III. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Subjective Infinitive construction (Complex Subject)

1. Electronics is thought to be a young science. 2. The electric generator is known to be a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. 3. Alpha rays are considered to be positively charged helium atom. 4. An electric cell is believed to consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes. 5. This voltage source was supposed to supply current for this circuit. 6. The value of the output voltage of the cell was found to depend only on the material used. 7. Due to these experiments this substance was shown to be a good conductor. 8. The secondary coil of the transformer is assumed to have more turns than the primary one. 9. Cadmium was reported to be useful for application in transistor. 10. This scientist is expected to make a report on the fundamentals of radio engineering. 11. The designer is said to construct a new device by using semiconductors. 12. The antenna was found to receive only a small part of energy radiated by the transmitter. 13. Atomic nuclei are believed to be composed of protons and neutrons.

IV. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Complex Subject.

1. Yablochkov is known to be the inventor of the electric candle! 2. All the members of the committee are reported to have been enthusiastic about the plan. 3. "Hamlet" is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare's art. 4. Substances are known to burn when they unite with the oxygen of the air. 5. The years that he had spent abroad seemed to have taught him much. 6. He is supposed to be one of the greatest writers of our time. 7. It appeared to be quite another man. 8. Shakespeare is known to have been an actor and play writer in one of the leading companies of players at the end of 1580.

VI. Point out the construction "for+infinitive". Translate the following sentences.

1. On completion of a contract of long duration it is a sound policy for the plant to be sent to the repair deport for thorough examination. 2. Architecture is a difficult art, for it requires a special type of imagination and takes long years of training and experience to produce a capable architect. 3. In pushing over or falling trees, which are to large for the tractor to move by blade, the roots of the trees should be exposed and cut through. 4. In its way the camera can be even more deceptive than a drawing for the good architectural photographer can make beautiful photographs of ugly structures. 5. The six rivets necessary for the web connection to be able to take up the design shear are arranged as shown.

VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Infinitive.

1. Real water vapour and steam are known to be completely invisible. 2. A rod of ebonite, which has been rubbed with the wool flanell, is found to have the property of attracting light objects such as small pieces of paper, cork, etc. 3. When heat is transferred from one part of the body to another without any progressive motion of the parts of the substance, the heat is said to the transferred by conduction. 4. A book lying on a table is expected to keep its position without any difficulty, as one knows it to be in a state of equilibrium. 5. Heat is said to reach the cooler end of the rod by conduction along or through the material of the rod. 6. All metals are known to consist of minute particles called molecules.

VIII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the
construction "for+ noun+ infinitive".

1. 8 minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the earth. 2. Nearly a month is required for the moon to circle the Earth. 3. The satellite of Neptune is too far away for its size to be known with any accuracy. 4. For combustion to be rapid, the fuel and oxidant must be quickly mixed. 5. For ions to be formed, a considerable amount of energy must be given to the parent atoms. 6. In order for the airplane to climb, thrust must exceed drag.

IX.Change the following sentences according to the model.

Pattern: Modern systems are known to be complex and varied.

It is known that modern systems are complex and varied.

1. Physical, economic, and business system are known to have technical and human aspects. 2. Industrial engineering accomplishments are known to have reduced labour costs. 3. The term "industrial engineering" is known to be contemporary with the beginning of industrial revolution. 4. The first point of impact of the industrial revolution is known to have been the British cotton- textile industry.

CONDUCTORS

Conductors are materials having a low resistance, so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.

The most common conductors are metals, and silver and copper: are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheap than silver. Thus, copper is widely used to produce conductors. О of the common functions of wire conductors is connecting voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thu all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance

Most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.

Lesson 8