К практическому занятию № 2
По теме «Система гласных современного английского языка»
1. What sounds are called vowels?
2. According to what principles can we classify English vowels?
3. What are the positions of the lips while making English vowels?
4. What short vowels are pronounced with the spread position of the lips?
5. What vowels are called long vowels?
6. In what way are long vowels differ from short vowels?
7. What sounds can we call diphthongs?
8. How are all the diphthongs classified?
9. Why do we call a group of diphthongs “centring”?
10. What diphthongs are called “closing”?
11. What sounds are called triphthongs?
12. According to what principles are Russian vowels classified?
13. What is the similarity in classifying English and Russian vowels?
14. What are the differences in classifying English and Russian vowels?
15. How can you classify some vowel sounds?
Test 2—I
1. What sounds are called vowels?
2. What are the positions of the lips while making English vowels?
3. How can you classify some vowel sounds [Z]?
4. What vowels are called long vowels?
5. What sounds can we call diphthongs?
6. Why do we call a group of diphthongs “centring”?
7. What sounds are called triphthongs?
8. What is the similarity in classifying English and Russian vowels?
Test 2—II
1. According to what principles can we classify English vowels?
2. What short vowels are pronounced with the spread position of the lips?
3. How can you classify some vowel sounds [i:]?
4. In what way are long vowels differ from short vowels?
5. How are all the diphthongs classified?
6. What diphthongs are called “closing”?
7. According to what principles are Russian vowels classified?
8. What are the differences in classifying English and Russian vowels?
Test 2—III
1. What sounds are called vowels?
2. According to what principles can we classify English vowels?
3. What short vowels are pronounced with the spread position of the lips?
4. What vowels are called long vowels?
5. How can you classify some vowel sounds [i:]?
6. How are all the diphthongs classified?
7. Why do we call a group of diphthongs “centring”?
8. What is the similarity in classifying English and Russian vowels?
Test 2—IV
1. What are the positions of the lips while making English vowels?
2. How can you classify some vowel sounds [Z]?
3. In what way are long vowels differ from short vowels?
4. What sounds can we call diphthongs?
5. What diphthongs are called “closing”?
6. What sounds are called triphthongs?
7. According to what principles are Russian vowels classified?
8. What are the differences in classifying English and Russian vowels?
Т Е М А
«Система согласных cовременного английского языка»
The Consonants of English
Consonants contribute more to making English understood than vowels do. Consonants are generally made by a definite interference of the vocal organs with the air stream. Consonants form the bones, the skeleton of English words and give them their basic shape.
1. The Classification of English Consonants
All English consonants are classified according to the following principles:
1) according to the manner of articulation (friction, stop, nasal, lateral, gliding);
2) according to the presence or absence of voice (voiced, voiceless);
3) according to the force of articulation (strong, weak).
Friction consonants.
There are nine consonant phonemes which main sounds all have friction as their most important feature. They are /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ƒ, ¥, h/. For all of them the lungs push air through a narrow opening where it causes friction of various kind.
Stop consonants.
In stop consonants the breath is completely stopped in the mouth, by the lips or tongue-tip or tongue-back, and then released with a slight explosion. They are /p, b, t, d, k, g, tƒ, ®/.
Nasal consonants.
There are three phonemes in English which are represented by nasal consonants /m, n, n/. In all nasal consonants the soft palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage is blocked at some point that all the air is pushed out of the nose.
Lateral consonant.
One English consonant /l/ is formed laterally, that is, instead of the breath passing down the centre of the mouth, it passes round the sides of an obstruction set up in the centre.
Gliding consonants.
There are three consonants which consist of a quick, smooth, non-friction glide towards a following vowel sound, the consonants /j, w, r/.
2. The Classification of Russian Consonants
The Russian consonant system is different in more than one respect. It contains 35 consonants which form oppositions according to the following principles:
1) the manner of articulation (stops, constrictives, trilled consonants);
2) the articulating organ (labial, lingual);
3) the passive speech organ (dental, palatal);
4) the shape of the narrowing (a narrow slit, round aperture);
5) the presence or absence of palatalization (palatalized, non-palatalized);
6) the prevalence of noise or musical tone (voiced noises, sonorants);
7) the kind of resonance (oral, nasal);
8) the presence or absence of voice (voiced, voiceless);
9) one or two noise-producing obstacles (single-point, double-point);
10) the manner of releasing closure (plosives, affricates).
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К практическому занятию № 3