Text B. Motorways and Road Construction

The impact of the road network on all aspects of agricul­ture must be fully assessed. It is the road network which is one of the greatest consumers of land. Every year large areas are taken for the construction improvement and reallocation of communications systems of rural areas. The land use plan­ners should know, therefore, the fundamental principles and provisions of road and motorway design. These may be sum­marized as follows:

1. The proposed routing must satisfy all short- and long-term traffic requirements. The routing must be coordinated with the communications system. The agricultural produc­tion should be linked with the existing road network.

2. Each motorway must be subject to satisfactory cost-benefit analysis.

3. The motorway must be integrated with the landscape thus minimizing loss of amenities to surrounding communi­ties.

4. Consideration must be given to environmental stand­ards from the user's viewpoint.

5. Lane width must be sufficient to ensure satisfactory standards of safety for all classes of vehicles.

6. Dual carriageways should be provided to reduce the possibility of head-on collisions.

7. Uniform and consistent operating conditions must be provided.

8. There must be specially designed access facilities to enable vehicles to enter and leave with the maximum safety and minimum disturbance.

9. There must be adequate traffic direction signs in order that drivers may have sufficient time to change direction.

10. Service areas, parking and other facilities must be provided in order to allow sufficient rest for drivers, thus reducing strain factor.

Extensive surveys are needed to assist in evaluation of the routing alternatives. These includes traffic, engineering, and land use planning surveys. Sophisticated modeling tech­niques must be used to stimulate the effects of various estimat­ed traffic flows and densities.

IV. Определите без словаря значения следующих словосочетаний:

a communications system; transportation of people; mo­torways and farm roads; land network; land-based production; transportation network; residential area; fundamental prin­ciples; environmental standards

V. а) Запишите и выучите наизусть глаголы, наиболее часто упот­ребляющиеся в конструкции «объектный падеж с инфинити­вом». Употребите их в предложениях. Запишите составлен­ные вами предложения в тетрадь:

to want — хотеть; to like — любить, нравиться; to wish — желать; to intend — намереваться; to mean — хотеть;to expect — ожидать, полагать; to think — полагать; to suppose — предполагать; to know — знать; to consider — считать

б) Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфини­тивные обороты:

1. Scientists do not consider this effect to be an experimen­tal error of any kind. 2. I would like to sit here, to hear pro­fessor Maslov give his lecture. 3. The student wanted his friend lo discuss the project of farm communications together with him. 4. The specialists expected the chairman to tell them about the infarm communications system.

VI. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст В:

1. The great consumer of land in every farm is... . 2. The proposed routing must satisfy all... . 3. Existing road network is usually closely linked with... . 4. The motorway must be integrated with... . 5. All classes of vehicles require lane width... 6. Good access facilities must be specially designed for... .7. Sufficient rest for drivers must be... .

VII. а) Запишите и выучите наизусть глаголы и сочетания, наиболее часто употребляющиеся в конструкции «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Употребите их в предложениях. Запишите составленные вами предложения в тетрадь:

to say — говорить; to report — сообщать; to expect — ожидать, полагать; to consider— считать; to estimate — под­считывать; to see — видеть; to hear — слышать; to show — — показывать; to find — оказываться; to appear — оказы­ваться; to seem — казаться; to prove — оказываться; is likely — вероятно, может

б) Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив­ные обороты:

1. A scientist is expected to know the latest achievements in his speciality. 2. It often happens that things turn out to be different from what they at first appear to be. 3. The pro­fessor seemed to invite the undergraduates (students) to join him in his research of soil characteristics.

VIII.Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова. Переведите предложения на русский язык;

1. The sitting of farm roads ... and the use of roads is a part of infarm land use planning. 2. The farm road network is ... to be an integrated whole of the communications sys­tem. 3. It is necessary to reduce the ... of motorway on the rural environment. 4. Every year much land is taken for ... and farm roads. 5. The design and operation of the farm ... must meet the needs of the agro-industrial complex.

IX. Переведите с русского языка на английский, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитивных оборотов:

1. Мы хотим, чтобы они знали наше мнение об этой лек­ции. 2. Профессор считал, что мы должны сами сделать эти наблюдения. 3. Известно, что жаркий влажный климат позволяет выращивать на Кубе ценные тропические куль­туры. 4. Сравнение существующей дорожной сети с проек­тной позволило сделать некоторые выводы. 5. Сообщают, что во многих селах организуются музеи. 6. Как известно, работа рек имеет две стороны — разрушительную и созидательную, тесно связанные между собой.

X. Определите, какими членами предложения являются выделен­ные слова. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The engineers have studied thecommunications network of that farm. 2. What can you say about thecommunicationsof that farm? 3. Thisfarm road network is said to be changed. 4. New motorways andfarm roads require much land in every farm. 5. Thetransportation system of this farm is satisfactory. 6. The system oftransportation people to the places of their work has changed since the time I visited the farm last year.