Приложение II. Как выглядел Иисус

1 Реконструкция лица Иисуса – дело рук Ричарда Нива, специалиста по восстановлению внешнего облика человека, из Университета Манчестера, ушедшего на пенсию. См. Popular Mechanics (7 December 2002).

2 О погребальных портретах см. Susan Walker and Morris Bierbrier (eds), Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt (London: British Museum Press, 1997; 2nd edn, New York: Routledge, 2000); Jan Picton, Stephen Quirke and Paul C. Roberts (eds), Living Images: Egyptian Funerary Portraits in the Petrie Museum (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007); Alan K. and Michael Brady (eds), Images and Artefacts of the Ancient World (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 131–150.

3 Что мы можем сказать о лике Иисуса, отпечатанном на Туринской плащанице, или о его изображениях на византийских монетах VI и VII веков н. э.? Тот факт, что между образом Иисуса на плащанице и на этих монетах есть много общего, заслуживает внимания. Однако ученые ставят под сомнение аутентичность плащаницы, а монеты были отчеканены достаточно поздно. Вряд ли имеет смысл реконструировать облик Иисуса на основе этих изображений.

4 Об одежде и тканях, найденных в Нахаль-Хевере, см. Y.Yadin, Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Last Jewish Revolt against Imperial Rome (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), pp. 66–85; Jodi Magness, Debating Qumran: Collected Essays on its Archaeology (Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 4; Leuven: Peeters, 2004), pp. 113–149, esp. 137–140. Magness сопоставляет находки Ядина с теми остатками тканей, обуви и одежд, которые были найдены в Кумране. Об одежде римлян (где иногда проводится сравнение с находками Ядина) см. также Judith L. Sebesta, “Tunica Ralla, Tunica Spissa: The Colors and Textiles of Roman Costume”, и Lucille A. Roussin, “Costume in Roman Palestine: Archaeological Remains and the Evidence from the Mishnah”, in Judith L. Sebesta and Larissa Bonfante (eds), The World of Roman Costume (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), pp. 65–76, 182–190, соответственно. Roussin сопоставляет археологические данные с многочисленными замечаниями об одежде в раввинистической литературе. Она делает некоторые любопытные выводы о том, как одежда отражала социальный статус и религиозные традиции. В том же сборнике статей см. также Douglas R. Edwards, “The Social, Religious, and Political Aspects of Costume in Josephus”, pp. 153–162.

5 Об иудейских сандалиях и других изделиях из кожи см. Ann E. Killebrew, “Leather Goods”, in Lawrence H.Schiffman and James C.VanderKam (eds), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 1:477–479.

6 О римской обуви см. Alan K. Bowman and J. David Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Frank Graham, 1974), p. 27 (pl. XIII). Соответствующие технические подробности см. C. van Driel-Murray, “Vindolanda and the Dating of Roman Footwear”, Britannia 32 (2001), pp. 185–197. Общая дискуссия см. N. Goldman, “Roman Footwear”, in Sebesta and Bonfante (eds), The World of Roman Costume, pp. 101–132.

Список сокращений

1 Apol. Justin Martyr, First Apology

1 Clem. 1 Clement

AASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research

ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary

’Abot Mishnah: ’Abot

ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library

Ag. Ap. Josephus, Against Apion

Ant. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities

Apol. Plato, Apology of Socrates

b. Ketub. Babylonian Talmud: Ketubbot

b. Meg. Babylonian Talmud: Megillah

b. Mo’ed Qat. Babylonian Talmud: Mo’ed Qatan

b. Pesah. Babylonian Talmud: Pesahim

b. Qidd. Babylonian Talmud: Qiddushin

b. Šabb. Babylonian Talmud: Shabbat

BA Biblical Archaeologist

BAR Biblical Archaeology Review

Bib Biblica

BibOr Biblica et orientalia

BibSem Biblical Seminar

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly

CD Cairo Genizah copy of the Damascus Document

CIJ Corpus inscriptionum judaicarum

CIL Corpus inscriptionum latinarum

CIS Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum

CJO Catalogue of Jewish Ossuaries (ed. L. Y. Rahmani)

CJZ Corpus Jьdischer Zeugnisse aus der Cyrenaika (ed. G. Lьderitz)

CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum

Dial. Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho

Dreams Philo, On Dreams

DSD Dead Sea Discoveries

Embassy Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius

Esth. Rab. Esther Rabbah

Exod. Rab. Exodus Rabbah

Haer. Irenaeus, Against Heresies

Hist. eccl. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History

IEJ Israel Exploration Journal

IG Inscriptiones graecae. Editio minor. Berlin, 1924–

Ign. Eph. Ignatius, To the Ephesians

Ign. Smyrn. Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans

Joseph Philo, On the Life of Joseph

JBL Journal of Biblical Literature

JJS Journal of Jewish Studies

JQR Jewish Quarterly Review

JR Journal of Religion

JRASup Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplement series

JSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus

JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian,

Hellenistic, and Roman Periods: Supplement Series

JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha:

Supplement Series

J. W. Josephus, Jewish Wars

LД Lexikon der Дgyptologie

Lev. Rab. Leviticus Rabbah

Life Josephus, The Life

m. Keritot Mishnah: Keritot

m. Ma‘aś. Š. Mishnah: Ma‘aser Sheni

m. Meg. Mishnah: Megillah

m. Mo‘ed Qat. Mishnah: Mo‘ed Qatan

m. Ned. Mishnah: Nedarim

m. Nega’im Mishnah: Nega’im

m. Parah Mishnah: Parah

m. Pesah. Mishnah: Pesahim

m. Šabb. Mishnah: Shabbat

m. Sanh. Mishnah: Sanhedrin

m. Ta‘anit Mishnah: Ta‘anit

m. Yoma Mishnah: Yoma

Mas Masada ostraca

MdB Le Monde de la Bible

Moses Philo, On the Life of Moses

Nat. Pliny the Elder, Natural History

NEAEHL The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (ed. E. Stern)

NovT Novum Testamentum

NovTSup Novum Testamentum Supplements

NTS New Testament Studies

NTTS New Testament Tools and Studies

OGIS Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae (ed. by W. Dittenberger)

PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly

P. Oxy. Papyri Oxyrhynchus

Ps.-Diogenes A writing falsely attributed to Diogenes the Cynic

Qoh. Rab. Qohelet Rabbah

RAr Revue Archйologique

RB Revue biblique

REJ Revue des йtudes juives

SBLRBS Society of Biblical Literature Resources for Biblical Study

SBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical Study

SEG Supplementum epigraphicum graecum

Sipre Deut. Sipre Deuteronomy

Sipre Num. Sipre Numbers

SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series

Song Rab. Song of Songs Rabbah

Spec. Laws Philo, On the Special Laws

t. Me‘ila Tosefta: Me‘ila

t. Menah. Tosefta: Menahot

T. Mos. Testament of Moses

t. Qidd. Tosefta: Qiddushin

t. Šabb. Tosefta: Shabbat

t. Sukkah Tosefta: Sukkah

Tg. Ps.-J. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

TSAJ Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum

WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

y. Ketub. Jerusalem Talmud: Ketubbot

y. Meg. Jerusalem Talmud: Megillah

y. Mo‘ed Qat. Jerusalem Talmud: Mo‘ed Qatan

ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche

Для дальнейшего чтения

К счастью, в наши дни появляется все больше и больше трудов, посвященных археологии. Тем, кто хотел бы углубиться в вопрос об археологических находках, связанных с Иисусом, я могу порекомендовать следующие публикации:

Книги

Aviam, M., Jews, Pagans and Christians in Galilee: 25 Years of Archaeological Excavations and Surveys. Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods (Land of Galilee 1; Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2004).

Bagatti, B., Excavations in Nazareth: Vol 1, From the Beginning till the XII Century (2 vols, Publications of the Studium Bibli-cum Franciscanum 17; Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1969).

Bottini, G. C., Di Segni, L. and Alliata, E. (eds), Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land, New Discoveries: Essays in Honour of Virgilio C. Corbo, OFM (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum: Collectio Maior 36; Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1990).

Charlesworth, J. H. (ed.), Jesus and Archaeology (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2006).

Charlesworth, J. H. and Weaver, W. P. (eds), What Has Archaeology To Do with Faith? (Faith and Scholarship Colloquies; Philadelphia, PA: Trinity Press International, 1992).

Crossan, J. D. and Reed, J. L., Excavating Jesus: Beneath the Stones, Behind the Texts (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 2001).

Edwards, D. R. and McCollough, C. T. (eds), Archaeology and the Galilee: Texts and Contexts in the Graeco-Roman and Byzantine Periods (South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism 143; Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1997).

Edwards, D. R. and McCollough, C. T. (eds), The Archaeology of Difference: Gender, Ethnicity, Class and the “Other ’ in Antiquity: Studies in Honor of Eric M.Meyers (AASOR 60/61; Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2007).

Evans, C. A., Jesus and the Ossuaries: What Jewish Burial Practices Reveal about the Beginning of Christianity (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2003).

Fant, C. and Reddish, M. G., Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2008).

Gibson, S., The Final Days of Jesus: The Archaeological Evidence (New York: HarperOne, 2009).

Meyers, E. M. (ed.), Galilee through the Centuries: Confluence of Cultures (Duke Judaic Studies 1; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1999).

Meyers, E. M. and Strange, J. F., Archaeology, the Rabbis and Early Christianity (London: SCM Press, 1981).

Murphy-O’Connor, J., The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 (5th edn, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

Pixner, B., Paths of the Messiah and Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem: Jesus and Jewish Christianity in Light of Archaeological Discoveries (ed. R. Riesner; San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 2010).

Reed, J., Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2000).

Runesson, A., Binder, D. D. and Olsson, B., The Ancient Synagogue from its Origins to 20 °CE: A Source Book (Leiden: Brill, 2010).

Shanks, H. (ed.), Where Christianity Was Born (Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2006).

Sheler, Jeffrey L., Is the Bible True? How Modern Debates and Discoveries Affirm the Essence of the Scriptures (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1999).

Wachsmann, S., The Sea of Galilee Boat: A 2000-Year-Old Discovery from the Sea of Legends (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2000).

Waxman, S., Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the World (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2008).

Журналы

American Journal of Archaeology

Ancient Near Eastern Studies

Archaeology

Archaeology in the Biblical World

Biblical Archaeologist

Biblical Archaeology Review

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

International Journal of Nautical Archaeology

Israel Exploration Journal

Journal of Archaeological Science

Journal of Field Archaeology

Journal of Marine Archaeology and Technology

Journal of Maritime Archaeology

Journal of Near Eastern Studies

Near Eastern Archaeology

Oxford Journal of Archaeology

Palestine Exploration Quarterly

Справочные издания

Fagan, B.M. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (Oxford and London: Oxford University Press, 1996).

Hicks, D. and Beaudry, M. C. (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Meyers, E. M. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (5 vols, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Negev, A. and Gibson, S. (eds), Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (rev. edn, New York: Continuum, 2001).

Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (4 vols, Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 1993).

Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 5: Supplementary Volume (Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society, 2008).

[1]Здесь и далее Новый Завет цитируется в переводе епископа Кассиана (Безобразова), Ветхий Завет – в Синодальном переводе. – Прим. пер.