Множественное число существительных
СТРУКТУРА ПОСОБИЯ
Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов высших учебных заведений, которые изучали английский язык в средней школе, однако, в силу различных причин не сталкивались с английским языком длительное время.
Настоящее учебное пособие состоит из двух частей. Первая часть — Вводный курс — содержит повторение правил чтения различных английских гласных и согласных. Кроме того, в первой части дается повторение глаголов to be , to have, различных местоимений, прилагательных и наречий. Вводный курс содержит 10 разделов, в которых есть уроки, содержащие фонетический и грамматический материал. В каждом уроке есть упражнения на закрепление грамматического материала, тексты для чтения и развития навыков разговорной речи, а также упражнения для выполнения дома. В конце вводного курса дана контрольная работа.
Вторая часть — Основной курс — содержит 6 разделов, в которых дан грамматический материал, тексты для чтения и беседы, образцы написания английского письма и домашние упражнения. Основной курс также оканчивается контрольной работой. В конце учебного пособия дан список неправильных глаголов.
ВВОДНЫЙ КУРС
UNIT I.
PHONETICS: правила чтения: гласные (a,e,i,y,o,u)открытый (1 тип слога), закрытый (2 тип слога), согласные Cc, Gg
GRAMMAR: повелительное наклонение, артикли.
ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ
Все английские гласные буквы в открытом (1 типе слога) слоге читаются так, как они называются в алфавите.
[ei] - открытый слог : name, date, play
Aa
[æ] - закрытый слог : man, Dad, plan
[i:] открытый слог : see, tea, speak
Ee
[e] закрытый слог: send, ten, pen
[ai] открытый слог : tie, nine, fine , my, fly, type
Ii, Yy
[ i ] закрытый слог : tin, pin, miss, system, baby, lady
[ou] открытый слог : so, no, boat
Oo
[o] закрытый слог : hot, pot, spot
[ju:] открытый слог : tube, tune, student
Uu
[^] закрытый слог: bus, trust, up
READING
Exercise I. Listen, repeat and read:
[ei] name, fate, late, table, plane
[æ] man, pan, bad, sad, glad
[ ei ], [æ] pan, flat, Ann, tape, apple, date, baby, lady, take, am, day, plan, table, ant.
Exercise II. Listen, repeat and read:
[i:] sea, tea, seat, be, bee, sea
[e] pen, seven, bed, ten, men
[i:], [e] met, meet, meat, beef, keep, kept, men, pet, bed, me, need, deep seed.
Exercise III. Listen, repeat and read:
[ai] time, my, mine, fine, fly, type, I.
[i] tin, pin, system, silly, is,it.
[ai], [i] lady, six, baby, milk, die, tie, kite, pie, fine, time, is, it, me, mine, try, dry, cry.
BUT!!! [ai] перед nd kind, mind, find
ld child,
Exercise IV. Listen, repeat and read:
[ou] so, no, bone home, dome
[o] on, odd, off, often, not, hot
[ou], [o] note, boat, not, hot, pot, tone, lot, bottle, dome, sofa, rose, robe, sob.
BUT!!![ou] перед ld cold, old, bold, gold.
Exercise V. Listen, repeat and read:
[u] tube, tune, student, duty,
[^] up, sun, bus, but, pub, run,
[u:], [ ٨] butter, up, student, duty,
[s] перед e, i, y - face, nice, cent, city, cycle
Cc
[k] в остальных случаях - cat, cup, clean, cap
ck [k] clock, black, kick, Jack
[g] big, glad, god, dog, go
Gg
[dз] на конце слова page, age, stage
перед e, y в начале слова general, gentle, Geography, gymnastics.
Exercise VI. Listen, repeat and read:
[s] Alice, face, nice, ice, cell
[k] sick, back, click, clap, lack, cake.
[s], [ k ] act, fact, pence, pencil, stock, block, nice, cite, city, cake, can, capital, carry, castle, catch, celebrate, century, citizen, clean, clock, crack
Exercise VII. Listen, repeat and read:
[g] gift, grace, get, glad, go
[dз] сage, page, age, bridge, storage
[g], [dз] sledge, badge, egg, age, get, glad, edge, game, gas, German, give, glass, gold, grass, general, green, grey, gun.
ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ (THE IMPERATIVE).
| to send | Send a letter, please! |
| to read | Read a letter, please! |
| to meet | Meet Pete, please! |
| to stand | Stand still, please! |
| to take | Take a pen, please! |
| to repeat | Repeat it, please! |
Let’s = Let us
Let’s read
Let’s meet
Конструкция Let’s употребляется при приглашении к совместному действию, т.е. вы являетесь участником действия: Давай (те) познакомимся – Let’s meet!
Do + not + V Do not (Don’t) send a letter, please.
Don’t read a letter, please.
Don’t meet Pete, please.
Don’t stand still, please.
Don’t take a pen, please.
Don’t repeat it, please.
Don’t let’s visit him.
Don’t let’s make a cake.
Exercise YIII. Read, please and translate.
Don’t take it. Eat it, please. Let’s meet at home. Don’t help him. Translate the text for me. Don’t let’s go home. Don’t clean it. Spell it, please. Don’t let’s say it. Ask him to get it.
Exercise IX. Read, please.
Jill: It’s late.
Jane: Let me see. It’s nine.
Jill: It is. Alice is still in bed. It’s bad.
Jane: Alice, it’s late. It’s nine.
Jill: She needs tea, it seems to me. I can make nice tea.
Alice: Please, Jill. And give me a piece of cake and an apple.
АРТИКЛИ (ARTICLES)
A
ONE
AN
| asnake | an egg |
| arabbit | an apple |
| adog | an orange |
| acat | an umbrella |
| apen | an old man |
Exercise I. Use aor an
….friend, ...ball,…..boy,…..cup, …cap, …owl, …pineapple, ….goldfish, …..name,…plan,
… elephant, …..astronaut, …. engineer, ….horse, ….cake, …..bottle, ….baby, ….clock.
THE
It’s apen. Thepen’s red.
It’s acap. Thecap’s big.
It’s anapple. Theapple’s red.
Themap,themaps,thedog,thedogs,anegg,theeggs.
The earth, the sky, the sun, the moon, the Nile, the Angara, the Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Alps, the USA, the guitar, the piano, the Chinese,
NO ARTICLES
Jane, Tom, Angarsk, Italy, England, to play golf, to play tennis, to have dinner, to have lunch
Exercise II. Write thewhere necessary.
…Volga, …. golf, …earth, ….UK, …..sky, ….Black sea, ….Mary, ….Urals, ….piano, …..Japanese, …Blacks, …..dinner, …Arctic Ocean, ….
Exercise III. Fill in: a, anor thewhere necessary.
- I’ve got … umbrella.
- …Sophia is from ….England.
- …Mr. Black is ….doctor. He is in ….hospital now.
- …Tom is … actor. He is …good actor.
- ….London is in ….UK.
- It’s ….house.
- ….is …planet.
- …Mark is …student.
- …Browns are in …Paris.
- …..horses are ….domestic animals
SPEAKING
Exercise 1: Read the dialogue. In pairs, use your names to act out similar dialogues.
- Hi, I am Kate.
- Hi, I am Ann.
- Nice to meet you, Kate.
- Nice to meet you, too, Ann.
HOME EXERCISES
Exercise I. Read the words. Copy and put the nouns in the correct table.
| I (открытый тип слога) | II (закрытый тип слога) |
| name | man |
Pen, six, snakes, meet, tea, nine, tin, nice, five days, names, seven pets, flat, kite, face, kind, is read, deep, often, off, home, bus, gym, tube, seat, tape, pub, fine, it, be, bee, go, cent, butter, type, sofa, hot, die, pie, keep, clock, deep, need, man, men, take, lady, my fly, egg, send, meet, god, cage, begin, cube, student, bed, bell, pencil, still, late, tell, time, ill, see, little, coat, cinema, box, sold, dog, pupil, Sunday, lazy, doll, film, nose, like, seem, visit, rice, ugly, uncle, unit, University, use, usually, over, office, oak, offer, open.
Exercise II. Fill in a, anwhere necessary.
1. It’s …. office.
2. I am…businessman
3. She is not …teacher.
4. He is …visitor to Russia.
5. It is …easy word.
6. Mr. Petrov is…Russian businessman.
7. These are…big offices.
8. He is …Swiss teacher.
9. Are you …Dutchman?
10. Mr. Smith is …Englishman.
11. She is …visitor to Spain.
UNIT II.
PHONETICS: правила чтения: III тип слога; согласные: j, h, r x; буквосочетания: ch, sh, th, kn.
GRAMMAR: множественное число существительных; глагол to be. Типы вопросов (Общий вопрос, альтернативный вопрос, разделительный вопрос, специальные вопросы).
ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ
Сочетание гласных букв a,e,i, y, o, u + r принято называть III типом чтения гласных.
a + r [a:] car, park, dark, far, farm
o + r [o:] form, fork, for, pork, sport
e + r [ə:] her
i + r [ə:] girl
y + r [ə:] Byrd
u + r [ə:] fur
j [dз] jam, Japan, job, join, joke
h [h] hand, hat, ham, happen, happy
r [ r ] перед гласной - read, run, river, rose, road
x [ ks ] box, fox, six
[ t∫ ] chair, cheese, teacher
ch [ k] 0chemistry, mechanic, school, chorus
[ ∫ ] machine
sh [ ∫ ] she, shake, shall, share, shark, shave
местоимения: they, their, them, this, that, these, those
[ð] между гласными : father, bathe, mother, brother
определенный артикль: the
th
[θ] в остальных случаях: thin, thick, bath, teeth, tooth
kn [ n] knight, knee, knit, knife
READING
Exercise I . Listen, repeat and read:
[a:] car, bark, garden, start, arm, argue, army, artist, art, article, park, star, party, part.
[o:] fork, pork, short, port, lord, ford
[ə:] her, fur, turn, burn, first, girl
Exercise II. Listen, repeat and read:
June, July, Japanese, jacket, job, joke, joy, juice, jump, just
help, heat, head, headache, heavy, has, hat, hard, have, her, hide
rest, ride, read, red, radio, rain, reach, rich, reason, recently, remember
Rax, box, fox
Exercise III. Listen, repeat and read:
teach, reach, speech, catch, match, touch,
mash, flash, fish, dish, she, sharp, shave, sheep, ship, shelf, shoes, shine, shirt
thank, than, then, theatre, there, thing, thief, think, third, three, Thursday
knife, knee, know, knew, knock, knot, knowledge
Множественное число существительных
| [ s, z ] | ch, tch, sh, ge, ss, x + es = [ iz ] | f (fe)> v+es =[ z ] |
| a cat - cats | a match – matches | a leaf – leaves |
| a park – parks | a dish – dishes | a shelf – shelves |
| a pen – pens | a sledge – sledges | a wife – wives |
| a girl - girls | a glass – glasses | BUT !!! a roof – roofs |
| a play – plays | a box – boxes | a belief – beliefs |
REMEMBER!!!
| a man – men | a sheep – sheep |
| a woman – women | a fish – fish |
| a tooth – teeth | a deer – deer |
| a goose – geese | an ox –oxen |
| a foot – feet | a mouse – mice |
| a child – children |