II. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Past Simple. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. During the recent negotiations, both governments (to recognize) finally that their respective nations will benefit from lower trade barriers between them.

2. The company’s new supplier (to leave) the office before I (to have) time to ask him anything.

3. Deregulation of services like telecommunications, transport and banking (to happen) in many countries in recent years.

4. By that time the government already (to place) a high tax upon luxury commodities.

5. In the early 1990s, despite Russia’s enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy (to go) into a long and difficult depression.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, употребляя глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past или Future Simple действительного или страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Our senior manager occasionally (to travel) to various European countries for trade fairs and exhibitions.

2. In the future low interest rates (to encourage) companies to take out loans in order to build factories, buy machines and increase production.

3. In the last century periods of depressions (to characterize) by the collapse of banks, business bankruptcies, a decline in wages and high rates of unemployment.

4. All business activity essentially (to connect) with the satisfying of human wants.

5. In the future many businesses (to involve) in the production of capital goods (e. g. factories, machines, tools, transport systems) to meet the requirements of other businesses which in turn will produce consumer goods.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните причастие I или причастие II, определите его функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A company’s total revenue is all the money received from sales.

2. Launching its new product the company had a great opportunity to take a lucrative niche in the market of soft drinks.

3. The main trading operations are performed in London, but the Stock Exchange also has centers in some big industrial cities of the country.

4. The main aim of product advertising is to increase sales by making a product or service known to a wider audience.

5. An annual report performs a useful function in a free market system, transmitting information from the company to the shareholders.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, выбрав причастие I или причастие II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Socially responsible investing implies that those who follow it invest in companies operating/operated in a socially responsible manner.

2. Many high-wage and high-benefit Scandinavian countries compete successfully in the market relying/relied on quality specialized products.

3. Investing/invested in the stock market, investors generally buy stocks that have high stock price appreciation.

4. Real national income is the value of all the services and goods produced/producing by the whole economy.

5. Some countries lack the raw materials and capital required/requiring for growth.

VI. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзац №3.

The Planned Economy

1. In a planned economy all the economic decisions are taken by the state. The state (government) owns all the means of production. Therefore, all workers from labourers to managers are employees of the state; all land, factories and machines are owned by the state; and all goods are distributed through state-owned shops. In this way the state can direct production and decide what is produced, how much is produced and who will benefit from this production. For this reason planned economies are also known as command economies because the state dictates all economic activity.

2. Of course, it is not an easy task to decide what goods should be produced and how much of each. The government has to employ officials to find out what is needed and what resources are available to produce it. A consideration of just one product, steel, shows how difficult the problems are. The government will need to know the capacity of the steel industry and the amount of iron ore which is available to be mined and converted into iron. Will some iron have to be imported? How many plants and works are there? How much can they produce? Where are they located in relation to the iron ore? What transport facilities are available to carry the raw materials and the finished product? A great many products use steel, e.g. cars, ships, planes, trains, railway lines, washing machines, fridges. The officials will want to know how many of each of these products can be, and will be, produced. They will want to know what proportion of these goods are made of steel and thus how much steel will be needed.

3. Thus the system is extremely complex. The plans have to be coordinated, e.g. it is no good setting too high a target for output from the furniture industry if the timber industry is unable to supply enough wood. Also, decisions regarding the quantities of products cannot be made for just one year. It takes a long time for certain planning decisions to work through to affect final outputs, e.g. a decision to build a new steel works. Therefore decisions need to be made now about what will be required in a few years' time. The usual procedure is to organise production within the framework of a five-year plan. To construct the plan, targets are set for each sector of the economy and for all enterprises within each sector. The most difficult aspect of the plan is to ensure that all the hundreds of thousands of different targets match each other. However, circumstances change during the 5-year period and adjustments to the plan and the targets have to be made continually.

4. There are 2 major problems associated with the operation of a planned economy. The first is actually meeting the output targets. Some targets may have been based on too little information and may be unrealistic, some may be frustrated by the underfulfilment of other targets. Unforeseen circumstances may make targets impossible, e.g. poor weather conditions may affect grain targets. The second problem is getting the targets right in the first place. If the targets are wrong, which is very common, then too much of certain goods will be produced and not enough of other goods. This can lead to massive unsold stocks in some shops and queues for other goods.

VII. Дайте письменные ответы на следующие вопросы к тексту:

1. Who is responsible for the main economic decisions in a planned economy?

2. What questions should be considered by the government before adopting a plan of actions?

3. What problems can arise in practice as a result of state planning?

Вариант 4