know?
Контрольное задание №4
Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:
1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
2. Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.
3. Условные предложения.
Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.