Text B Tone, form and proportion, perspective

Line drawing in sanguine by Leonardo da Vinci

ToneShading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image. Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a fingertip or any combination of them.

Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. There are a number of other methods for producing texture in the picture: in addition to choosing a suitable paper, the type of drawing material and the drawing technique will result in different textures. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture will be more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area.

Pencil portrait by Ingres

Form and proportion Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.

When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive shapes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic shapes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive shapes are removed and replaced by the final likeness.

A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff.

Two-point perspective drawing

Perspective Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, will follow lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this point of convergence will be along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures will all typically converge at a vanishing point.

When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon. This is a two-point perspective. Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.

Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart will appear slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This will reproduce the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.

VII. Language

Exercise 16. Match antonyms in column A with column B and translate them:

A	B
1. similar 2. primitive 3. back 4. distant 5. coarse 6. horizon 7. above 8. tops	a)bottoms b)smooth c)different d)below e)vertical f)polished g)front h)close

Exercise 17. Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Тональна важливість, показати тінь матеріалу, реалістичне зображення образу, пом’якшити або розповсюдити оригінальні мазки малюнку, техніка штрихування, порівнювати розміри різних частин предмету, малювати складний образ, комбінація куба, кулі, циліндра та конуса; глибоке розуміння анатомії та пропорцій людини, зменшуватися з відстанню, сходитися в точці сходження, зменшувати контраст.

Exercise 18. Match the definitions to the terms in the left column:

1. Shading 2. Blending 3. Linear perspective 4. Vanishing point 5. Two-point perspective 6. Three-point perspective

a) uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes.   b)is converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon   c) when both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon.   d) is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. e) is a place to which parallel lines appear to converge in the rendering of perspective, usually on the horizon     f) is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material

VIII Text understanding