Независимый причастный оборот
Независимый причастный оборот – это сочетание существительного в общем падеже (или местоимения в именительном падеже) с Participle I или Participle II, в котором существительное (или местоимение) выполняет роль подлежащего по отношению к причастию и не является подлежащим всего предложения. Такой оборот логически связан с предложением и по существу является его обстоятельством. Подобно обстоятельству, независимый причастный оборот может предшествовать подлежащему, т.е. стоять в начале предложения или следовать за группой сказуемого в конце предложения. Этот оборот всегда отделяется запятой от остальной части предложения.
В начале предложения в функции обстоятельства на русский язык этот оборот переводится, как правило, придаточным предложением причины, времени, условия с союзами так как, когда, если и др.;
| The weather being fine, we went for a walk. | Так как погода была хорошая, мы пошли гулять. |
| Weather permitting, the airplane starts. | Когда погода позволит, самолет взлетит. |
В конце предложения независимый причастный оборот переводится на русский язык чаще всего самостоятельным предложением или присоединяется союзами а, и, причем:
| The cars at that time were very small, the engine being placed under seat. | Автомобили в то время были очень маленькими, и двигатель размещался под сиденьем. |
Некоторые независимые причастные обороты, начинающиеся предлогом with, переводятся так же, как и обороты без with.
| With supersonic planes at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, it will be possible to cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than 2 hours. | Когда ультразвуковые самолеты будут летать со скоростью, в 5-6 раз превышающей скорость звука, можно будет пролетать расстояние между Токио и Москвой меньше, чем за 2 часа. |
| The article deals with microwaves, wjth particular attention being pajd to radio location. | Статья посвящена микроволнам, причем особое внимание уделяется радиолокации. |
I. Translate into Russian, paying attention to Participles I and II.
1. We need highly developed electronics and new materials to make supercomputers.
2. We are carried by airplanes, trains and cars with electronic devices.
3. Many countries have cable TV, a system using wires for transmitting TV programs.
4. The sixth generation of computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the nearest future.
5. Computer components produced should be very clean.
6. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed.
7. A videophone is a device which allows us to see a room and the face of the person speaking.
II. Define the function of Participle Iin the following sentences:
1. The scientist working at this project is well-known.
2. Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new devices.
3. These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
4. Speaking about the chip fabrication the engineer told us many interesting
details.
5. Radio occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.
6. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.
7. Transistors contain no moving components.
8. The stuff is carrying out an experiment.
9. Developing a new method they achieved good results.
10. When making the experiment he made notes.
III. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the function of Participle II.
1. The discovery mentioned remained unknown to the world for a long time.
2. When passed through a motor, electric current can do work.
3. The students have carried out the experiments.
4. These instruments recorded the cosmic rays and the information obtained was sent back by the radar to the ground.
5. When heated, water vaporizes.
6. The results received changed with material used.
7. Unless repaired, this part cannot be used in the radio set.
8.The developed technology enables us to improve the quality of articles produced.
9. The first laser was developed in 1960.
10. If frozen, water becomes ice.
11. The investigation analyzed resulted in an interesting discovery.
/V. Find the Absolute Participial Construction. Translate the sentences.
Numerous experiments having been carried out at the orbital stations, it became possible to use results in industrial process.
A beam of light being transmitted forwards, it is possible to measure the distance between the car and the other cars in front of it.
With the first steam engine built in the 17-th century, people began to use them in factories.
The inventor was demonstrating his new device, with the workers watching its operation attentively.
Many substances are semiconductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them.
We defined the volume, all the measurements having been done with respect to the instruction.
Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to starlight.
The cell being charged, a certain quality of electricity is passed through it.
Unit III
What is sound?
Vocabulary Study
Word List
Active Vocabulary
Nouns
| 1) altitude | высота | |
| 2) frequency | частота | |
| 3) pitch | зд. тон звука | |
| 4) range | диапазон | |
| 5) rarefaction | разреженность | |
| 6) threshold | порог | |
| 7) timbre | тембр |
Adjectives
| 1) acoustic | акустический | |
| 2) dense | густой, плотный | |
| 3) equal | равный | |
| 4) particular | особый, отдельный | |
| 5) permanent | постоянный, неизменный | |
| 6) rigorous | суровый, строгий | |
| 7) vast | обширный |
Verbs
| 1) boom | гудеть | |
| 2) clarify | очищать | |
| 3) collide | сталкиваться | |
| 4) involve | включать в себя, содержать | |
| 5) occur | иметь место, случаться | |
| 6) perceive | ощущать, воспринимать | |
| 7) saturate | насыщать |
Adverbs
| 1) apart | в стороне, отдельно | |
| 2) completely | полностью | |
| 3) strictly | строго, точно |
Passive Vocabulary
| 1) eardrum | барабанная перепонка | |
| 2) jet aircraft | реактивный самолет | |
| 3) nausea | тошнота | |
| 4) nuisance | неприятность, досада | |
| 5) vertigo | головокружение | |
| 6) vocal cords | голосовые связки |
I. Read and translate the following words. Arrange them into the groups: a) with one stress or stress on the first syllable; b) with the stress on the second syllable; c) with two or more stresses.
Vast, collide, frequency, pitch, jet aircraft, altitude, perceive, engineer, acoustic, threshold, involve, occur, strictly, particular, permanent, sound-absorbing.
II. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
| 1) range 2) clarify 3) timbre 4) saturate 5) pitch 6) acoustic 7) equal | a) the same in size, amount, number, degree, etc. b) of the sense of hearing, of sound-waves c) distance between limits d) characteristic quality of sound produced by a particular voice or instrument e) cause (one substance) to absorb the greatest possible amount of another f) make free from impurities g) degree of highness or lowness |
Choose:
a noun
1) a) vast, b) range, c) to boom, d) completely
2) a) saturate, b) collide, c) equal, d) pitch
a) occurrence, b) dense, c) perceive, d) rigorous
a verb
a) acoustic, b) involve, c) particular, d) permanent
a) timbre, b) range, c) threshold, d) strict
3) a) frequency, b) altitude, c) rarefaction, d) occur
an adjective
a) completely, b) involve, c) acoustic, d) perceive
a) rigorously, b) collide, c) boom, d) dense
3) a) timbre, b) range, c) strict, d) apart
d) an adverb
1) a) apart, b) perceive, c) dense, d) altitude
a) rigorous, b) involve, c) particular, d) strictly
3) a) rarefaction, b) completely, c) collide, d) vast
Define the meaning of the “x” words.
Frequency: частота – frequent: x.
Particular: особенный – particularity: x.
Occur: случаться – occurrence: x.
Density: плотность – dense: x.
Range: диапазон – to range: x.
Equal: равный – equalize: x.
Complete: полный – completion: x.
V. Arrange the words with similar meaning of the two groups in pairs.
Vast, perceive, range, involve, saturate, equally.
Apprehend, extensive, wave band, impregnate, to include, likewise.
VI. Match the words with their opposites, like the example:
gloomy – gay.
compression, frequent, saturate, dense, clarify, apart
rare, sparse, pollute, together, rarefaction, exhaust
Match the verbs from a) with the nouns from b).
| characterize make cover reduce ensure | sound a range noise clarity speech |
Complete the sentences with the words given below.
The … range of possible frequencies and timbres makes sound an effective medium of communication.
A low sound is … as being less loud than a high sound of the same intensity.
Noise does not have any particular … .
Where the air molecules gather together a region of higher … occurs.
The speed is slower at high … as air less dense there.
Altitudes, vast, perceived, pitch, pressure.
Translate into English.
Звук – это энергия и как любая другая форма энергии, он может быть полезен человеку.
Большая часть звуков не несет большой заряд энергии.
Звук столкновения двух автомобилей получается в результате вибрации корпусов сталкивающихся автомобилей.
Движение уплотнений и разреженностей в воздухе формирует звуковую волну.
Звук не может распространяться в вакууме.
A. Text Study
Look at the title. What do you think this reading will be about? Read the text and define its main idea.
Text A
WHAT IS SOUND?
Sound is energy and, like other forms of energy, can be useful to man. The vast range of possible frequencies and timbres that characterizes both speech and music makes sound an effective medium of communication. Even ultrasound – sound above the hearing range of man – has many practical uses. Most sounds don’t carry great deal of energy. The noise of a symphony orchestra playing as loudly as possible involves for example, sound energy equivalent to the light and heat energy from only a low-powered electric lamp. Our hearing sense is more easily saturated (in energy terms) than our visual sense.
Sound is a particular form of kinetic energy (energy of motion) produced when an object vibrates and a medium, such as air, vibrates in response. The sound of a car crash booms out as the surfaces of the two colliding vehicles vibrate with the force of the collision; music comes from a radio as a loudspeaker vibrates; and talking and singing result from vibration of the vocal cords.
As an object vibrates it sets the air molecules around it vibrating. Where the air molecules gather together a region of higher pressure (compression) occurs. Where they move apart a region of lower pressure (rarefaction) occurs. As compressions and rarefactions move through the air they form a sound wave. At the ear they set the eardrum vibrating and we hear sound.
If a surface vibrates more strongly, the pressure difference between the compressions and rarefactions is greater and the sound is loud. The frequency of vibrations affects the pitch, or note, of the sound. Fast vibrations produce compressions and rarefactions that are close together and the pitch is high. A slower speed of vibration causes the compressions and rarefactions to be farther apart and the sound is lower in pitch.
A sound wave moves out from its source in all directions, traveling at a speed of 1,087 ft (331 m) per second or 741 mph (1,194 kph) in air at 0ºC at sea level. The speed is slower at high altitudes as air less dense there, and faster in water and metal because these substances are more elastic than air and transmit vibrations more rapidly. The speed also correlates with temperature of the medium. Sound cannot move through a vacuum because there are no gas molecules to vibrate and transmit the sound.
Like other waves of energy, sound normally travels in straight lines, but sound can turn corners. It is reflected whenever it strikes a surface such as a wall or floor and is diffracted or spreads out as it passes through an opening such as a window.
The loudness of a sound can be measured with a decibel meter and the result given as a number of decibels (dB). The scale is logarithmic – a sound that is twice as loud as one at the threshold of hearing is 10 dB greater, not twice as great. Strictly, the meter measures the intensity of the sound, which is related to the pressure differences in the sound wave. (Loudness is the strength of the sensation received in the eardrum and transmitted to the brain). The human ear does not hear all frequencies of sound in the same way, and a low sound is perceived as being less loud than a high sound of the same intensity.
The number of the compressions occurring every second is called the frequency of the sound and is measuring in hertz (Hz), equal to cycles per second. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch.
Noise does not have any particular pitch and covers a wide frequency range. Very loud noise is dangerous as well as a nuisance, because continuous exposure to sound of more than 100 dB – the levels produced by jet aircraft and machines in many factories – soon results in a permanent reduction in hearing ability. Low frequency noises are particularly hazardous because they do not seem to be as loud as higher pitches, and tests have shown that very high levels of low frequency sound and infrasound (sound below the hearing range of the ear) quickly result in vertigo, nausea, and other physical effects; military scientists have even experimented with using infrasound as a potential weapon.
Acoustic engineers work to reduce noise and improve sound in many ways. A consideration of acoustics in the design of a machine such as a jet engine can reduce the amount of noise it makes. Buildings can also be designed to prevent the transmission of sound through them. A steel framework tends to distribute sound throughout a building, but the use of sound-absorbing materials in and on floors, walls, and ceilings prevents sound from getting into and out of rooms. In concert halls the reflection of soft sound inside the hall is rigorously to provide an exact amount of echo and give the best quality sound. This may be assisted by electronic amplification, although very loud music loses clarity in a concert hall. Some recording studios have completely absorbent walls to remove all echo and ensure total clarity whatever the type of music being performed.
Read the text again carefully and answer the questions.
1. What makes sound an effective medium of communication?
2. Is our hearing or visual sense more easily saturated (in energy terms)?
3. Where does compression occur?
4. In which case is the sound loud?
5. What makes sound lower in pitch?
6. The speed of a sound wave doesn’t correlate with the temperature of the medium, does it?
7. Can sound turn corners?
8. How can the loudness of a sound be measured?
9. Why are low frequency noises particularly hazardous?
10. Is it possible to reduce noise and improve sound?
III. Which of the vocabulary units used in paragraphs 1-3 could be regarded as scientific terms?
IV. Read the translation of the forth paragraph. Compare it with the original and say if everything is right.
Если поверхность вибрирует сильнее, разница давлений между уплотнениями и разреженностями больше; и звук получается менее громким. Частотные вибрации влияют на тембр звука. Частые вибрации производят уплотнения и разреженности, располагающиеся ближе друг к другу, и тон получается более высоким. Медленная скорость вибрации вызывает уменьшение расстояния и тон звуков становится ниже.
V. Find the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations in paragraph 10.
Передача, стальной каркас, звукопоглощающие, реактивный двигатель, предотвращать, отражение, инженеры-акустики, способствовать, усиление, звукозаписывающие студии, устранять.
VI. Find passages about dynamics pitch and frequency and translate them into Russian.
VII. Choose a passage and read it aloud (1-2 minutes).
VIII. Find complex grammar structures in the text and divide them into simple ones.
IX. Find the topic sentences, key words and phrases which express the general meaning of each paragraph best of all.
X. Using the information obtained from the paragraphs make a plan of the text.
Speak about sound using key words, phrases, the topic sentences and the plan of the text.
B. Text Study
Look at the title of the text. Make your predictions about the contents of it. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Why was the group called the Groupe Special Mobile formed?
b. When was the commercial service started?
Text B
GSM
During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, but also in France and Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else’s in equipment and operation. This was an undesirable situation, because not only was the mobile equipment limited to operation within national boundaries, which in a unified Europe were increasingly unimportant, but there was a very limited market for each type of equipment, so economies of scale, and the subsequent savings, could not be realized.
The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to meet certain criteria:
good subjective speech quality
low terminal and service cost
support for international roaming
ability to support handheld terminals
support for range of new services and facilities
spectral efficiency, and
ISDN compatibility.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries, with 25 additional countries having already selected or considering GSM. This is not only a European standard – South Africa, Australia, and many Middle and Far East countries have chosen GSM. By the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide. The acronym GSM now (aptly) stands for Global System for Mobile telecommunications.
The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom. They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost. The 8000 pages of the GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough guidelines to guarantee the proper interlocking between the components of the system. This is done in part by providing descriptions of the interfaces and functions of each of the functional entities defined in the system.
II. Read the text and define whether the following statements are true or false.
During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing slow growth in Europe.
Each country developed its own system.
The market for each type of equipment was very limited.
In 1982 a study group called the European Telecommunication Standards Institute was formed.
Commercial service was started in 1990.
Australia hasn’t chosen GSM.
A digital system chosen by the developers of GSM was unproven.
III. Expand the sentences.
During the early 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems developed rapidly in Europe.
Each country developed its own system.
The proposed system had to meet certain criteria.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute.
GSM is not only a European standard.
IV. Find the words – carriers of the primary and the secondary information in paragraph 4.
V. Define the functions of commas in paragraph 1.
Find out the means of connection of simple, compound and complex sentences.
VII. Arrange the sentences in the logical order according to the text.
South Africa, Australia and many Middle and Far East countries have chosen GSM.
The situation was undesirable.
The acronym GSM now stands for Global System for Mobile telecommunications.
The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at that time) digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems in the USA and in the UK.
The Europeans realized this early.
Each country developed its own system.
There was a very limited market for each type of equipment.
Give the main points of the text in 4-5 sentences.
C. Text Study
I. Translate the text into Russian.
Text C
WHAT IS GPS?
GPS, short for Global Positioning System, is a space-based positioning system that uses satellites and computers to measure positions anywhere on the land, air, or sea at any time. This system is distinguished from other positioning systems by its 24-hour, seven-day per week availability and its pinpoint accuracy.
The system was born from communication problems U.S. troops experienced in the Vietnam conflict. During that time a localized system, LORAN, was used that was prone to problems inherent in radio communication such as poor reception during ominous weather or during the night. The U.S. Department of Defense responded to this problem by investing into a system known as the Navy Navigational Satellite System, TRANSIT, which most recently evolved into GPS.
GPS is a second generation, satellite-based, positioning system that is available anywhere and anytime and is capable of measuring land, air and sea positions with millimeter accuracy. GPS is referred to as a system because it is an assemblage of three distinct components or segments: Space, Control, and User.
The Space Segment refers to the constellation of satellites and the navigational data they provide. The Control Segment refers to monitoring and updating of the satellites’ clocks and navigational messages by a master control station that uses five regional monitoring stations distributed around the world. Lastly, the User Segment refers to the GPS receivers that calculate the time required for a radio signal to travel from the visible satellites to the receiver in order to measure its position using a technique called triangulation.
GPS has a civilian and military user community. Although GPS is funded by the U.S. DoD, civilians worldwide can use GPS’ Standard Positioning Service (SPS) provided a proper receiver is used. SPS provides positional accuracy of 100 meters in 2-Dspace with 95% confidence. The U.S. Military and its allies use a more highly accurate service called Precise Positioning Service (PPS) that is capable of accuracy within ten meters in 3-D space 95% confidence.
Grammar Study
Инфинитив
The Infinitive
Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа.
Признаком инфинитива является частица “to”, которая в некоторых случаях опускается.
Инфинитив обладает свойствами глагола и существительного.
В русском языке ему соответствует неопределенная форма глагола.
1. Формы инфинитива
| Infinitive | Active | Passive | Действие |
| Indefinite | to ask | to be asked | Действие, одновременное действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. |
| Continuous | to be asking (to be + Participle I | __ | Длительное действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным глаголом-связкой. |
| Perfect | to have asked (to have + Participle II) | to have been asked (to have been + Participle II) | Действие, предшествовавшее действию, выраженному сказуемым. |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been asking (to have been + Participle I) | Длительное действие, совершавшееся в течение отрезка времени, предшествовавшего действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме. |
Инфинитив может служить в предложении:
1. Подлежащим:
| То skateis pleasant. | Кататься на коньках приятно. |
2. Именной частью сказуемого:
| Your duty was to informme about it immediately. | Вашей обязанностью было сообщить мне об этом немедленно. |
3. Частью составного глагольного сказуемого:
| She began to translatethe article. | Она начала переводить статью. |
4. Дополнением:
| I asked him to helpme. | Я попросил его помочь мне. |
5. Определением:
| He expressed a desire to helpme. | Он выразил желание помочь мне. |
6. Обстоятельством:
| I went to the station to see off a friend. | Я поехал на вокзал, чтобы проводить приятеля. |
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject)
Конструкция субъектный инфинитивный оборот выражена существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже и инфинитивом, стоящим после сказуемого.