Т.V. Vasilchenko Т.V. Bocharova
UNIT 1
LIFE OF WELL
An oil wellis a term for any perforation through the Earth's surface designed to find and release both oil and gas hydrocarbons.
Lead-in
Life of a wellcan be divided up into five segments. What are they (in Russian)? List the words in English and place the blocks according to the life stages of a well:
Terms and Vocabulary
abandonment закрытие (ликвидация скважины)
completion заканчивание
downhole pressure давление в скважине
drilling fluid буровая жидкость
drilling rig буровая установка
drilling site буровая площадка
enhanced recovery повышенная норма добычи
oil rig нефтяная вышка
production zone продуктивная зона
reservoir коллектор
produce (v) добывать
workovers капитальный ремонт скважины
Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
| secure tubular | reservoir | redundant | permeability | artificial |
| remedial [rimi:djel] | technique | liability | prohibitive | access |
| tertiary |
Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
Effect cement integrity reservoir permeability remedial technique liability
Define the following terms with their similar meaning in Russian.
| Hydrocarbons | natural | compressor | paraffin | coil |
| tubing | technique | concrete cement |
You are going to learn some vocabulary to help you understand the text. Study the following dictionary entries, paying attention to specific term definition.
Well
1. An open space extending vertically through the floors of a building, as for stairs or ventilation.
2. An abundant source.
3. A mineral spring.
4. A container or reservoir for a liquid, such as ink.
5. A deep hole or shaft sunk into the earth to obtain water, oil, gas, or brine.
Screen
1. The movie industry.
2. A body of troops or ships sent in advance of or surrounding a larger body to protect or warn of attack.
3. A movable device, especially a framed construction such as a room divider or a decorative panel, designed to divide, conceal, or protect.
4. A coarse sieve used for sifting out fine particles, as of sand, gravel, or coal.
Collar
1. A necklace.
2. An arrest, as of a criminal (slang).
3. The part of a garment that encircles the neck.
4. A restraining or identifying band of leather, metal, or plastic put around the neck of an animal.
5. Any of various ring-like devices used to limit, guide, or secure a machine part.
Hole
1. A fault or flaw.
2. An animal's hollowed-out habitation, such as a burrow.
3. An ugly, squalid, or depressing dwelling.
4. A hollowed place in something solid; a cavity or pit.
5. An opening or perforation.
Completion
1. A forward pass that is caught by a receiver.
2. The act of finishing or the state of being finished.
Washout
1. A total failure or disappointment.
2. One who fails to measure up to a standard, especially one who fails a course of training or study.
3. Erosion of a relatively soft surface, such as a roadbed, by a sudden gush of water, as from a downpour or floods.
Read the following texts and do the exercises.
Drilling
The well is created by drilling a hole 5 to 30 inches (13–76 cm) in diameter into the earth with an oil rigwhich rotates a drill bit. After the hole is drilled, a steel pipe (casing) slightly smaller than the hole is placed in the hole, and secured with cement. The casing provides structural integrityto the newly drilled wellbore in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from each other and from the surface. This process is all facilitated by a drilling rigwhich contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoistand turn the pipe, control downhole pressures, remove cuttingsfrom the drilling fluid, and generate onsite power for these operations.
Terms and Vocabulary
drilling бурение
oil rig нефтяная вышка
drill bit буровое долото
Hole отверстие, выработка малого сечения, скважина
steel pipe (casing) обсадная колонна
secure(v) закреплять
cement цементный раствор
integrity целостность
drilling rig буровая установка
drilling site буровая площадка
circulate fluid прокачивать буровой раствор по системе
hoist подъем
downhole pressure давление в скважине
drilling fluid буровая жидкость
cuttings буровой шлам
Completion
After drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'. Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produceoil or gas. In a cased-hole completion, small holes called perforationsare made in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. In open hole completion, often 'sand screens' or a 'gravel pack' is installed in the last drilled, uncased reservoir section. These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from the reservoir into the wellbore. Screensalso control the migration of formation sandsinto production tubularsand surface equipment, which can cause washoutsand other problems, particularly from unconsolidated sandformations in offshore fields.
After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluidsare pumped into the well to fracture, clean, or prepare and stimulate the reservoir rockto produce hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Finally, the area above the reservoir sectionof the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing. This arrangement provides a redundantbarrier to leaks of hydrocarbons as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced. Also, the smaller diameter of the tubing produces hydrocarbonsat an increased velocity in order to overcome the hydrostatic effects of heavy fluids such as water.
In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fieldswhere the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low permeabilityoil reservoirs. Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methodsmay also be needed. Common solutions include downhole pumps, gas lift, or surface pump jacks. The use of artificial lift technology in a field is often termed as "secondary recovery" in the industry.
Terms and Vocabulary
completion заканчивание скважины
produce (v) добывать
cased-hole completion заканчивание скважины посредством
обсадной колонны
perforation перфорационное отверстие
production zone продуктивная зона
production tubing эксплуaтационная насосно-компрессорная
колонна
hole completion заканчивание скважины
gravel pack гравийный фильтр
screen фильтр
formation sand песок из пласта
production tubular эксплуaтационная колонна
washout размыв, отверстие в бурильной трубе
unconsolidated sand неуплотненный песок
fracturing fluid жидкость для гидроразрыва
reservoir rock порода-коллектор
reservoir section коллекторская порода
leak утечка, течь
redundant излишний, избыточный, резервный
depleted field истощенное месторождение
producing well добывающая скважина
permeability проницаемость
artificial lift methods методы механизированной добычи
secondary recovery вторичное извлечение
Production
The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigsused to drill and complete the well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a "Christmas Tree". These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work needs to be performed. From the outlet valve of the Christmas Tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.
As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the Christmas Tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.
Workoversare often necessary in older wells, which may need smaller diameter tubing, scaleor paraffin removal, repeated acid matrix jobs, or even completing new zones of interest in a shallower reservoir. Such remedialwork can be performed using workover rigs – also known as pulling units– to pull and replace tubing, or by the use of a well intervention technique called coiled tubing.
Enhanced recovery methods such as waterflooding, steam flooding, or CO2 flooding may be used to increase reservoir pressure and provide a "sweep" effect to push hydrocarbons out of the reservoir. Such methods require the use of injection wells, and are used when facing problems with reservoir pressure depletion, high oil viscosity, or can even be employed early in a field's life; in certain cases – depending on the reservoir's geomechanics – reservoir engineers may determine that ultimate recoverable oilmay be increased by applying a waterflooding strategy early in the field's development rather than later. The application of such enhanced recoverytechniques is often termed as "tertiary recovery"in the industry.
Terms and Vocabulary
production выработка, добыча
workover rig установка для капитального ремонта
скважины
refinery нефтеперерабатывающий завод
workovers капитальный ремонт скважины
scale твердый осадок на стенах трубопровода
acid matrix jobs кислотная обработка
shallower reservoir коллектор на небольших глубинах
pulling unit подъемная установка для капитального
ремонта скважин
waterflooding заводнение (нефтяного месторождения)
steam flooding нагнетание паром
recoverable oil промышленные запасы нефти, нефтеотдача
пласта
remedial ремонтный
injection well нагнетательная скважина
oil viscosity вязкость нефти
enhanced recovery повышенная норма добычи
tertiary recovery третичное извлечение
Abandonment
Finally, when the well no longer produces or produces so poorly that it is a liabilityto its owner, it is abandoned. In this simple process, tubing is removed from the well and sections of well-bore are filled with cement as to isolate the flow pathbetween gas and water zones from each other as well as the surface. Completely filling the well-bore with concrete is unnecessary and cost prohibitive.