The Origins of Cave Paintings
В МИРЕ ИСКУССТВА
(направление подготовки: 035300 «Искусства и гуманитарные науки»)
Часть 1
Учебно-методическое пособие
Составители
А. П. Бабушкин
В. Н. Картавцев
Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета романо-германской филологии 13 сентября 2016 г., протокол №1.
Составители: д. ф. н., профессорА. П. Бабушкин, В. Н.Картавцев
Рецензент – доктор филологических наук, профессор М. А. Стернина.
Пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка гуманитарных факультетов факультета романо-германской филологии Воронежского государственного университета.
Рекомендовано студентам 1 курса филологического факультета.
Для направления: 035300 – Искусства и гуманитарные науки.
Методическая разработка предназначена для занятий по английскому языку со студентами направления «Искусства и гуманитарные науки», обучающимися на филологическом факультете университета.
Подобранные тексты носят информативный характер и прослеживают развитие зарубежной культуры со времени ее зарождения по сегодняшний день.
Каждый урок сопровождается комплексом упражнений, нацеленных на пополнение словарного запаса обучаемых, развитие навыков чтения и понимания учебных текстов, составление творческих высказываний по актуальным проблемам культурной жизни народов мира, в том числе и народа Соединенного Королевства.
Задания
1. Прочтите текст с помощью словаря.
2. Найдите русские соответствия словам интернационального корня и определите, к какой части речи относятся их английские эквиваленты.
3. Найдите синонимы к представленным ниже словам.
4. Эпизодически пользуясь словарем, найдите антонимы к нижеследующим лексемам.
5. Ответьте на вопросы по прочитанному тексту.
6. Определите, какие из следующих ниже предложений соответствуют действительности, отбраковывая высказывания, несущие ложную информацию.
7. Задание творческого характера.
Contents
Unit 1. The Origins of Cave Painting………………………………..……5
Unit 2.Types of Writing……………………………………………….…7
Unit 3.Egyptian Art……………………………………………………..10
Unit 4.Greek Mythology’s Magical Creatures………………………….13
Unit 5.Christianity……………………………………………………....15
Unit 6. The Terms of the Artist………………………………………….19
Unit 7.TheRenaissance………………………………………………....22
Задание для самостоятельной работы…………………………...……31
UNIT 1
The Origins of Cave Paintings
At the dawn of civilization there were no words, no alphabet, no books. Yet, early cave men found a way to communicate their hopes, their dreams and their victories. They told stories using art.
The very first cave paintings were discovered in 1896 in the Altamira Cave in Spain. These paintings dated back to 14,000 BC and showed a bison over 8 m long! This particular painting is called the Bisons of the Altamira Cave.
Later, archeologists discovered the paintings in the Hall of Bulls Cave in France. What was so interesting about this find was that it showed so many different kinds of animals. Each group of animals likely represents a hunt that was performed at a different time. It would seem as though they used this cave over and over again for artwork, with many different artists taking turns.
What is even more interesting is that a very long time ago, when cave men were alive, only a few very special people were allowed to create art. They were called Shaman or hunter-magicians. Early cave men believed that if they drew an animal on a wall, they would capture its spirit and the Shaman would be able to control the success of the hunt.
Of all the cave paintings that were found, the most remarkable is the one from the Pech-Merle Cave in Lot, France from 14,000 BC. In this particular painting, you see a spotted horse with a negative hand imprint next to it. Since early cave men did not have words or an alphabet or language, this is probably their very first expression of identity or how they wrote their signature next to their artwork. Some believe that these first handprints may have inspired the development of written language at a later date.
When early cave men artists or Shaman first created art, there was no such thing as paint or brushes or canvas. They had to work with what they could find. They used the cave walls instead of paper or canvas, twigs or leaves as brushes and different types of dirt and berries for paint.
Упражненияктексту
1. Дайтерусскиеэквивалентысловаминтернациональногокорня: origin, dream, story, meter, hall, alphabet, communicate, victory, date, bison, archeologist, interesting, group, represent, artist, special, control, negative, print, identify, art, magician, spirit, expression, type.
2. Найдитевтекстесинонимыкследующимсловам:picture, find, bull, name, further on, depict, various, type, beast, show, not many, suppose, trap, tongue, initial, mud, probably, employ, let, discover.
3. Найдитевтекстеантонимыкследующимсловам: yes, late, bad, science, conceal, defeat, same, few, less, before, dead, forbid, release, failure, lose, out, positive, last, regress, spoken, unlikely, without, ordinary, unable, least, unremarkable.
4. Ответьтенаследующиевопросы:
1) In what way did early cave men try to communicate their hopes and dreams?
2) When and where were the first cave paintings discovered?
3) What did those paintings show?
4) Who was allowed to create art at that time?
5) Why did the cave men draw animals on walls?
6) What were the first attempts of the early artists to identify themselves?
7) How did the cave men create art without paint or brushes?
8) In what countries were the first paintings of the cave men found?
9) Do you think the caves with wall paintings are turned into museums?
Истинноэтоилиложно?
1) In early time there were no words, no alphabet, no books.
2) The first cave men told stories using art.
3) They hid a bison over 8 m long in the cave.
4) Many years ago French tourists discovered some wall paintings in the Hall of Bulls Cave.
5) The wall animals represented a hunt that was performed at a different time.
6) Everybody who wished drew animals on the cave walls under supervision of shamans.
7) An animal drawn on the cave wall might bring a success.
8) Under each picture shamans put their names in French.
UNIT 2
Types of Writing
Writing is a way of showing speech, or spoken language, with marks. People can make these marks on stone, paper, or a computer screen. People use writing to communicate with others.
The simplest type of writing uses pictures to stand for words or ideas. Many Native American groups used this type of writing. In other types of writing, marks of various designs can stand for whole words or parts of words. Chinese and Japanese characters are examples of this kind of writing. In alphabetic writing, marks called letters each stand for a different sound. The alphabet used for English is an example of this type of writing.
In prehistoric times people scratched marks on stones or wood. Some made cave paintings that showed people and animals. But these marks and drawings were not true writing systems.
As people began to trade, they developed systems for keeping records of their business. They created counting tokens to show how many animals or crops they had traded. Eventually different marks came to stand for the different goods. For example, a mark representing a cow looked much like a cow.
An important advance in writing took place when people began using marks to stand for more than just objects. Certain marks could then represent ideas, such as love or morning. At some point people started using marks to stand for the sounds of speech.
The Sumerians of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq) invented the first real writing system about 5,000 years ago. This writing, called cuneiform, was a system of wedge-shaped dents pressed into slabs of mud or clay. Not much later the Egyptians invented their own writing system, called hieroglyphics. About 3,000 years ago Semitic peoples in the Middle East created the first alphabets.
For hundreds of years most people did not know how to read or write. In many places people called scribes wrote things down for others. By the AD 1400s, however, more people were becoming educated. The invention of the printing press in the middle of the 1400s helped make books and other writings widely available. By the 1900s many countries were requiring their children to go to school to learn how to read and write. Today most people in the world are literate.
Упражненияктексту
Истинноэтоилиложно?
1) People use writing to communicate with each other.
2) Spoken language can be conveyed with marks.
3) Many people still continue to use pictures instead of writing.
4) Marks called letters were left by ancient people on the cave walls.
5) When people began to trade it became difficult to count animals and crops without writing.
6) A mark representing a cow was the first letter invented.
7) Cuneiform writing was introduced by Sumerians of Mesopotamia.
8) The Middle East is the homeland of the first alphabet.
UNIT 3
Egyptian Art
In the field of art, the Ancient Egyptians expressed their ideas in sculpture, painting, reliefs and architecture. Their art was expressive. For the first time in monumental form appeared the amazing manifestations of the belief in existence beyond death that dominated the Egyptian life and thought. For the Ancient Egyptians there was only a likeness of death when all signs of life ceased, for the human being still continued to exist in every other way. But to survive they required the support of the body through mummification or through image. Statues and statuettes, bas-reliefs: and tomb paintings are there to immortalize the life of the individual in the after-world. To heighten the intensity of the gaze, the eyes of the statues were inlaid, and even the eyebrows were fashioned in copper or silver. The eyeballs were made of white quartz and the pupils were made of resin. This required great skill and experience in the shaping of metal, which can be seen in the large number of statues dating from every historical period which have been found in various archaeological sites.
A splendid seated statue of Zoser in limestone has survived relatively intact. Of the earliest knownstatues of the King and his family only fragments survive. In its majestic pose we have the prototype of all subsequent seated statues for the rest of Egyptian history. The statue’s appearance was less solemn when the rock crystal eyes, gouged out long ago by the tomb robbers, and the original surface paint were intact. The king wears the “divine” false beard, and his massive wig is partly concealed by the royal linen covering. He is swathed in a long mantle descending almost to his feet. The statue is absolutely immobile and perfectly calm.
In the field of minor arts, the Ancient Egyptians produced a very large number of amulets, scarabs and seals, and also ornamental objects and jewelry, which are not less beautiful because of their small size. These small objects were widespread and esteemed in Africa, the Near East and even in Europe. The wide distribution of these objects makes it possible to discover the bonds which linked Egypt to other nations long ago.
Упражнения к тексту
UNIT 4
Упражнения к тексту
1. Дайтерусскиеэквивалентысловаминтернациональногокорняиопределите, ккакимчастямречиониотносятся:hieroglyphics, scene, interesting, control, reality, special, moments, originally, internal, pyramids, toreador, fresco, technique, culture, ocean, creature, vase, progress, expand, artist, geometric, ceramic, line, concept, column, culture, religion, story, mother, mythical, magical, minotaur, Pegasus, specially.
2. Найдитевтекстесинонимыкследующимсловам: picture, beings, divide, initially, inside, method, turnover, fast, draw, advance, immense, exactness, ancient, investigate, near, structure, idea, hill, struggle, performance, role.
3. Найдитевтекстеантонимыкследующимсловам: death, dull, science, unreality, ordinary, unlike, external, huts, die, slowly, A. D., regress, less, quantity, hatred, far, present, unimportant, small, ugly.
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1) What did the Greeks prefer to paint?
2) What was the purpose of art for the ancient Greeks?
3) Where did the Greeks leave their paintings?
4) What kind of technique was used for their paintings?
5) What creatures did the Greeks depict according to the geographical position of their country?
6) Did the Greeks know the laws of geometry? Why do you think so?
7) Where did the gods live according to the ancient Greeks` beliefs?
8) What stories did the Greeks reflect in their art?
UNIT 5
Christianity
During the period of the Roman occupation of Judea many Jewish families lived quietly and devoutly, attending the synagogue and bringing up their children to know the Jewish law and the writings of the prophets.
Jesus the Messiah
Little is known of Jesus’s childhood and youth. The story of His visit to the temple in Jerusalem when He was aged twelve shows His interest in religious matters, even at such a young age. When He was about thirty He went to the banks of the River Jordan to receive baptism, a symbol of repentance, from John the Baptist. As He came out of the water He had a profoundly moving experience of the Spirit of God coming down upon Him and there was the Voice of God claiming that Jesus was His Son.
After retiring to the desert for some weeks He returned to His home province of Galilee and began to announce that the coming of God’s kingdom was near. As a sign of this He healed many sick people and exorcised those who were possessed by demons. He gathered round Him a group of disciples, of whom twelve were especially close to Him. He taught great crowds about the nature of God’s kingdom and about the conduct and spirit required from those who wished to enter it.
At first the crowds seem to have listened gladly to Jesus, but later they began to fall away. There was much opposition to His teaching from the Jewish leaders, who mistrusted the authority with which He interpreted the Jewish law without respecting Jewish tradition. He was the Messiah, and Peter, leader of the twelve, acknowledged Him to be so. Neither the common people nor the Jewish leaders accepted this claim. When Jesus went to Jerusalem He gave a final challenge to the leaders by clearing the money changers out of the temple, demonstrating again that He believed His own inner conviction and authority to be superior to the Jewish tradition. The Jewish leaders resolved that He must be executed and had Him arrested. The Roman governor Pontius Pilate was persuaded to agree to the execution and Jesus was crucified, the usual Roman method of punishing criminals.
The Early Church
On the third day His disciples learnt that He was alive again, because He had risen from death and later appeared to them.
At the Jewish feast of Pentecost the disciples had an experience of power filling them. They described it as like a violent blast of wind and tongues of flame. They interpreted it as the Spirit of God filling them. From that moment onwards they took courage and began to proclaim that Jesus was the Messiah, or Christ. Like their Master they suffered a good deal of persecution. When one of their number, Stephen, was stoned to death by the Jews, many of the little community of Jesus’s followers left Jerusalem and were scattered over Samaria and Judea.
This was the beginning of a division within the Christian movement. On the one side there were those who believed that the new movement ought to remain obedient to the Jewish law. The other side, led by a convert from Judaism named Paul, believed that the new movement ought to be open to all, whether they observed the Jewish regulations or not. Paul was responsible for establishing Christian congregations in Asia Minor and Greece, and finally his view triumphed. The Christian movement began its history as a world-wide community embracing many nations and races.
As the Church spread it developed a distinctive worship and organisation. From the beginning in Jerusalem there had been meetings on the model of the synagogue services at which there was prayer, preaching and the singing of psalms. There was also the Eucharist,the sacrament based on the Last Supper eaten by Jesus with his disciples before his death. This was linked to the belief that by his death Jesus had enabled God to achieve an act of rescue similar to the deliverance of the Israelites from the Egyptians. But this Christian deliverance was not from human enemies but from spiritual ones. By the death of Jesus the Christian was saved from sin and from the power of evilbeings. The way of entering the Christian community was by baptism, which was interpreted as being a sharing of the death of Jesus so that one could rise to life as He had done.
The organisation of the Church slowly became more rigid, and by the beginning of the 2nd century ad each congregation was led by a bishop, assisted by elders and deacons.
Упражненияктексту
1. Дайтерусскиеэквивалентысловаминтернациональногокорняиопределите, ккакойчастиречиониотносятся: occupation,family, demonstrate, problem, brother, cousin, story, interest, religious, baptism, symbol, special, demons, group, nature, opposition, authority, interpret, repeat, tradition, Messiah, leader, final, arrest, governor, method, criminals, master, climax, courage, community, division, Christian, regulation, congregation, triumph, history, nation, race, discriminative, organization, meetings, model, psalm, ceremonial, base, human, assist, deacon.
2. Найдитевтекстесинонимыкследующимсловам: time, calmly, adolescence, visit, evidently, recognize, problem, get, belief, native, treat, ill, pupils, want, ordinary, decide, technique, law-breaker, depict, powerful, explain, announce, start, connect, help.
3. Найдитевтекстеантонимыкследующимсловам:forget, small, old, far, earlier, unification, trust, initial, outer, a few, above, angels, enemy, at last, neglect, both… and, opponents, inferior, relieve, unusual, law-obedient people, fail, friends, good, death.
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
1) Who occupied the Jewish land in the history told in the story?
2) In what way did the Jewish families live at that time?
3) In what river was Jesus baptized?
4) What was the essence of His teaching?
5) How many pupils did Jesus have?
6) Why did the Roman governor decide to execute Christ?
7) What were the miracles that Jesus showed?
8) What is the only way of entering the Christian community?
Истинно это или ложно?
1) Little is known about Jesus` childhood and youth.
2) Jesus showed His interest in religious matters at a young age.
3) When Jesus came into the water while being baptized He there was the Spirit of God coming down upon Him.
4) After returning to His home province Jesus announced that coming of the God`s Kingdom was near.
5) Jesus` pupil Peter was the first to acknowledge Him as a Messiah.
6) The Roman governor Pontius Pilate had some time to be persuaded that Jesus was to be crucified.
7) The Christian movement made his way in the whole world.
UNIT 6
The Terms of the Artist
When talking or writing about art we use certain words that help explain how a painting, a piece of sculpture or a building looks. Learning the meaning of these words is important. Being able to use them saves long, complicated explanations each time we try to describe a work of art.
One of the most important of these words is proportion. To understand it, imagine that a man you have not met before comes into the room where you are sitting. At once you know whether he is tall or short, fat or thin. How can you tell? Because, almost without thinking, you have considered the proportion of the man’s height to his width, and compared his height and width to that of the door and furniture in the room. As we look at the world around us we are constantly comparing one shape with another in this way, and so forming our judgement of proportion.
Since the time of the ancient Egyptians artists have tried to create perfect proportion - that is, proportion completely satisfying to the human eye. If you take several pieces of paper and draw a line on each of them, and then ask some friends each to divide a line in a way that looks pleasing to them, you will find that most of them divide it in almost the same way — so that one part of the line is nearly twice as long as the other. The ancient Greeks worked out this proportion mathematically. The artists of the Renaissance also used it, calling it the Divine Proportion, and today we call it the Golden Section, or Golden Mean. This proportion, which the Greeks felt was in harmony with the universe itself, does not belong only to works of art. Plants, shells, crystals and many other forms in nature, including the human body, are based on the Golden Mean.
Another word that has to do with measurement is scale. This describes actual size. For instance, you may have seen a map with a scale of one inch to the mile, meaning that every inch on that map represents one real mile. Works of art are often measured by comparing them with the real size of the people or objects they represent: this real size is called life size. The scale of a statue, therefore, might be given as three-quarters life size.
Besides having proportion and scale, every work of art is made up of a number of different things. To begin with, each one has a complete, or outside, shape. If we look at a building or a piece of sculpture we would call this outside shape its mass. The terms of geometry, such as sphere, cube or cone, are often used to describe mass. Mass can have space inside it, or it can be solid — but either way, whatever is inside is called the volume.
In a painting or a drawing, such an enclosed space is called the area. This might be quite irregular, or it might be possible to describe it with other geometrical words like square, circle or triangle. An area is enclosed, not by mass, but by line, and this may be a fine stroke, a broad band, or simply an edge.
A work of art also has a structure (which is its basic framework, or skeleton), and it has surface. A completely flat surface is called a plane. Three- dimensional works, such as buildings and statues, have mass, volume and planes. Two-dimensional works, such as paintings, drawings or prints, have only a plane. However, although a plane has no depth, many paintings and drawings do seem to have depth. Any system of drawing which gives this appearance of depth is called perspective.
Finally, every surface has texture — in other words, it may be hard or soft, rough or smooth, dull or shiny. The best way to learn about texture is, of course, to feel it. But even if this is not possible, the way light strikes a surface often tells us something about its texture, so that we can imagine what it feels like.
Proportion and scale, mass and volume, area, line, structure, texture - all these things put together give a painting or drawing, a building or a piece of sculpture what we know as its form.
Упражнения к тексту
Истинно или ложно?
1) Using terms saves long, complicated explanation.
2) The termof proportion is often neglected by professional artists.
3) Proportion always satisfies the human eye.
4) Scale describes an actual size of the object.
5) In painting an enclosed place is called a square.
6) Three dimensional works have mass, volume and plane.
7) The texture of the objects is detected only by a microscope.
8) The form of an object includes knowing its volume, area, line, structure and texture.
UNIT 7
The Renaissance
PART I
Michelangelo
The Italian sculptor, painter, and architect Michelangelo is considered one of the greatest artists of all times. He lived during the Italian Renaissance, a period known for its achievements in science, literature, politics, and, most of all, in art. Michelangelo dominated the field of art, particularly in sculpture.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was bom on March 6, 1475. His birthplace, Caprese, was a small town near Florence, in central Italy. A few months after Michelangelo's birth, the family moved from Caprese to Florence. At that time, Florence was the center of artistic activity. It produced the best painters and sculptors in Europe.
When Michelangelo was 13, he began an apprenticeship, or a period of training under a master. Michelangelo's master was DomenicoGhirlandajo, a leading painter in Florence. However, Michelangelo left the apprenticeship after a year. His talent brought him to the notice of Lorenzo de' Medici, the ruler of Florence.
Lorenzo surrounded himself with poets and scholars. Michelangelo may have benefited from their company. He was able to study the Medici art collection. He may also have received some instruction from the sculptor Bertoldo. The sculptor was a friend of the Medici family and looked after their art collection.
At that time Florence did not offer artists many work opportunities. Many of them moved to other cities. Moreover, in 1494 the Medici family was overthrown. This led to political disturbance in Florence. Michelangelo left for Bologna, a city north of Florence.
By 1496 Michelangelo was in Rome. In 1498 he was given the project of carving a pieta—an artwork that shows the Virgin Mary supporting the body of Jesus after his death. Michelangelo's Pieta is a large sculpture carved from one block of marble. It is now in St. Peter's Basilica, a cathedral in Rome. The sculpture made Michelangelo famous.
In 1501 Michelangelo returned to Florence for his second major project, to create a huge statue for the city. In 1504 Michelangelo completed David. It is the figure of a young man holding a slingshot. David was a king of ancient Israel who is said to have used only a slingshot to kill the giant Goliath. David is one of the world's greatest statues. It represents the Renaissance ideal of perfect humanity.
In 1505 Michelangelo was called to Rome. He was to work on a giant tomb for Pope Julius II. The tomb was to have some 40 statues around it. However, the pope soon became disturbed by the cost of the project. Michelangelo left Rome, but the pope had him brought back.
Michelangelo was put to work painting the vaulted ceiling of the pope's own chapel, the Sistine Chapel in Rome (now in Vatican City). Michelangelo thought of himself as mainly a sculptor.
He was not happy to begin the project. Between 1508 and 1512 Michelangelo covered the ceiling of the chapel with majestic frescoes, or paintings created on wet plaster. The main scenes show biblical stories and Hebrew prophets. Perhaps the best-known fresco shows God creating Adam.
Michelangelo worked perched on a platform about 60 feet (18 meters) above the floor. His paintings covered 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of ceiling area. Most of the time he painted lying on his back. Each day fresh plaster was laid over a part of the ceiling.
Michelangelo then had to complete that portion while the plaster was still wet. He could not undo mistakes.
After finishing the ceiling frescoes, Michelangelo returned to work on the tomb of Julius II. In about 1513-15, he carved Moses, an enormous marble statue of the Hebrew prophet.
In 1534 Michelangelo started another fresco for the Sistine Chapel called the Last Judgment. The large painting covers the end wall. It shows the biblical story of the judgment of humankind by Jesus at the end of the world.
In his later years Michelangelo was more involved with architecture, painting, and poetry than he was with sculpture. He designed the dome of St. Peter's Basilica and the Capitoline Square in Rome. These are now among Rome's most impressive sights. However, Michelangelo did not live to see them completed.
Michelangelo died on February 18, 1564, in Rome. He was buried in the church of Santa Croce in Florence.
Упражнения к тексту
Истинно или ложно?
1) Most of all Michelangelo dominated in painting.
2) Florence produced the best sculptors and painters in Europe.
3) Michelangelo created the Medici art collection.
4) Michelangelo made a statue of David, the figure of a young man holding a slingshot.
5) It was Goliath who killed a king of ancient Israel.
6) Working at his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo most of all lay on his stomach.
7) After finishing the ceiling frescoes Michelangelo continued to work on the tomb for Julius II.
8) Moses is Michelangelo`s marble statue of the Hebrew prophet.
Part II
Leonardo da Vinci
A man far ahead of his time, Leonardo da Vinci excelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer. His paintings of the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper won him everlasting fame. Leonardo is equally known for his serious scientific studies. More than 300 years before flying machines were perfected, Leonardo developed plans for an airplane and a helicopter.
Leonardo da Vinci was bom in 1452, in Vinci, in what is now Italy. He received the basic education of his time: reading, writing, and arithmetic. When he was about 15, his father put him under the guidance of the artist Andrea del Verrocchio, who had a famous workshop in Florence. Under Verrocchio Leonardo received an all-round training in painting, sculpture, and the design, construction, and use of mechanical devices.
In 1482 Leonardo entered the service of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. Leonardo was listed in the register of the royal household as «painter and engineer of the duke». He stayed in Milan, in northwest Italy, for 17 years, until Ludovico's fall from power in 1499.
The Milan years were some of Leonardo's most creative. Although he completed only six works in 17 years, these finished works include The Last Supper, an immense wall painting in the dining hall of the monastery of Santa Maria delleGrazie, and the The Virgin of the Rocks. These paintings are widely acknowledged to be artistic masterpieces.
While at Milan, Leonardo also became deeply interested in scientific study and observation. Leonardo thought that a painter should have the power to see things in a fine and detailed way, and also the skill to portray what was seen in an original manner.
He thought this could be achieved by observing all visible objects and using pictures to describe them exactly as they were. The result of this plan was what we know today as Leonardo's notebooks. The notebooks began as loose sheets on tiny paper pads Leonardo kept in his belt. Four major themes interested him: painting, architecture, human anatomy, and the elements of mechanics.
In 1503 Leonardo returned to Florence. There he carried on with his intensive scientific study in Florence. He dissected corpses at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova, made observations on the flight of birds, and continued studies of the properties of water and its currents. He also worked on the science of flight.
Between the years 1500 and 1506, he worked on four masterpieces, which confirmed and heightened his fame. The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, which even as a preliminary drawing called forth admiration for the finesse of its composition; Mona Lisa, a portrait; the Battle of Anghiari, planned as a huge mural; and Leda, a painting. Only the Mona Lisa was ever completed. It is probably Leonardo's most famous work, and is today displayed in the Louvre, Paris.
In 1516 Leonardo decided to accept the invitation of the young French king, Francis I, to enter his service in France. Leonardo spent the last three years of his life in the small residence of Cloux, near the king's summer palace. Leonardo did no more painting or, at most, completed the painting of St. John the Baptist. He spent most of his time arranging and editing his scientific studies.
Leonardo died at Cloux on May 2, 1519. He was buried in the palace church of Saint-Florentin. The church, however, was devastated during the French Revolution and completely tom down at the beginning of the 19th century. Leonardo's grave can no longer be located.
Упражненияктексту
Истинно или ложно?
1) A great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci is well-known for his scientific studies.
2) Leonardo invented a helicopter to equip the Italian armed forces?
3) Leonardo`s father was very poor that is why the boy didn`t get any education.
4) Paintings of Leonardo are widely acknowledged as artistic masterpieces.
5) Leonardo performed medical operations and saved the life of many people.
6) Leonardo kept his notebooks in tiny paper pads fixed to his belt.
7) Leonardo studied water and its currents.
8) Leonardo`s grave can no longer be located.
History of Visual Arts
In art of the Middle Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical and not material truths. The Renaissance saw the return to valuation of the material world, and this shift is reflected in art forms, which show the corporeality of the human body, and the three-dimensional reality of landscape.
Задание для самостоятельной работы
В МИРЕ ИСКУССТВА
(направление подготовки: 035300 «Искусства и гуманитарные науки»)
Часть 1
Учебно-методическое пособие
Составители
А. П. Бабушкин
В. Н. Картавцев
Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета романо-германской филологии 13 сентября 2016 г., протокол №1.
Составители: д. ф. н., профессорА. П. Бабушкин, В. Н.Картавцев
Рецензент – доктор филологических наук, профессор М. А. Стернина.
Пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка гуманитарных факультетов факультета романо-германской филологии Воронежского государственного университета.
Рекомендовано студентам 1 курса филологического факультета.
Для направления: 035300 – Искусства и гуманитарные науки.
Методическая разработка предназначена для занятий по английскому языку со студентами направления «Искусства и гуманитарные науки», обучающимися на филологическом факультете университета.
Подобранные тексты носят информативный характер и прослеживают развитие зарубежной культуры со времени ее зарождения по сегодняшний день.
Каждый урок сопровождается комплексом упражнений, нацеленных на пополнение словарного запаса обучаемых, развитие навыков чтения и понимания учебных текстов, составление творческих высказываний по актуальным проблемам культурной жизни народов мира, в том числе и народа Соединенного Королевства.
Задания
1. Прочтите текст с помощью словаря.
2. Найдите русские соответствия словам интернационального корня и определите, к какой части речи относятся их английские эквиваленты.
3. Найдите синонимы к представленным ниже словам.
4. Эпизодически пользуясь словарем, найдите антонимы к нижеследующим лексемам.
5. Ответьте на вопросы по прочитанному тексту.
6. Определите, какие из следующих ниже предложений соответствуют действительности, отбраковывая высказывания, несущие ложную информацию.
7. Задание творческого характера.
Contents
Unit 1. The Origins of Cave Painting………………………………..……5
Unit 2.Types of Writing……………………………………………….…7
Unit 3.Egyptian Art……………………………………………………..10
Unit 4.Greek Mythology’s Magical Creatures………………………….13
Unit 5.Christianity……………………………………………………....15
Unit 6. The Terms of the Artist………………………………………….19
Unit 7.TheRenaissance………………………………………………....22
Задание для самостоятельной работы…………………………...……31
UNIT 1
The Origins of Cave Paintings
At the dawn of civilization there were no words, no alphabet, no books. Yet, early cave men found a way to communicate their hopes, their dreams and their victories. They told stories using art.
The very first cave paintings were discovered in 1896 in the Altamira Cave in Spain. These paintings dated back to 14,000 BC and showed a bison over 8 m long! This particular painting is called the Bisons of the Altamira Cave.
Later, archeologists discovered the paintings in the Hall of Bulls Cave in France. What was so interesting about this find was that it showed so many different kinds of animals. Each group of animals likely represents a hunt that was performed at a different time. It would seem as though they used this cave over and over again for artwork, with many different artists taking turns.
What is even more interesting is that a very long time ago, when cave men were alive, only a few very special people were allowed to create art. They were called Shaman or hunter-magicians. Early cave men believed that if they drew an animal on a wall, they would capture its spirit and the Shaman would be able to control the success of the hunt.
Of all the cave paintings that were found, the most remarkable is the one from the Pech-Merle Cave in Lot, France from 14,000 BC. In this particular painting, you see a spotted horse with a negative hand imprint next to it. Since early cave men did not have words or an alphabet or language, this is probably their very first expression of identity or how they wrote their signature next to their artwork. Some believe that these first handprints may have inspired the development of written language at a later date.
When early cave men artists or Shaman first created art, there was no such thing as paint or brushes or canvas. They had to work with what they could find. They used the cave walls instead of paper or canvas, twigs or leaves as brushes and different types of dirt and berries for paint.
Упражненияктексту
1. Дайтерусскиеэквивалентысловаминтернациональногокорня: origin, dream, story, meter, hall, alphabet, communicate, victory, date, bison, archeologist, interesting, group, represent, artist, special, control, negative, print, identify, art, magician, spirit, expression, type.
2. Найдитевтекстесинонимыкследующимсловам:picture, find, bull, name, further on, depict, various, type, beast, show, not many, suppose, trap, tongue, initial, mud, probably, employ, let, discover.
3. Найдитевтекстеантонимыкследующимсловам: yes, late, bad, science, conceal, defeat, same, few, less, before, dead, forbid, release, failure, lose, out, positive, last, regress, spoken, unlikely, without, ordinary, unable, least, unremarkable.
4. Ответьтенаследующиевопросы:
1) In what way did early cave men try to communicate their hopes and dreams?
2) When and where were the first cave paintings discovered?
3) What did those paintings show?
4) Who was allowed to create art at that time?
5) Why did the cave men draw animals on walls?
6) What were the first attempts of the early artists to identify themselves?
7) How did the cave men create art without paint or brushes?
8) In what countries were the first paintings of the cave men found?
9) Do you think the caves with wall paintings are turned into museums?
Истинноэтоилиложно?
1) In early time there were no words, no alphabet, no books.
2) The first cave men told stories using art.
3) They hid a bison over 8 m long in the cave.
4) Many years ago French tourists discovered some wall paintings in the Hall of Bulls Cave.
5) The wall animals represented a hunt that was performed at a different time.
6) Everybody who wished drew animals on the cave walls under supervision of shamans.
7) An animal drawn on the cave wall might bring a success.
8) Under each picture shamans put their names in French.