World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution

Disposal of most of this biodegradable organic material without treatment pollutes environment with organisms that are highly dangerous to human health. But the main focus of World Health Organizationis on the increasing polluting environment, which leads to poverty, which in turn leads to environmental pollution.

It contributes to the spread of the disease, undermines the effectiveness of the health services and slows population control. After taking into account the dramatic global changes of the past 20 years and arriving at conclusions that in” sanitary conditions contribute to the spread of the diseases, World Health Organizationhas sent out a call for action to help those most in need of improved sanitation.

Summary: The functions of theWorld Health Organization are to direct and coordinate international health work, to provide technical assistance in emergency, to promote work and to eradicate epidemic and other diseases, to prevent accidental injuries, to encourage research in the field of health, to promote better material and child health and welfare, to promote improved standards of teaching and training, to promote reforms in nutrition, housing sanitation etc.

Exercise 9:Answer the following questions:

1. When was the WHO founded?

2. What are the most important achievements of the WHO?

3. What does the WHO do for world’s ecology?

4. What are the functions of the WHO?

Exercise 10:Make your own short report about the WHO.

Exercise 11:You know that many English words are polysemantic. Study the following words and word combinations:

CASE:

case - случай заболевания; заболевание

acute case — острое заболевание

chronic case — хроническое заболевание

hopeless case — смертельная болезнь

lingering case — затяжная болезнь

terminal case — последняя стадия заболевания

advanced / neglected case — запущеннаяболезнь

case history — историяболезни

case - больной, пациент; раненый

case - клинический случай, псих

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Exercise 12: Nearly one out of every three people in the world has been infected by hepatitis B virus: More than half a billion people live with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection.

Although viral hepatitis is one of the most prevalent, serious infectious conditions in the world, many people remain unaware of its staggering toll on human health. Hepatitis affects everyone, everywhere. Know it. Confront it.

Watch the WHO report and discuss it: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FzkCUfhAoo

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Exercise 13:Read the text, write down the key-words, make a mind-map and prepare a report in Russian and in English:

HEPATITIS A

Fact sheet N°328 May 2008

Keyfacts

· Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease that can cause mild to severe illness.

· It is spread by faecal-oral (or stool to mouth) transmission when a person ingests food or drink contaminated by an infected person's stool.

· The disease is closely associated with poor sanitation and a lack of personal hygiene habits, such as hand-washing.

· An estimated 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A occur annually.

· Epidemics can be explosive in growth and cause significant economic losses: 300 000 were affected in one Shanghai outbreak in 1988.

· Improved sanitation and the Hepatitis A vaccine are the most effective ways to combat the disease.

Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is spread when an uninfected (or unvaccinated) person eats or drinks something contaminated by the stool of an HAV-infected person: this is called faecal-oral transmission. The disease is closely associated with inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A infection does not cause chronic liver disease and is rarely fatal, but it can cause debilitating symptoms.

Hepatitis A occurs sporadically and in epidemics worldwide, with a tendency for cyclic recurrences. Worldwide, HAV infections account for an estimated 1.4 million cases annually. Epidemics related to contaminated food or water can erupt explosively, such as an epidemic in Shanghai in 1988 that affected about 300 000 people.

The disease can wreak significant economic and social consequences in communities. It can take weeks or months for people recovering from the illness to return to work, school or daily life. The impact on food establishments identified with the virus, and local productivity in general, can be substantial.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to severe, and can include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-colored urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes). Not everyone who is infected will have all of the symptoms. Adults have signs and symptoms of illness more often than children, and the severity of disease and mortality increases in older age groups. Infected children under six years of age do not usually experience noticeable symptoms, and only 10% develop jaundice. Among older children and adults, infection usually causes more severe symptoms, with jaundice occurring in more than 70% of cases. Most people recover in several weeks - or sometimes months - without complications.

Who is at risk?

Anyone who has not had been infected previously or been vaccinated can contract hepatitis A. People who live in places with poor sanitation are at higher risk. In areas where the virus is widespread, most HAV infections occur during early childhood. Other risk factors for the virus include injecting drugs, living in a household with an infected person, or being a sexual partner of someone with acute HAV infection.

Transmission

HAV is usually spread from person to person when an uninfected person ingests food or beverages that have been contaminated with the stool of a person with the virus. Bloodborne transmission of HAV occurs, but is much less common. Waterborne outbreaks, though infrequent, are usually associated with sewage-contaminated or inadequately treated water. Casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Recovery from symptoms following infection may be slow and take several weeks or months. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.

Prevention

Improved sanitation and Hepatitis A immunization are the most effective ways to combat the disease.

Adequate supplies of safe-drinking water and proper disposal of sewage within communities, combined with personal hygiene practices, such as regular hand-washing, reduce the spread of HAV.

Several hepatitis A vaccines are available internationally. All are similar in terms of how well they protect people from the virus and their side-effects. No vaccine is licensed for children younger than one year of age.

Nearly 100% of people will develop protective levels of antibodies to the virus within one month after a single dose of the vaccine. Even after virus exposure, one dose of the vaccine within two weeks of contact with the virus has protective effects. Still, manufacturers recommend two vaccine doses to ensure longer-term protection of about 5 to 8 years after vaccination. Millions of people have been immunized with no serious adverse events. The vaccine can be given as part of regular childhood immunizations programmes and with vaccines commonly given for travel.

World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru

Реферати́вный перевод - разновидность перевода, при которой происходит сжатие основного содержания исходного текста на одном языке средствами другого, переводящего языка. С одной стороны, реферативный перевод представляет собой форму реферирования и смысловую редукцию текста. С другой стороны, он подходит под определение перевода как передачи информации, содержащейся в определённом произведении, средствами другого языка.

При реферативном переводе ведущей языковой трансформацией является трансдукция. Как и при реферировании, реферативный перевод предполагает выборочный подход к определению исходного уровня компонентов содержания исходного текста. В ходе вычленения основного смысла коммуникативных блоков более высокого уровня, чем предложение, наравне с отдельными словами и словосочетаниями могут опускаться целые предложения и абзацы.

Exercise 14:Read the text in Ex. 13 and make an abstract translation.

 
  World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru
World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru

World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru

Exercise 16:How to write a Memo:

MEMORANDUM (MEMO)

Memorandum (служебная записка)в единственном числе, или memorandaво множественном. Если Вы плохо владеете латинским, то можете использовать соответственно memoили memos. Служебные записки это письменные сообщения внутри компаний или в пределах подразделений компании. Они, как правило, предназначены для объявлений, обсуждения бизнес процессов, предоставления отчетности о работе компании, распространения информации среди сотрудников. Служебная записка является публичным документом, поэтому не следует в ней писать какую-либо конфиденциальную информацию.

World Health Organization focus On Environment Pollution - student2.ru При написании обычно используется неофициальный и дружественный стиль. Хотя Вам и не нужно быть слишком кратким, излишне официозным в тоже время лаконичность приветствуется. Структура служебной записки составляется таким образом, чтобы наиболее важная информация находилась в первом абзаце, а в последующих абзацах разъяснить эту информацию более подробно. Все служебные записки имеют аналогичную структуру. В них присутствуют следующие элементы:

· Получатель: выравнивание по левому краю, прописными буквами, в верхней части страницы

· Отправитель: по левому краю, прописными буквами, непосредственно под «Получателем»

· Дата: по левому краю, прописными буквами, сразу под «Отправителем»

· Тема: по левому краю, прописными буквами, под «Датой»

· Подходящая бумага:белая для печати, размер должен быть стандартным или меньше, что бы поместиться в лотки для входящих документов.

Некоторые люди, кажется, думают, что у их сотрудников никогда не бывает слишком много служебных записок, и поэтому они наполняют почтовые ящики других до предела. Помните, что каждый занят и у него есть своя работа. Другие думают, что служебные записки являются эффективными инструментами управления, потому как они публичные. Хотя служебные записки допускается использовать для направления работы и предложений, критику и похвалу лучше высказать человеку непосредственно. Если Вам все же необходимо выступать в роли критика, убедитесь, что Вы критикуете не личность человека, а только продуктивность его труда. Не смотря на то, что большинство информации сегодня передается по электронной почте, использование прикрепленных служебных записок (документов) остается важным элементом в деловой переписке 21 столетия. Отправка в напечатанном виде возможно уже вчерашний день, но все еще важно использовать правильное оформление при отправке по электронной почте.

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