К теме № 1: Установление значения слова

В разных употреблениях одного и того же английского слова и его производных обычно обнаруживается о б щ и й э л е м е н т с м ы с л а, который может присутствовать в нескольких русских словах. Выбор русского эквивалента определяется английским контекстом и нормой русского языка.

LEARN TO DEDUCE THE MEANING OF ENGLISH WORD

1. А. Give adequate Russian equivalents of the italicized words:

Background – общий элемент смысла: предшествование в пространстве или во времени. Частотные русские эквиваленты: фон, задний план; образование, квалификация, биографические данные и т.д.

1. This vacancy can be filled only by a scientist with outstanding record and background. 2. This text deals with the methods of geological science, their historical background and development. 3. People of all backgrounds and all ages all over the world need peace. 4. What is the background of the problem! 5. Much depends on the personal interest of the student, and on his linguistic and cultural background.

Case — общий элемент смысла совокупность конкретных условий или обстоятельств, характеризующих ситуацию. Частотные русские эквиваленты: случай положение дел; доводы, доказательства, аргументы и т.д.

1. In any case the results of the experiment will be of great value. 2. If this is really the case, a true scientific breakthrough of major importance must be anticipated in the next decade. 3. He presented a strong case against a proposed solution. 4. Research workers in need of funds could apply for grants if they could make out a convincing case. 5. He stated his case so well that the committee supported the project. 6. I believe a case exists for revision of the hypothesis.

Develop, development(s) — общий элемент смысла развитие во времени, развитие как изменение, зарождение и развитие. Частотные русские эквиваленты: to develop – развивать(ся), разрабатывать, излагать, раскрывать, проявляться, development – развитие разработка, изложение, результат развития и т.д.

1. Plants develop from seeds. 2. The hypothesis gradually developed in the scientist's mind. 3. No positive evidence has been developed to support the theory. 4. The solution of the energy problem depends on developing alternative sources of energy. 5. Independent study is one of the best habits that a scientist can develop. 6. Since World War II much has been done to develop national economies of some developing countries of Asia and Africa. 7. The plasma is forced to behave as a continuum, no instabilities developing. 8. Suddenly a development occurred which prevented research in this area for some time. 9. This paper deals with recent developments in theoretical physics. 10. The development of photographic films requires a dark room.

Facilitate, facility (usually plural) — общий элемент смысла наилучшие условия, возможности для осуществления чего-либо. Частотные русские эквиваленты: to facilitate – облегчать, способствовать и т.д. facilities - возможность, удобства, средства, оборудование, устройства и т.д.

1. The new equipment will facilitate the experiment. 2. After the student acquires considerable facility in understanding and speaking, he learns to read and write. 3. Novosibirsk is an industrial center offering its inhabitants many urban advantages, educational facilities and cultural opportunities. 4. We are planning the directions and the scope of research and the provision of experimental facilities. 5. To carry out this task we need large engineering facilities. 6. To complete the project we need adequate facilities for research.

Imply, implication(s), implicit — общий элемент смысла: невысказанное словами, но логически вытекающее из чего-либо. Частотные русские эквиваленты: to imply – подразумевать, означать, иметь ввиду; implication– скрытый смысл, значение; что-то вытекает из чего либо и т.д.; implicit – подразумеваемый не выраженный прямо и т.д.

1. The book does not claim to give more than the name implies. 2. People are always talking about fundamental research, implying the existence of a nameless opposite. 3. Recent observations of various astronomical objects together with their theoretical implications were discussed' at the conference. 4. The cutting of sentences into the subject and predicate groups was implicit in traditional grammar
analysis. 5. Dirac's theory implied that there should be the same number of anti-particles as particles in the universe. 6. The speaker implies (sends out information) and the listener infers (receives information from the implication). 7. What are the implications of this statement?

Involve — общий элемент смысла: включение в деятельность, движение или объем. Частотные русские эквиваленты: to involve – включать в себя; влечь за собой, вызывать; вовлекать запутывать осложнять и т.д. to be involve – быть включенным, вовлеченным, участвующим, сложным и т.д.

1. The first industrial revolution involved the replacement of human and animal muscle power by the power of machines. 2. A technical project often starts as a simple practical activity involving only a few scientists or engineers. 3. This institute is involved in a research project on laser techniques. 4. The activities involved in various, space programs have created a revolution in scientific research. 6. The solution of the equations involved is reduced to a sequence of basic arithmetical operations.

Matter — общий элемент смысла: нечто материальное, ощутимое, существенное; то, что имеет значение. Частотные русские эквиваленты: matter – материя, вещество; материал (статьи, книги и т.п.) сущность, предмет; дело, вопрос и т.д.; to matter – иметь значение.

1. Chemistry deals with changes in the composition of matter, physics is concerned with changes in the location or size of matter. 2. Animal and human organisms fight off infections and other invasions by foreign matter. 3. The subject matter of the lecture was the influence of the climate on the development of a nation. 4. This collection of stories provides an interesting reading matter. 5. It is no easy matter to describe this phenomenon in detail. 6. His taking part in the discussion made the matters worse. 7. The answer to this question, however, will hardly matter under present conditions.