States of matter and its molecular and atomic constitution

Matter can exist in three physical states, namely: solid, liquid or gaseous. As a solid it has definite form and volume not easily changed by mechanical force. As a liquid it has no definite volume, but being fluid it takes the shape of its container. A gas has neither definite volume nor shape.

All matter – whether solid, liquid or gas – is made up of very small particles called molecules. Molecules in turn are made up of atoms, which are still smaller particles. The history of the atom goes back to the time of the Greek thinker Democritus. He thought that all substances were made up of tiny particles or atoms which could not be further divided.

It was at the beginning of the nineteenth century that the scientists first established experimentally the atomic theory of the structure of matter. They found that the simple forms of matter were chemical elements which consisted of atoms – invisible particles of very small size.

Then scientists discovered that the atom was further divisible and it was not the smallest thing in the world. If people were the size of atoms, you could put all the people in the world on the head of a pin and you would still have space left over. Because atoms are so very small their number must be extremely large. An atom holds a tremendous force hidden in its tiny body. That’s why an atom is so important in our life. Atom helps us to get more and more power. During years a number of atomic power stations have been developed. Scientists and engineers succeeded in building the first atomic ice-breaker in the world.

The atom helps us to fly through the vast outer space. Atomic energy is enabling scientists to study cosmic rays and other phenomena in outer space.

VI. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Matter is made up of very small particles called molecules.

2. The history of the atom goes back to the time of the Greek thinker Democritus.

3. At the beginning of the 19-th century scientists established the atomic theory of the structure of matter.

4. They found that the simple forms of matter were chemical elements which consisted of atoms.

5. An atom holds a tremendous force hidden in its tiny body.

VII. Find attributes in the following word combinations. Translate them.

Tremendous force, power station, atomic ice–breaker, vast outer space, cosmic ray, tiny particle, definite volume, physical state.

VIII. State the Infinitives of the following Participle II of irregular verbs. Translate them – known, done, been, made, said, taken, had, thought.

3 курс 2 семестр

Контрольна робота № 1

І. Underline the correct verb in the sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. Every student was/were interested in this problem last year.

2. If I was/were you, I would see a technologist.

3. The group of students is/are working in the laboratory now.

4. Peter was/were given a bonus because he had worked hard all year.

5. The engineers work/works hard at the problem.

II. Define the type of the conditional sentences and translate them:

1. If she got back late last night, she will not come to work today.

2. If you hadn’t left the map at home, we wouldn’t be lost now.

3. If he had had enough time, he would have attended the lectures.

4. If I had had any free time yesterday, I should have done the work myself.

5. Had I seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it.

III. State the meaning of the Modal + Perfect Infinitive constructions in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. Rigidity in this new structure must have been as essential as strength for bending under load may lead to a loss of control.

2. They ought to have paid more attention to the problem of fuel consumption.

3. He shouldn’t have lifted those heavy boxes.

4. They may not have received our message.

5. I went to college yesterday, but I needn’t have gone as all the lectures were cancelled.

IV. Complete the sentences with too or enough and translate them:

1. The bag is … heavy for me to carry. Someone else will have to take it.

2. She isn’t tall … to reach the top shelf, so she used a ladder.

3. The student went to bed early last night because he was … tired to stay up late.

4. Close the door, please. It isn’t quiet … for me to work in here.

5. The tunnel should have clearance … to insure free movement of a train.

V. Translate the text into Ukrainian: