Справочные таблицы по грамматике английского языка

Таблица 1

Все времена действительного залога

(Tenses in Active Voice)

	Present	Past	Future
Simple (Indefinite) 1. Факт 2. Регулярное действие	He is a pupil. Is he a pupil? He goes to school every day. Does he go to school every day? every day (week), usually, often, always, seldom, rarely, never, sometimes, occasionally	He was a pupil last year. Was he a pupil last year? He went to school yesterday. Did he go to school yesterday? yesterday, last year (week), ago	He will be a pupil next year. Will he be a pupil next year? He will go to school tomorrow. Will he go to school tomorrow? next year (month), tomorrow, in (a week)
Continuous (Progressive) действие, происходящее в определенный момент (know, consider, believe, want, like, feel, love, think)	He is reading now. Is he reading now? now, at present, at the moment, still, while Look! Listen!	He was reading. Was he reading? at 5, the whole day yesterday from 5 till 7 last Sunday when I came	He will be reading. Will he be reading? at 5 tomorrow from 5 till 7 tomorrow when I come
Perfect действие, совершенное к определенному моменту	He has already read this book. Has he read this book yet? already, just, never, ever, yet, recently, lately, this year (week), today	He had read the book. Had he read the book? By 5 o’clock When I came before, after	He will have read this book. Will he have read this book? by 5 tomorrow When I come
Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive) действие, начавшееся до определенного момента и продолжающееся в этот момент	He has been reading the book Since 2 o’clock For 3 hours But: I have known him for 2 years	He had been reading the book for 2 hours By 5 o’clock When I came	He will have been reading the book for 2 hours. Will he have been reading the book for 2 hours? By 5 o’clock when I come

Таблица 2

Таблица всех времен в страдательном залоге

(Tenses in Passive Voice)

	Present	Past	Future	Future in-the-Past
Simple (Indefinite)	Letters are written every day	The letter was written yesterday	The letter will be written tomorrow	(He said that) the letter would be written the next day
Continuous (Progressive)	The letter is being written now	The letter was being written at 5 o’clock yesterday	______	______
Perfect	The letter has already been written	The letter had been writtenby 5 o’clock yesterday	The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow	(He said that) he would have been writtenby 5 o’clock the next day
Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive)	_______	_______	_______	_______

Таблица 3

Правила согласования времен

(Sequence of Tenses)

Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном при главном предложении в прошедшем времени
Present Simple – Past Simple Present Continuous – Past Continuous	Действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Simple	Действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного.
Future – Future-in-the-Past	Действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного.

Употребляя простые предложения в роли придаточных дополнительных при главном предложении в прошедшем времени, сдвигайте времена, как указано в таблице:

He lives in New York. I thought that he lived in New York.   Mother is sleeping. I knew that mother was sleeping.	Одновременное действие   Одновременное действие
He has returned from London. I was told that he had returned from London.   He bought a new car. I heard that he had bought a new car.	Предшествующее действие   Предшествующее действие
He will send us a letter. I supposed that he would send us a letter.	Последующее действие

Таблица 4

Правила перевода прямой речи в косвенную речь

(Reported speech)

Косвенная речь

При переводе предложений в косвенную речь не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице
Direct speech	Indirect speech
now today yesterday tomorrow … ago this … these … here last year last month last … next …	then that day the day before the next day … before that … those … there the year before the month before the … before the following …