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1. In Eire, the Irish Free State, Irish has been made the official language and is spoken by about three million people, practically all of whom also speak English.
2. Few references to other works have been given in the body of the text, although the author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to all the works listed in general bibliography and the chapter bibliographies to which the student is referred to for anything beyond the outline here offered.
3. It is recognized that equivalence in both meaning and style cannot always be retained. When, therefore, one must be abandoned for the sake of the other, the meaning must have priority over the stylistic forms.
4. The bibliographies at the close of each chapter have again been brought up to date,28 though they have at the same time also been somewhat simplified.
5. The formation of a common language is assisted by intercourse of any kind, so especially by military service.
6. The Stone Age Section has been given the largest space, especially now that a special exhibition of the new acquisitions has been arranged.
7. He began his writing in the old style, and though he could not, as an educated man brought in close contact with the younger poets, be unaffected by them, he was by no means a consistent adherent of the school.
8. The opportunity has been taken here to publish a revised edition covering a much wider and more representative selection of London's libraries.
9. Meanwhile, in 1704, the Kamchatkan tradesman Vasilii Kolesov had been ordered by the authorities in Yakutsk to explore the limits of Kamchatka and to investigate whether there existed islands and if so to whom they belonged.
28 to bring up to date -- пересмотреть, привести в современный вид.
10. Long after Sanscrit ceased to be spoken as anyone's native language, it remained (as classical Latin remained in Europe) the artificial medium for all writing on learned topics.
11. These two individuals, the speaker and the hearer, and their relations to one another should never be lost sight of, if we want to understand the nature of language, and that part of language which is dealt with in grammar.
12. The whole question of Middle English dialects is now being subjected to rigorous scrutiny by A. Mc. Infosh (Edinburgh) and some others.
13. Thinking arises only out of sense-perception and must be preceded by it.
14. The Reference books in the Reading Room are kept under review and, wherever necessary, new books are substituted for those which are superseded.
15. Much of the older grammatical equipment of particles and terminations is now dispensed with (in Modern Japanese).
16. Slaves (in America) were chattels; they were denied even the sensibilities of a brute animal. Two hundred years of legislation had sanctified and sanctioned Negro Slaves a property. And property they indeed were. Like domestic animals they were referred to as «stock».
17. Nevertheless, it may be affirmed that there were repeated glaciations in Northern Germany, and it may safely be asserted that the maximum glaciation there coincided with the Mindel Glacial Stage in the Alpine region.
18. The general plan, however, of this series has not been lost sight of. Important writers have been treated at comparatively greater length, to the neglect of many lesser notabilities, and an attempt has been made, in so far as 29 the state of our knowledge permits, to follow the literature and to trace the causes which determined its character at particular periods.
19. In 1837 one ship made its way nearly to Yedo 30 in the effort to return a few castaways. She was fired upon, and returned without having landed her charges.
20. American artists from Brockden Brown and Рое to Henry James and Eliot have suffered this fate. They have
29 in so far as — настолько, насколько.
30 Yedo — Йедо, старое название г. Токио.
been thought of as expatriots and they have been denied a place in the literary history of the nation because they criticized their civilization.
21. Within a few centuries, owing to the difficulty of communications and the lack of a literary tradition, the Anglo-Saxon of England and the Frisian of the German lowlands had developed into widely divergent languages. At a much later period the coming of English-speaking immigrants to the shores of America was attended by a somewhat similar linguistic divergence.
22. Roman Latin had become the standard, normal speech of all Italy and after the first century A. D. no reference was made to local accents or dialectal variations.
23. People are influenced by the pronunciation and words they hear on the radio and TV or in spoken motion pictures, and our radio and- TV-picture language is imitated more and more by the people who hear it so that our language tends to become more and more uniform all the time.
24. It is assumed by many people that a repetition of a word will make the meaning more emphatic, but this is not always the case.31
25. Simpler forms are substituted for the older, and the vocabulary is enriched by the accession of a vast number of new words.
26. As new things were invented, they were given names built up from Latin and Greek roots.
27. As before noticed, the work of Mr. Wells as a true novelist must really be judged on the work of the period 1900-1909.
28. There can be little doubt that the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were a mixture of many tribal elements; though after they had been settled a few generations in England, Angles were being addressed as Saxons, Saxons were calling themselves Angles and the whole conglomeration was being referred to as Englishmen and their language as English speech.
31 this is (not) the case — это (не) так
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