The formation of plurals

1. Most words, including those ending in silent -«e» add -s, e.g. ball – balls, table – tables, fact – facts, rose – roses, thing – things, page- pages.

2. Words ending in «y» with a consonant in front of it change the «y» to an «i» and add –es, e.g. army – armies, body – bodies, city – cities, copy – copies, company – companies, country – countries, duty – duties, family – families, lady – ladies, baby – babies, berry – barriers, sky – skies, story – stories.

3. Words ending in «y» with a vowel in front of it add – «s», e.g. boy – boys, day – days,

toy – toys, tray – trays, key – keys, play – plays, way – ways, monkey – monkeys, storey – storeys, joy – joys.

4. Words ending in – «fe» change to «v» and add –«s», e.g. knife – knives, life – lives.

5. Some word ending in –«f» change «f» to «v» and add– «es»,e.g. half – halves, loaf – loaves, shelf – shelves, thief – thieves, wolf – wolves, self – selves.

6. Some words ending in – «f» add «s», e.g. chief – chiefs, handkerchief – handkerchiefs. But note that some words ending in –«f» can either add – «s» or change «f» to «v» and add –«es» e.g. hoof – hoofs or hooves, scarf – scarfs or scarves.

7. Words ending in –«ff» usually add – «s», e.g. cliff – cliffs, sheriff – sheriffs.

8. Words ending in – «o» add – «s» or –«es», e.g.

- s: dynamo – dynamos, photo – photos, piano – pianos, radio – radios, metro – metros,

- es: hero – heroes, negro – negroes, potato – potatoes, tomato – tomatoes, motto – mottoes, domino – dominoes, echo – echoes.

9. Words ending in – «ch», -«s», -«sh», -«x», -«tch», -«ss» or –«z» add – «es», e.g.

Church – churches, gas – gases, dress – dresses, box – boxes, fox – foxes, bush – bushes, dish – dishes, match – matches, class – classes, branch – branches, buzz – buzzes, loss – losses.

10. Family names usually add –«s» to form the plural, unless they end in -«s», -«ss», -« zz», -«sh», -«ch», -«tch», -«x» which they add –«es», e.g. the Kellys, two Marys, the Browns, but the Foxes, the Joneses, the Harrises.

11. Some words form their plurals mainly by changing their vowels (or some of their vowels), e.g. foot – feet, goose – geese, man – men, mouse – mice, tooth – teeth, and woman – women, Englishman – Englishmen, Frenchman – Frenchmen, BUT: German – Germans.

12. Two words add – «en», e.g. ox – oxen, child – children.

13. Words ending in –«is» change – «is» to –«es», e.g. analysis – analyses, basis – bases, crisis – crises.

14. Some words ending in –«um» simply add –«s», museum – museums.

BUT:datum – data.

15. Words ending in –«on» usually add –«s», e.g. electron – electrons,

BUT: phenomenon – phenomena.

16. Most regular compound nouns form their plurals by adding –«s» or –«es» at the end of the compound. Handful – handfuls, airplane – airplanes, grandfather – grandfathers, toothbrush – toothbrushes, forget-me-not – forget-me-nots.

17. Some hyphenated compounds form their plural by adding –«s» or –«es» to the head element, e.g. passer-by – passers-by, brother-in-law – brothers-in-law, commander-in-chief – commanders-in-chief. NOTE: man-servant – men-servants, woman-servant – women-servants.

18. Compounds ending in –«man» change into –«men», e.g. postman – postmen, fisherman – fishermen, sportsman – sportsmen,

19. Some words are used only in the singular form, e.g. arithmetic, goodness, magic, courage, logic, music, beer, blood, bread, butter, flour, air, basketball, hockey, football, golf, sunlight, fog, gravity, hail, snow, accommodation, advice, anger, assistance, behaviour, business, chaos, countryside, dirt, education, evidence, homework, information, intelligence, luck, news, peace, progress, seaside, shopping, traffic, trouble, truth, weather, chickenpox, measles, mumps, baggage, crockery, cutlery, furniture, jewellery, luggage, machinery, money, rubbish, etc.

20. Some words are used only in the plural form, e.g. mathematics, physics, politics, athletics.

21. The following nouns do not have a singular form, e.g. trousers, scissors.

22. The same form in Singular and in Plural have: a sheep = sheep, a deer = deer, a swine = swine.

№ 30. Употребите выделенные существительные во множественном числе, сделав все необходимые изменения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Afterwards he took a photoof me with wet hair to finish out the film. 2. He talked to another Divisional chief.3. His shirt cuff showed up spotlessly, just an inch beneath the sleeve.4. He was as lively as a trout in a mountain stream. 5. Matthew Swain was one of a rapidly disappearing species, the small-town general practitioner. 6. It was like lying in the dark with a mosquito hovering above his face. 7. The cab branched off, along the side of a wood, and he heard a late cuckoo calling.8.Among the retainers of a well-appointed house there werepersons from everystratumof society. 9. “A pony is always small,” said Regan. 10. It is only a hypothesis, but it’s possible. 11. Everybody had a handkerchief concealed in his cuff. 12. I wish aflying fishwould come on board tonight. 13. The waitress spent the morning working in the dining-room. 14. Britain’s oil refining industry faces aserious crisis.15. Mary was sitting in a straight-backed antique chair and the youth sat at her feet. 16. Suddenly she realized that there was not a passer-by in the street. 17. Now all the passengers were gone in a bus, along with the stewardess and the second officer.

№ 31 . Напишите следующие существительные во множественном числе.

a) Life, grief, belief, leaf, knife, half, roof, loaf, muff, shelf, chief, wife, wolf, thief, handkerchief, scarf, proof, self;

b) hero, piano, motto, domino, photo, Negro, radio, tomato, potato, zero, echo, dynamo, metro;

c) birthday, birth-place, bookcase, daughter-in-law.

№ 32. Напишите следующие существительные в единственном числе.

Tails, tales, allies, alleys, plays, replies, uncles, travels, examples, pencils, bees, knees, pennies, chimneys, mines, enemies, cinemas, taxes, leaves, knives, gloves, loaves, thieves, doves, halves, drives, shoes, nephews, statues, toes, potatoes, windows, Negroes, metros, tomatoes, photos, pies, flies, eyes, cries, supplies, colleges, bridges, changes, dresses, buses, cases, houses, sizes, buzzes, roses, rows, roofs, beliefs, cuffs, chiefs, clocks, benches, keys, skis, skies.

PASSIVE VOICE

Tense	Formula	Usage
Present Simple Passive	Am/is/are + V3	English is spoken here.
Past Simple Passive	Was/ were + V3	The house was built in 1995.
Future Simple Passive	Will/shall be + V3	The letter will be sent.
Present Perfect Passive	Have/has been + V3	The dictation has been written.
Past Perfect Passive	Had been + V3	The work had been done before we came.
Future Perfect Passive	Will/shall have been + V3	The exam will have been passed by that time tomorrow.
Present Progressive Passive	Am/is/are being + V3	The play is being staged.
Past Progressive Passive	Was/were being + V3	A new play was being staged when we came.

№ 33. Переведите на английский язык.

1.Эту статью написал один английский писатель. 2. Это стихотворение должны выучить все студенты нашей группы. 3. Статья должна быть переведена к пяти часам. 4. Когда я пришла домой, обед был уже сварен. 5. Их будут обучать английскому языку. 6. Когда яблоко было съедено, девочка взяла куклу и пошла в комнату. 7. Когда будет написана ваша книга?

№ 34 . Перепишите каждое предложение в страдательном залоге.

1) Professor Hoskins taught my brother.

2) David is going to paint the kitchen.

3) Someone had set the building on fire.

4) You haven’t fixed the tap.

5) People should throw litter into the bin.

6) Her boyfriend gave her a diamond ring.

7) Is he repairing Mr. Smith’s car?

8) Calvin Klein designed her dress.

№ 35. Переделайте предложения из активного залога в страдательный.

1. The students saw this English film.

2. He left his notebook at home.

3. He has just finished his report.

4. I book this book yesterday.

5. My friend has taken this newspaper.

6. He is working at his English successfully.

7. Did Yury Dolgoruky found Moscow in 1147?

8. The Pacific Ocean washes the territory of Russia in the east.

9. Sport plays an important role in educational process of our future militia officers.

10. The Law Institute trains future investigators, detectives for Moscow and the Moscow region.

11. The students attend lectures and tutorials with interest.

12. You have done this exercise successfully.

13. You translated this text last time.

14. You can find many interesting books in our library.

15. You must learn as many new English words as you can.

№ 36. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя страдательный залог.

1. Наша страна омывается морями и океанами на севере и на востоке.

2. В нашей школе обучают трем иностранным языкам.

3. Эта проблема обсуждается сейчас в печати.

4. Специальным предметам нас будут обучать на третьем и четвертом курсах.

5. Во время занятия много говорилось о нашей будущей профессии.

6. Я думаю, экзамены будут сданы нами успешно.

7. Московский юридический институт был создан в 1975 году. (set up)

8. На занятиях по английскому языку нужно говорить по-английски.

9. Тема «Моя будущая профессия» будет изучаться в следующем году.

10. Работа выполнена Вами хорошо.

11. Меня спрашивали на прошлом практическом занятии.

12. Некоторые отрасли промышленности в нашей стране высоко развиты.

№ 37. Измените предложения, используя Страдательный Залог.

1. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of power compose the government of the USA.

2. A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit.

3. Two members from each state elected for a term of six years compose the Senate.

4. So-called “Lobbyists” play an important role in the American legislation.

5. The district courts try most of the criminal and civil cases.

6. Electors from each state elect the President of the United States for a term of 4 years.

7. The president recommends much of the legislation to the Congress.

8. The president appoints Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries.

9. During the election campaign Reagan and his party spent much money in order to become the President of the USA.

№ 38. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на местоимение «one».

1. The government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive one, the legislative one, the judicial one.

2. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system.

3. The constitutional system of each particular state is the one which is similar to that of the entire nation.

4. One can say that the lobbyists in the American legislation are very often more influential than the Congressmen.

5. Each voter in the US is in front of the choice between the candidates of two opposite parties: the republican one and the democratic one, whose political platforms are practically alike.

6. One should say that politics in the USA as in many other countries is “a commercial enterprise as any other one”.

7. In some countries the more money one can pay, the better lawyer one can have.

8. The USA is divided into 50 states; each one has its own constitution.

№ 39. Оба предложения в каждой паре имеют одинаковые значения. Заполните второе предложение.

Example:

a) The crowd was slowly filling the huge stadium.

The huge stadium was slowly being filled by the crowd.

b) The inventor of the computer simplified the work of the accountants.

Since the computer……………….the work of the accountants………….simplified.

c) Someone has suggested that the shop should close.

It……………that the shop should close.

d) “I’d take out some travel insurance if I were you, Mr Smith.”

Mr Smith………….. take out some travel insurance.

e) The waitress will bring your drinks in a moment.

Your drinks……….. in a moment.

f) Someone used a knife to open the window.

This window…………. a knife.

g) You will hear from us when we have finished dealing with your complaint.

After your complaint………………, you will hear from us.

h) An announcement of their engagement appeared in the local paper.

Their engagement……………….. in the local paper.

i) Nobody ever heard anything of David again.

Nothing…………….. David again.

j) They paid Sheila 1,000 dollars as a special bonus.

1,000 dollars……………………Sheila as a special bonus.

THE REPORTED SPEECH

(Косвенная речь)

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь	Исключения (замечания)
Present Simple → “I can’t remember his name”, she said	Past Simple She said she couldn’t remember his name	Но: Изменения не бывает, если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, стоит в настоящем или будущем времени и, если в предложении говорится об «универсальной правде».
Present Progressive → “She is speaking to Joe”, he said.	Past Progressive He said she was speaking to Joe.	-
Present Perfect → “I have bought some flowers”, she said.	Past Perfect She said she had bought some flowers.	-
Past Simple → “He last all the money”, she said.	Past Perfect She said that he had lost all the money.	-
Future Simple → “I will see you later”, he said	Future in the past He said he would see me later.	-
Past Progressive → “I was traveling to Brighton”, he said.	Past Progressive He said he was traveling to Brighton.	Но: Прошедшее продолженное, как правило, не изменяется при переводе в косвенную речь.
MODAL VERBS Can, will, may, must →	MODAL VERBS Could, would, might, had to	Но: В косвенной речи не изменяются would, could, might, should, ought
	ПРЯМАЯ РЕЧЬ	КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
Косвенные вопросы	He asked, “What time is it?”→ He asked me, “Do you know her?” →	He asked what time it was. He asked me if/ whether I knew her.
Косвенные команды, просьбы, предложения	He said to me “Stop talking!”→ He said to me “Don’t touch me.”→ He said “Shall we go by bus?” →	He told (asked) me to stop talking. He told (asked) me not to touch him. He suggestedgoing by bus.
Изменения слов при переводе в косвенную речь	This/ these, here, come say	That/ those, there, go Tell smb, ask smb, order, propose, suggest etc.
Обстоятельства	Tonight, today, this week, now, now that, yesterday,   last night, tomorrow, next week, two days ago	That night, that day, that week, then, at that time, since, the day before, the previous night, the day after/ the following day, the next week, two days before

№ 40. Передайте следующие предложения в косвенной речи. Помните о замене глагола «say» другими соответствующими глаголами, где это необходимо.

1. Father said to Jane: “Show me your exercise-book.” 2. “What are you doing here, boys?” said Kate. 3. “Don’t make noise,” said Tom’s mother to him. 4. Helen said to Pete: “Did you play chess with your father yesterday?” 5. Kate said to her grandmother: “Help me to cook the soup, please.” 6. Mike said to the teacher: “My sister knows two foreign languages.” 7. “What have you prepared for today, children?” said to the teacher. 8. Tom said to his sister: “I saw your friend at the library yesterday.” 9. The teacher said to the pupils: “Don’t open your books.” 10. Mother said to me: “You will go to the cinema tomorrow.” 11. “Tom, go to bed,” said his mother. 12. “I have never seen your toys,” said Nellie to Pete. 13. “Give me your record-book, Nick,” said the teacher. 14. Ann said to Lena: “Look at my nice kitten.” 15. “We shall go to the zoo tomorrow,” said our grandmother. 16. Mother said to Pete: “Don’t forget to wash your hands. 17. Nick said to his mother: “I am doing my homework.” 18. “I have learnt a long poem,” said Mike to the teacher. 19. “Don’t play in the street,” said the man to the boys. 20. “Why don’t you drink your tea?” said my mother to me. 21. “When did you receive this letter?” my friend said to me. 22. “I saw my friend at the stadium yesterday,” said Johnny to his mother. 23. “Will you play football with us?” said the boys to Peter. 24. “Are you playing volley-ball, girls?” said Ann. 25. “Is the river Volga in Russia?” asked the Frenchman.

№ 41. Передайте предложения в косвенной речи.

1. He said, “Bernard Shaw was given the Noble Prize for Literature in 1925”.

2. “When will the Music Festival take place in Edinburgh?”, she asked.

3. He said, “I shan’t be able to attend the meeting tomorrow”.

4. Are you going to visit your parents on Sunday?” they asked me.

5. My friend said to me, “Please, wait for me a little”.

6. “How long were you doing your homework?” the teacher asked us.

7. My friend said to me, “I know that you are going to take part in our scientific conference”.

8. She said, “I have already met this man”.

9. “Can you help me to translate this article?” my brother asked me.

10. The students said, “We have passed our exam in History”.

11. “Were you born in Moscow?” he asked me.

12. The teacher said to us, “Please bring your dictionaries for the next lesson”.

13. He said, “I didn’t watch TV yesterday”.

14. He said to us, “Don’t tell anybody about it”.

15. “What foreign languages do you study at your school?” she asked.

№ 42. Передайте предложения в косвенной речи.

He asked me,

1) “Where does your sister live?” 2) “How long have you studied English?” 3) “How old are you?” 4) “Do you like to study at the University?” 5) “What time is it?” 6) “Where does she work?” 7) When will he visit his friends?” 8) “Does she know history well?” 9) “What is her husband’s name?” 10) “Why hasn’t she passed her last exam?”