Ex. 12. Fill in the correct infinitive forms to the given verb forms.
| verb form | infinitive |
| arrived | |
| compares | |
| passed | |
| thought | |
| scans | |
| shuffled | |
| cleaning | |
| closed | |
| spelled | |
| disappeared |
Ex. 12. Revision of Reported Speech. Return to exercise 3 and finish the sentences.
| Euronews: Chile’s minister of Mines has been in touch with trapped miners by telephone. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: A video of Chile’s trapped miners has been broadcast. Euronews announced that__________________________. |
| Euronews: In Chile four survivors of a plane crash in the Ands Mountains 38 years ago have arrived at the mine where 33 miners have been trapped. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: The 33 trapped Chilean miners were able to communicate with their loved ones on Saturday. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: Thirty-three trapped Chilean miners were able to watch the Chilean national squad’s friendly against the Ukraine over a fiberoptic line. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: The arrival of Esperanza, a baby girl at the Copiapo maternity clinic has given hope to one of the 33 trapped miners in Chile. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: The operation to rescue the 33 trapped miners in Chile has begun successfully. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: The operation to rescue the trapped miners in Chile has been a complete success. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: All 33 men have reached the surface safely. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: The rescue team has also made the trip to the surface. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
| Euronews: The last man to leave was the first who went down to the miners, Manuel Gonzalez. Euronews announced that ______________________________. |
Unit 2
Theme: Human Rights
Grammar: The Infinitive Constructions
Objectives: Introduction of new lexical material on theme “Human Rights” and fixing active vocabulary in speech exercises, development of skills of public speech. Write essay about the right of the nations living in our country to learn and teach their native languages at schools and speak in them.
Discussion: Basic rights of people. Constitution of Kazakhstan. Revision of Dr. King's life. The rights of women.
Introduction of new grammar theme “The Infinitive Constructions” and fulfilling grammar exercises
WHAT ARE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS?
60 years ago, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed a wide spectrum of human rights that every human being has – without discrimination. They include not only rights to freedom of expression and freedom from torture and ill-treatment, but also rights to education, to adequate housing and other economic, social and cultural rights.
Economic, social and cultural rights are a broad category of human rights guaranteed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other legally binding international and regional human rights treaties. Nearly every country in the world is party to a legally binding treaty that guarantees these rights. They include:
rights at work, particularly just and fair conditions of employment, protection against forced or compulsory labor and the right to form and join trade unions;
the right to education, including ensuring that primary education is free and compulsory, that education is sufficiently available, accessible, acceptable and adapted to the individual;
cultural rights of minorities and Indigenous Peoples;
the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, including the right to healthy living conditions and available, accessible, acceptable and quality health services;
the right to adequate housing, including security of tenure, protection from forced eviction and access to affordable, habitable, well located and culturally adequate housing;
the right to food, including the right to freedom from hunger and access at all times to adequate nutritious food or the means to obtain it;
the right to water – the right to sufficient water and sanitation that is available, accessible (both physically and economically) and safe.
Who is responsible?
States – national governments – bear the primary responsibility for making human rights a reality. Governments must respect peoples' rights – they must not violate these rights. They must protect peoples' rights – ensuring that other people or bodies do not abuse these rights. And they must fulfill peoples' rights, making them a reality in practice.
Governments have widely differing resources. International law allows for the fact that making economic, social and cultural rights a reality can only be achieved progressively over time. However, the duty of governments to respect and protect these rights and to ensure freedom from discrimination is immediate. Lack of resources is no excuse.
Although governments may need time to realize economic, social and cultural rights, this does not mean they can do nothing – they have to take steps towards fulfilling them. As an initial step, they must prioritize "minimum core obligations" – minimum essential levels of each of the rights. Under the right to education, for example, core obligations include the right to free primary education.
Governments must not discriminate in their laws, policies or practices and must prioritize the most vulnerable when allocating resources.
States also have obligations when they act beyond their borders to respect, protect and fulfill economic, social and cultural rights. These obligations extend to action they take through intergovernmental organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
As stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "every organ of society" has human rights responsibilities. Corporations play an increasingly significant role globally in the realization or denial of human rights. Amnesty International is committed to holding businesses accountable where their actions result in human rights violations.
Despite international guarantees of these rights, across the world:
923 million people were suffering from chronic hunger. Hunger is often driven by human rights violations, as Amnesty International has documented in North Korea, Zimbabwe and elsewhere. The current world food crisis, which itself has been fuelled by human rights violations, has led to an additional 75 million people being chronically malnutritioned.
Over a billion people live in 'slums' or informal settlements, with one in every three city residents living in inadequate housing with no or few basic services. Their situation is worsened by a global epidemic of mass forced evictions.
Every minute, another woman dies because of problems related to pregnancy. For every woman who dies, 20 or more experience serious complications.
Over 100 million children (more than half of whom are girls) do not have access even to primary education.
Vocabulary:
1. Democracy – A system of government in which people’s views are reflected and the right of political participation is guaranteed.
2. Community – A group of people who identify with each other, have common interests, or are viewed as forming a distinct segment of society.
3. Convention –A legally binding agreement between nations designed to protect human rights
4. Activist –A person who intentionally acts to bring about civic, cultural, economic, political, or social change.
5. Civil and Political Rights –The rights to liberty and equality. Such rights include freedom to worship, to express oneself, to vote, to take part in political life, and to have access to information.
6. Xenophobia: A fear of foreigners, of persons from other countries or of things foreign generally. Xenophobia can lead to discrimination, racism, violence and even armed conflict against foreigners.
7. Human trafficking: the recruitment, transportation, harboring or receipt of
people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor
8. Sovereignty – The possession or exercise of full control by a government over a territorial or area or limit.
9. Responsibility – Obligation, duty, and/or accountability.
10. Justice – Fairness, equity, and morality in action or attitude in order to promote and protect human rights and responsibilities.
11. Genocide – A crime defined in international law as acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group of human beings.
12. Freedom – Political independence, liberty.
13. Creed – A set of fundamental beliefs or guiding principles
Ex. 1. A) Speak about democracy. How do you understand it? Can you give explanation of it? Discuss:
What does it mean to be fully human? How is that different from just "being alive" or "surviving"?
Based on this list, what do people need to live in dignity?
Are all human beings essentially equal? What is the value of human differences?
Can any of our "essential" human qualities be taken from us? For example, only human beings can communicate with complex language; are you human if you lose the power of speech?
What happens when a person or government attempts to deprive someone of something that is necessary to human dignity?
What would happen if you had to give up one of these human necessities?
B) Read aloud the story of Dr. Martin Luther King's life. Make notes of the main periods of his life. Say why he was called ‘CIVIL RIGHT LEADER’.