Раздел 3. Модальные глаголы

Упражнение 1

1. What on earth induced her to behave as she did, I never could understand. She could have married anybody she chose. 2. I ate the next course grimly to an end; she couldn’t have been enjoying her meal much either. 3. «Life», the old man said, «can only be understood backward. Now I see clearly all the mistakes I made and could have avoided». 4. Really he had no idea that she could use water-colour as well as that. 5. She would often say that no one but she could control the little girl. 6. Milly asked what time it was, and her mother said it couldn’t be more that one. 7. He couldn’t possibly afford a car on his present salary. 8. I couldn’t help seeing that she was ill. 9. I could not but put him up for the night. 10. He could have done it last week. He wasn’t particularly busy. 11. She couldn’t have made a mistake. 12. Can they have been waiting for us? 13. Evans was so illiterate that he could not have written a word of the report. 14. «She didn’t understand you», cried Philip. «She understood me well enough». «She could not have understood you», he repeated doggedly. 15. She had a square face that could never have looked young. 16. «What are you looking at, Willy?» «Nothing, dear». «You can’t be looking at nothing». 17. She raised her voice and called, «Can you hear me?» 18. At that moment I could have killed him. 19. He couldn’t have been more than thirty at the time we first met him. 20. They’re very nice to me. They couldn’t be more polite and obliging.

1. Concerning US-Japanese trade relations during the next four years, the banking leader sees some problems ahead, which he hopes can be resolved through compromise or mutual agreement.

2. Orthodox economics agrees that a tax cut can increase investment, but says that the cut has to take effect before investment responds. The plan of the present Administration holds that the effect can precede the cause.

3. London – Britain’s ideologically torn opposition Labour Party moved last week to the brink of a formal split that could bring about the first significant realignment of British political parties in 60 years.

4. A partial solution would be to store enough oil so that the economies of Europe, Japan and the United States could withstand a new jolt and their foreign policies would no longer be at the mercy of oil potentates.

5. Washington – A single nuclear bomb exploding in the atmosphere over the United States could lead to a nation-wide power blackout because US power stations are too vulnerable, according to an official study.

6. Months of wrangling over fishing rights have led to tension between EEC governments, and there are fears that this could spill over to embitter discussion of a series of other problems at the two-day meeting starting on Monday.

7. The foreign banks are launching a counterattack into markets for domestic loans and services that until now have been dominated by the Japanese banks. They are also exploring some new fields that the Japanese banks could not, or would not, touch.

8. The report noted that companies could claim back the entire cost of investments in plant and machinery in tax relief – one of the most favourable tax benefits of any industrialized nation.

9. People say that the former president could have been a better president if he had been able to be elevated one degree above the political combat he faced.

10. If Japan’s population had been half its present level, or – more reasonably – one-third, the country could have enjoyed a relatively high level of industrialisation while continuing to produce enough foodstuffs to prevent disaster in the event of cut-offs in international trade.

Упражнение 2

1. Of course I’m too young to be a really good writer yet, but I try hard, and one day I may achieve something. 2. I asked him if I might come over to remove something that I had left in a book I had loaned him. 3. «I’m so glad you didn’t wait, Agnes», Mr. Logan said in a tone which clearly meant «I think you might have waited». 4. Harry might often be sitting on the porch with a pipe in his mouth. 5. Archer looked touchingly white and weak. He had been through a hard time. He might have died. 6. «Oh, Philip», she exclaimed, «your boots are muddy! You might have gone by the side door». 7. «What shall you do to amuse yourself?» she asked. «Well», I said playing for time, «I might do several things». 8. There was so much they had shared together and so much more they might have shared that they had not. 9. «Did she say where she was going?» «No». «Humph! She might have left a message». 10. He may not have heard from his family yet. 11. I might as well give you a lift. 12. If your mother has made up her mind, my dear, you may just as well give in without any fuss. 13. From afar the house might have been taken for a small inn. 14. Charles came out of the examination room. «How did you get on?» I asked. «It might have been worse, I suppose», he said. 15. He might have broken the window. 16. I may not have mentioned it in my letters, but I did quite a lot of work up there. 17. It occurred to me that he was secretly proud of his son, though he may not have known it. 18. She wasn’t a Swede, but she might have been taken for one. 19. I might have missed the last bus. 20. They may have thought that we won’t come in this rain.

1. It is possible that in accordance with this plan, investments may have to be made which do not lead rapidly to a rise in the standard of living.

2. Situations in which America may have to choose between rival policies advocated by her European partners are bound to arise.

3. Washington – The relationship between Japan and the United States has been evolving rapidly since Pearl Harbor. First, the two countries were bitter enemies, then occupier and occupied, then big brother and eager emulator and now it may have reached the point of role reversal.

4. The Prime Minister mentioned that a more radical stand on some issues might have enabled the party to have avoided defeat.

5. There were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point.

6. Such problems, as a rule, may begin well before the trial and continue after the appeal.

7. As a result, the government might try to close the gap by increasing taxes. But in its turn that would also cut purchasing power.

8. He might have fallen into the trap but he understood the danger in time.

9. He said he expected that a committee would be set up concerned with energy issues. Although this Committee would not be empowered to discuss the question of oil prices which remains the prerogative of OPEC, it seems that security of supplies, as well as energy sharing, and the search for alternative energy sources, might be valid subjects for discussion.

10. In the opinion of some political connoisseurs, that measure may well improve the prospects of the Conservative party with the nation as a whole.

Упражнение 3

1. His mind turned to the incident. It was the kind of thing which must not occur again. 2. Dear Paula, there is no point in delaying the happy news. I know how much you must have been waiting and expecting. 3. «When is your mother to return?» «Next month». «You must miss her terribly». 4. «My God, I never thought they’d let me in there again», he said. «They must have regretted doing so in view of your behaviour». 5. You must change your shoes. I won’t have you in here with muddy feet. 6. The way she spoke made me think that she must be very much in love. 7. He asked where I had picked up such a word. I realized that it must have been a wrong word, but I had read it in some book and liked its sound. 8. He must never have been poor. 9. He must have misunderstood you. 10. He must have failed to get the book. 10. Close the door. The children mustn’t hear what you are saying. 11. I must be off. 12. She lit the fire and said: «Do sit down, you must be frozen». 13. John, turning from the door, noticed that he was standing upon a letter which lay on the mat. It must have been delivered sometime after his return. 14. «We are having tea early», said Kate. «You must be starving». 15. I did not see Jim but I knew that he must be waiting somewhere. 16. She looks so pale. She must have been ill. 17. I must do something for him, Jack thought. 18. Martin was on the other side of the fireplace. I thought that he could not have heard their words. 19. They must have missed him at the station. 20. You must get him here with all his stuff.

1. After a review of the state of national economies in the EEC, the ministers agreed that the fight against inflation must remain the first priority of member states.

2. At the present level of population, in order to fuel its industrialisation, Japan has become doubly dependent: she must import both vital raw materials for industrial production, and the food she eats.

3. The strain must have been particularly telling on a man like Mr. D., one of the most conscientious of the Government’s back-bench MPs. He was involved in a car accident last session, but continued to attend to Commons duties on crutches.

4. It must have been hard for them to agree to this resolution, but at that time there was no alternative course open to them.

5. The visit will have been a pleasant and useful excursion for the State Secretary.

6. Regardless of what is to blame the reality is that the West German economy is weakened, with its competitiveness diminished, and the currency has declined.

7. The unions are to meet on May 8 to formulate their reply to the company on the following day.

8. Share prices soared on the London Stock Exchange yesterday in the hope that Bank rate is to be cut from the present 6¹/₂ per cent to 6 per cent.

9. The External Affairs Minister who was to have addressed the General Assembly on the Canadian position yesterday, suddenly postponed his statement.

10. The notion that friends are to be won by arms reflects a shameful poverty of ideas in international relations.

Упражнение 4

1. I had to have someone to show me the way from the station. 2. «Guess what!» «I can’t guess. You’ll have to tell me». 3. Now I’ve had to listen to a lot of lying. And I never watch faces. I look at hands and listen very carefully to the tone and tempo of speech. 4. But I’ve been having to give a lot of thought recently to my feelings towards you. 5. I didn’t have to turn around to know they were coming down the street. 6. I was having to feel my way. 7. They had to light a fire to cook their supper. 8. She knew there would be no more vacations for her sons. But she didn’t have to say it. They knew that as well as she. 9. That day, however, I had a pupil waiting for an English lesson and I had to cut my visitor short. 10. What had he better do with this letter? 11. «I’ve told my husband he must not smoke in the drawing-room». «And I haven’t to tell my husband such things; he’s a born gentleman». 12. What a pity you have to go. I know it’s time for you to catch your train. 13. You must do you chores now, and she will have to do hers when she comes in. 14. My mother says that I mustn’t be out after eleven o’clock, but I don’t have to hurry home because she herself is out playing bridge. 15. I don’t have to be there till three. 16. One of the guests sat down beside me. I didn’t have to be told who it was. 17. «Your hair is short and curly». «I had scarlet fever and it had to be cut short». 18. «I never told you I was at a public school, did I?» said Alec. «You didn’t have to». 19. He had to move closer to hear her. 20. We had to bend the flower to get it into the box.

1. Another poor sign: once a rice exporting country, last year Madagascar had to import 170,000 tons.

2. After a generation of welfare that was often restricted to Kuwaitis, the non-Kuwaitis are more keenly competitive in school, university and work than Kuwaitis, it is argued, largely because they have to be to make a decent living.

3. To meet the export requirements the domestic consumption has had to be curtailed.

4. He is not half as worried as the old age pensioners, the housewives and the workers who are having to pay the increased prices.

5. Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons and the Lords before the session ends it will have to be started all over again in the new session in November.

6. United Nations economists warn that something drastic has to be done, or developing countries will be forced to reduce their rate of social and economic expansion.

7. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have the deadlock broken had been outmanoeuvred by the United States.

8. Brazil had taken the lead in the movement to denuclearize Latin America and had the question put on the agenda of the General Assembly.

9. Any other activities of the world organisation will be financed by the whole membership only by their unanimous and active support. And even in those rare cases it will be by having the Secretary General solicit voluntary contributions.

10. In 1979, the Spanish had the United States withdraw its nuclear weapons from the Rota Submarine base.

Упражнение 5

1. We were to act as guides to the party. 2. Now will you please show me the room where I am to work. 3. There was a special order that no one was to come to the station to see the battalion off. 4. It was the first and the last ceremony I was to see. 5. He was to have had a music lesson in the morning but the teacher called up to cancel it. 6. He looked about him for his daughter but she was not to be seen. 7. At nightfall the ship put in at a small port where they were to load three hundred bags of coffee. 8. He set off for the school where he was to write examinations for entry to the University. 9. Eden went to the wood where he was to meet his brother for a ride. 10. They went to inspect Finch’s new house. Finch said that only the last touches had to be added there and he was to move into it quite soon. 11. Bart was to see his brother-in-law for lunch the next day, but he saw no reason to tell his wife that. 12. I was somewhat surprised to find so many people in the hall in which I was to speak. 13. Rudy was invited for dinner at Mary’s house. After dinner they were to go to a movie. 14. It was announced on the radio that the President was to speak that night. 15. This was the first time I made a journey that I was to make hundreds of times afterwards. 16. What is to become of me? 17. At this boarding school the children are to go to bed at eight o’clock. 18. He is to stay the night with us and tomorrow he sets off on his tour to Europe. 19. My bike was under repair and I was to collect it that afternoon. 20. My bike is under repair and I was to have collected it yesterday.

1. The draft treaty was to have been tabled at the Geneva conference soon after its resumption today.

2. The argument over distribution of power within the Labour Party must be settled if the party is to win the next general election.

3. But this success must be made the starting point of a new effort if the impetus is to be maintained and still bigger successes won.

4. Changes seem inevitable, but no one can say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly.

5. The bitterness of the conflict required that he should be removed from the scene if the Democrats were to have a chance at the election.

6. But now that the campaign is over, there is a clear imperative before us all: to stand together against the common danger if our nation and the world are to avoid even greater catastrophe.

7. Now, after three months of closer scrutiny, at the point at which the bills were to have been presented to Parliament, they have suddenly been withdrawn for redrafting.

8. The main objective of the conference is to try to bridge the ever-widening gap between the developing countries and the industrial states.

9. But the official went on to emphasise that the new administration’s aim is to reduce and manage disagreements through the consultation process that has now begun.

10. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and inflation by the end of this year.

Упражнение 6

1. Oh, that it should come to this. 2. «His illness causes me a lot of worry». «So I should think». 3. I think I ought to let your parents know we are here. 4. Oughtn’t you to be more careful? 5. «How can you know what his feelings are?» «I ought to know, for he’s always telling me about them». 6. It was surprising that they should have met at all. 7. He remembered that he should not smoke unless invited to do so. 8. Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Ed? 9. The responsibility is entirely mine. I acted very wrongly indeed. I ought not to have let this relationship start. 10. «When is he going back?» «How should I know?» 11. You shall have no cause to complain of me, dear. There shall be no difficulty about money. 12. George did not see why he should not discuss the matter with his chief. 13. When he says «do it», I say «it shall be done». 14. Now I’ve upset her. I shouldn’t have said that. 15. «Have I said something I shouldn’t have?» he asked his mother. 16. I’ve been more frank with you than I should have been. 17. Well, I thought it was too absurd that we should live next door and not speak. 18. There was no reason why they should not be there. 19. I don’t know why he should want to see George. 20. He was pleased that Kate should have called the child after him.

1. Most other countries get better service from their elder and not-so-old but former statesmen. There really should be a way of avoiding this brain disposal process.

2. Any new administration has a right to new people in policy-making jobs, and there is no established code of manners for firing a political appointee. But there should always be time for the simple decencies – due notice and acknowledgement of loyal service – and respect for professional experience that can be employed in other jobs.

3. If the Japanese in a resourceless land area no bigger than California can achieve such a high level of productivity and growth, emulating Japanese methods should enable others to achieve similar results, at least in some areas. So the argument goes.

4. He said that this was not a temporary problem. Lasting arrangements should be made.

5. Speaking at one of his rare press conferences, he declared that Washington should observe the principle by which people must settle their own affairs themselves.

6. Peking – Irrational great leaps forward in economic development should become relics of the past as China strives «to disencumber itself from the age-old malady of trying to get quick results», Peking’s chief economic planner said in a major policy speech.

7. It was not without significance, he said, that people who were connected at that level with the situation should be expressing grave disquiet.

8. The Premier admitted yesterday that it was natural that people should be disturbed at food being thrown away when millions of people were undernourished.

9. That such a question should be put to a British Minister shows that those aspirations are by no means dead.

10. The leader of the Australian Labour Party denounced it as ‘appalling’ that such a speech should have been made even before the Security Council met.

Упражнение 7

1. You should have read your composition once again. There must be some mistakes there. 2. Can it be only six o’clock? 3. You should not have spoken to him like that. He might have felt hurt. 4. He must have a sense of humour. Otherwise he couldn’t have said it like that. 5. It must be raining heavily. The street is deserted. 6. You should have sent them a telegram. They might have arrived by now. 7. I didn’t go out that evening as George was to come and see me after his work. 8. He knew that he was to attend two meetings next week. 9. She must know nothing about your affairs. 10. She can’t know anything about his affairs. 11. Will you have to call them up again? 12. You don’t have to go shopping today as we are dining out. 13. «What are they talking about?» «They may be arguing about the script.’ 14. Their house was to be brought down and he had to move to a new residential area. 15. I’m sorry but I must be off. I am to meet Betty at the cinema. Oh, it’s a quarter to seven. She must be waiting for me. I’ll have to take a bus. 16. Why should I walk all the way there. 17. «It’s late. Where can Dick be?» «I couldn’t care less». 18. He might have been taken for an old man. 19. You might tell us what is happening. 20. They may have made their choice.

1. If the British government do wish to make further public expenditure cuts it would be up against the same difficulties, only worse, than when it was trying to make these public expenditure cuts last November.

2. The Young Communist League in Canada drew to the attention of delegates the fact that young people are last hired and first fired, in event of layoffs. Moreover many young workers are not even able to secure a first job. If they do get a job it often terminates before they can build up enough credit for unemployment insurance.

3. Answering Tory jeers, he said the way workers previously full of skill and pride in success, had been laid off without consultation did indeed represent a kind of serfdom.

4. The trip did demonstrate that the secretary of state, whatever his political standing in Washington, seems to be highly respected by foreign leaders.

5. The defenders of the present United Nations system point out that the agencies do in fact work together successfully on a number of projects.

6. What does represent a growing danger for the effectiveness of this organization is the reluctance of some of its members to render assistance in case of financial difficulties.

7. Nowhere in America or Europe not even among the great liberated thinkers of the Enlightenment did democratic ideas appear respectable to the cultivated classes.

8. Not only does Alfa defend its decision to team up with a non-European partner, but last week the company disclosed that from the beginning it had relied on outside help to develop its strategy.

9. Perhaps they may even engender a little shame among Cabinet Ministers at the hold-up in road building. If they do, the conference will be voted a great success.

10. Mafia crime syndicates are gaining control of many legitimate businesses and now pose a greater threat to the United States than did the gangsters of the Al Capone era in the 1930s, an American sociologist warns today.

Упражнение 8

1. Shall I go and find out if he has done the work? He was to finish it yesterday. 2. You needn’t have come. The meeting is cancelled. 3. He was to have finished it all yesterday, but he was called away to London unexpectedly. 4. You ought to have told us about it, now we don’t know what we are to do. 5. What she did is so silly that we needn’t discuss it. 6. It was so near that even Alan who hated walking, agreed that they needn’t take his car. 7. Need we change for dinner? 8. «I told your uncle I would speak to you». «You needn’t have troubled. I’ve promised my parents to stay here a little longer». 9. He put the envelope down on the table. «The money is all there», he said. «You needn’t bother to count it». 10. You shouldn’t have given way to her whims. 11. You oughtn’t to have married so early. 12. You needn’t have come to London. He is not here. 13. Old Lady Bland argued with him, but he would not listen to reason. 14. Each time we went out together he would show me something new, something interesting. 15. I will say it again and again. 16. The toilet in this room won’t stop running. 17. He would smoke a pipe before going to bed. 18. «He talked of his new car the whole evening». «He would». 19. He felt he dare not reply. 20. I dare say you’re a little tired after your walk, dear. 21. She did not dare to leave the house in case he telephoned. 22. «He was to have come by the five o’clock train. Could he have missed it?» «How should I know?»

1. Toronto – According to scientists, Saturn’s moon Titan may serve as a deep freeze for remnants of early stages of life development, and Mars appears to have had intermittent breaks in its prolonged ice age.

2. Having refused to recognize this in time, Washington was forced to retreat, under the pressure of rather embarrassing circumstances, from the juridically sound but politically unrealistic position it had enjoined on the United States delegation to the UN.

3. The Prime Minister’s famous victory last week against the rebels within his own party was surely cheaply won. His own performance may have been – indeed, must have been – more effective to listen to than to read later, for despite the fact that it was a speech for all seasons, it left unanswered or inadequately answered, so many questions about Britain’s future role in the world and how it is to be fulfilled, that the great debate is very far from conclusion. For all his political skill, the Prime Minister has only written another chapter, he has not closed the book.

4. Some excuse for the behaviour of Tory chieftains might be provided if it could be shown that the leadership battle revolved round central issues of public importance. But throughout the dispute it has been concerned with personalities and patronage-gang warfare in all its sterility.

5. Many past air crashes, as subsequent investigation has shown, could have been avoided. There are many points which need an answer. Perhaps the answers to these questions will be satisfactory. In this case every possible step may have been taken that could have been taken, and it may be shown that only a human error that could not have been foreseen caused the crash.

6. Mr. D said two million pints of milk meant a great deal to many starving people. If this was going on year after year, was it right that this milk should be poured down the mines?

Упражнение 9

1. Не может быть, чтобы он сам написал эту контрольную. 2. Неужели она сказала правду? 3. Я смог переплыть реку, хотя это было нелегко. 4. Мы не могли их заметить: они были слишком далеко. 5. Мы не могли их не заметить: они были рядом с нами. 6. Неужели ты действительно так думаешь? 7. Он не мог так поступить со мной! 8. Можно мне закурить? – Лучше не надо. 9. Где Джон? – Может быть, он пошел гулять с собакой. 10. Возьми плащ. Может пойти дождь. 11. Может быть, мне придется встать завтра рано. 12. Вам обязательно надо посмотреть этот фильм! Он такой интересный. 13. Ты, должно быть, не понимаешь, о чем говоришь. 14. На улице сыро. Должно быть, только что шел дождь. 15. Вы, вероятно, не знали, что они переехали в один из пригородов Лондона. 16. Ты никогда меня больше не увидишь! 17. Ты чуть не проболтался! 18. Я не могу не думать так. 19. Ты сделаешь так, как я скажу. 20. Зря ты ходил в библиотеку. Эта книга есть у меня дома. 21. Интересно, что он может делать здесь так поздно? – Он, должно быть, ждет Кэт. 22. Осторожно! Ты же чуть не упал! 23. Я не потерплю, чтобы подобные сцены повторялись! 24. Напрасно мы пришли так рано: должно быть, они проспали. 25. Где ты был все это время? Мог бы оставить записку! 26. Что могло так сильно его изменить? 27. Я чуть не опоздал на последний автобус. 28. С какой стати им молчать? Должно быть, они не поняли твоих слов. 29. Зря мы встали так рано. Он должен был приехать в 5 утра, но уже 7, а его все нет. 30. В этот час Филиппа никогда не было видно.

Раздел 4. Артикли

Упражнение 1

1. Only the poet or the saint can water an asphalt pavement in the confident anticipation that lilies will reward his labour. 2. All available chairs were occupied, and at least a hundred people were standing. 3. He closed his eyes. A peculiar weariness came over him. 4. I liked pleasure and good things. 5. He wanted to hide the embarrassment he felt at making this speech. 6. She looked in her handbag for an envelope. 7. Peter was alone at home, enjoying the solitude and the freedom of the empty house. My mother liked to wait until it was quite dark before we lit the gas and drew the blinds. 8. The big table was covered with texts and notebooks. 9. She answered a soft tap at the door and a maid came in with a tray which she set on the table. 10. «The injured man does not understand our language», he said and walked off to find an English doctor. 11. Number 39 was the house with plain green grass bordered by a rockery. 12. The three thin crackled notes of the gong floated into the garden inviting us to dinner. 13. I think that that is the wrong point of view. 14. My mother was capable but preoccupied, my father took it for granted that she was the stronger character and never made more than a comic pretence of interfering at home. 15. He shook his head and said: «Well, I suppose young men must have their fling». 16. His church does not allow him a second wife. 17. She stood at the very top of the long outer staircase looking down into the dark courtyard. 18. «We are curious people», he said to them. 19. The old people had a chance of welcoming their nephew. 20. «What’s her name and where does she live?» «Miss Ann Kenyon. She has the brown cottage across the bridge». 21. A small bush to the left was engaging her attention. 22. He is a most amusing companion. 23. In his digs Peter had no cooking facilities and he ate off newspapers.

1. Most high-ranking officials of both government and industry have taken the view that some form of taxation will be necessary if Japan is to ensure stable economic growth and reduce the huge budgetary deficit without cutting deeply into welfare programs.

2. He noted that the company remained under the uncertain cloud of recession, high interest rates, and cuts in defence spending that meant fewer contracts for electronics manufacturers.

3. Riyadh – The oil ministers of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar met Tuesday amid speculation they were about to decide on a big cutback in their crude oil production to offset the glut on world markets.

4. One reason for the disparities in wealth is the lack of a tax system. In Saudi Arabia, there is no property tax to prevent the accumulation of vast estates, and no income tax to slice sections off enormous incomes.

5. Paris – What may be the most important NATO meeting in a decade opens May 4 in Rome, when the foreign ministers of the allied countries gather. It will be the first serious confrontation of the allies with the new administration, and trouble is to be expected.

6. A new internal directive has been issued that, in effect, tells the people to shun social contacts with foreigners, informed sources said Wednesday.

7. That in turn has left him with little immediate choice but to become more repressive still: to re-establish his authority by force of loyal soldiery.

Упражнение 2

1. That’s a poem I learned in the nursery, but I simply can’t remember how it goes on. 2. I dislike people who talk about their private lives. 3. He told me of his duties in a manner that was friendly and a little fussy. 4. Henry hesitated a minute, then said: «I have the impression that you are not being frank with me. 5. The local Indians are a people to whom the writer is sympathetic. 6. On the pavement, walking towards me, was Sheila. She was wearing a fur coat which made her look a matron. 7. Yet her daughter was marrying a man she liked. 8. Harry brought in the consultant of whom Charles thought most highly. 9. He began to climb the stairs, which were dark and smelt of cats. 10. What he said reminded me of a film I had seen. 11. He was wearing a tweed jacket with leather inserts at the elbows, which was a thing that I had never seen before. 12. Her eyes were really like searchlights, picking out things that no one else saw. 13. It was not a job that he liked. 14. Her husband made her presents of books she did not read. 15. He returned the old woman’s smile. 16. That dog is a proper brute with strangers. I’ve known him bite clean through a lady’s stockings. 17. Thirty years before she taught at a smart girls’ school. 18. Very early in my life I was taught not to believe a girl’s tears. 19. I was told by my friends not to believe the girl’s tears. 20. She spoke guardedly, and her green eyes veiled themselves like a parrot’s eyes. 21. Then she leaped to one side as a car’s brakes screamed behind her. 22. They made a two hours’ journey in a train which stopped at every station. 23. She was not the little girl he had known, but she was not yet a woman either.

1. Under the law that established public financing of presidential campaigns, a presidential candidate who accepts the public funding may not directly raise any outside campaign money.

2. «How much can a president really be in charge if he is a 9-to-5 kind of fellow? I think such a president can do the job», said a presidential historian at the University of Colorado. «A tremendous capacity to recruit first-rate people and delegate authority is the one thing a president needs to do in order to enlarge his influence».

3. As Britain’s deepest post-war recession continues, with industrial production plummeting and unemployment soaring at rates last seen during the Depression, fears are growing that Prime Minister’s medicine may be permanently disabling rather than curing.

4. «Which candidate are you against?» ... «All the candidates have given me a reason to vote against them».

5. Democratic economists believe that at a time when business is operating with considerable slack, the nation could stand even larger deficits without much risk of accelerating inflation.

6. There was a time when the government leaders were well aware of this.

7. Few corporations are willing or able to risk the huge sums necessary to complete on a world-wide scale. So, corporations have been seeking partners in the production of vehicles and their components, some in order to survive, others in order to expand even further.

Упражнение 3

1. My friend is a man of culture and wide reading. 2. His voice was determined, the lines of his face had grown harsh. 3. Tom sat down on the edge of a log and looked at the glassy surface of the lake. 4. The college ordinary course was planned to run for a full academic year of forty seven weeks. 5. The lamplight made his skin the colour of red brick. 6. He always took the line of least resistance. 7. My grandfather was a man of force and intellect. 8. From the kitchen came the singing of a kettle on the stove. 9. Heat up the water to a temperature of 60° C. 10. From the sitting-room came a chink of light beneath the door, and the sound of whispers from my mother and her friends. 11. The wallpaper was dark blue with a design of conventional flowers. 12. Nature provides animals with weapons of defence; the snake, the scorpion, the bee have their sting. 13. The French, he thought, are always finding occasions to block traffic. 14. «Do you know why Americans like fried stuff?» John asked. «They’ve lost their taste. From morning to night they are chewing gum and drinking Coke». 15. At birth man is not yet a man. To become one he must provide himself with the things that make man a man. In other words, with that which distinguishes man from animals. 16. «A man is fundamentally honest», he observed. 17. I spoke of the economic position of woman. 18. Aunt Laura was a widow of an auctioneer. 19. When Murry was appointed editor of «The Literary Gazette» his salary became eight hundred a year. 20. As it was, she was the best-looking woman there. 21. Hart was an uneasy nervous man who broke into flashes of speech. 22. John could not make up his mind about the blackmail. He had been led to think that McGrath himself was the blackmailer, or at least a blackmailer because he had the personality to be a blackmailer. 23. After some most astonishing adventures in New Guinea he made himself king of some wild tribe. 24. Henry Greene was the son of a general.

1. He is ready to support a measure of political unity in the Common Market but made it as clear as ever that such a Union will be firmly grounded in national – rather than supranational – structure.

2. West Germany has now built up its trade to a position among the main suppliers to many countries in Southeast Asia.

3. The Boston schools are in terrible shape, and the school budget faces a massive cutback that will lower the quality of education still further. Racial tensions continue. Crime is serious, the police and court and prison facilities inadequate.

4. Washington – The new administration has decided to propose a relaxation of air pollution regulations to make it easier for oil refiners, steel producers and other basic industries to expand and modernise their plants, Vice President announced.

5. In a foreign policy address, the choice of theme is in itself a policy decision; the choice of topics sets priorities; the choice of words is studied closely in foreign capitals.

6. United Nations, N.Y. – UN officials report that seven Arab oil-producing countries in the Gulf are about to announce a $250-million annual fund for UN aid agencies.

7. To the average housewife, who can see for herself that the prices in the supermarket are edging up, the Labor Department’s bulletin last week was hardly a surprise.

8. But few housewives or their husbands either, were aware of another, «invisible» form of inflation – namely, reductions in the size of packages that are not accompanied by reduction in price.

Упражнение 4

1. He was the son of a distinguished soldier. He was given first-class education. 2. My brother takes the affair with the utmost seriousness. 3. It was a blazing hot August morning and I tried to beg myself off. 4. I was surprised at the readiness with which she agreed to my suggestion. 5. The only persons present were Mrs Perger and an old friend of the family, Colonel Legrand, an army doctor who had been a brother officer of Robert’s father. 6. She looked at me with her keen eyes: «You’re not the sort of boy to be satisfied, are you?» 7. Evening was falling, and as I turned back towards the house its upper windows shone like blazing shields in the last of sunlight. 8. His wife, a pretty little thing, was an actress for the moment out of a job. 9. It was a wet, warm summer day and the windows of the drawing-room stood open. 10. «I suppose», he said, «you are the young man who wants to come here as a pupil, aren’t you?» 11. My father’s hours became more irregular; sometimes he stayed in the house in he morning and sometimes both he and my mother were out all day. 12. As students would do, we had interminable conversations about art and literature. 13. Grant took up the receiver with an eagerness of which he was not conscious. 14. In the morning, grey and dark, we sat over our breakfast. 15. Robie examined his father with the dispassionate attention he gave everything. 16. He then went to Hamburg where a friend of his was manager of the theatre. 17. They ran from room to room examining them with the curiosity of children. 18. It was a little after seven on a summer morning. 19. I have great admiration for him. 20. I’ll tell you all about it tomorrow night. 21. He got up and soaked a tea towel with cold water and put it on the man’s face. The man brushed it off, but it had had a reviving effect. 22. We spent the next three hours talking and drinking coffee; then I had to hurry off to catch the last bus. I missed it by a few minutes, and had a five-mile walk back home. I didn’t mind this; it was a cold, starry night, and the air sometimes had a sweet smell – as if, I thought, it blew from an ice-cream factory.

1. Labour Party leader called the figures «tragic and terrible» and called for a debate in Parliament.

2. Brussels – EEC finance ministers agreed Monday to seek a common policy on the stabilising of interest rates before the economic summit conference scheduled for July in Ottawa.

3. Some Planning Ministry officials favour an income tax not because the government needs the money, but because they believe Kuwaitis should understand the relationship between effort and reward.

4. Bonn – Under mounting political pressure to do something to stimulate West Germany’s slumping economy, the Bonn government Wednesday announced a series of incentives to boost business investment, particularly in energy and new technology fields.

5. Government cutbacks in state spending have badly hit local authorities, and most have started big cutbacks, including layoffs that have worsened unemployment currently at 2.06 million, or 8.5 per cent of the work force.

6. Yesterday’s proceedings were an antiquated farce, enjoyed by no one, and serving little purpose. The sensible way to wrap up a parliamentary session would surely be to vote a closure on the last day of the summer term.

7. Few other international problems have such a complex structure or such wide repercussions.

Упражнение 5

1. There was an empty bottle by the side of the bed, which had contained milk, and in a piece of newspaper a few crumbs. 2. The driver was a broad-faced man who looked like the captain of a liner. 3. When he was in hospital she could not get permission to visit him. 4. The boy Roger sprawled on the mat near the door. 5. He rattled on telling anecdote after anecdote. 6. All through the afternoon he had been torn by a sorrow his brother did not know. 7. Her face had the hardness of a face on a coin. 8. Don’t be liar enough to say that you like it. 9. She spoke of cars with the lyrical intensity that other people gave to spring, or the first snow drop. 10. Finally I came down with pneumonia. My mother took me home to nurse me. While I was getting over the pneumonia I decided what I was going to do. 11. He was playing with the dog’s ears who had established himself by the bed. 12. I have to go up to town on Tuesday to see a man. 13. He became secretary of the society he founded. 14. Iron is the bread of industry, nickel is the meat. 15. It was a cheerful place in which to pass a wet March afternoon. 16. They went out and saw that dawn was breaking. 17. He took him for a ride in twilight. 18. If she could feel hunger and thirst, heat and cold, then she could feel love and love for a man. Well, he was a man. And why could he not be the man? 19. For a long time I had longed for a machine that could move at a speed of seventy miles an hour. 20. It was a sunny day full of the sound of bees. 21. He stepped out into the twilight and breathed the pure air. 22. Gerda doesn’t know art from a coloured photograph. 23. In the street in front of the houses there was nothing but dust and hard brick and cars and dirty children.

1. Frankfurt – the Bundesbank said Thursday that it does not see any room for a retreat from its tight credit policies despite an economic downturn, which has spurred repeated calls for lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and fight unemployment.

2. The 750 delegates from 400 branches of the Soviet of Civil and Public Servants, representing 100,000 Civil Service executives, will almost certainly endorse a well-planned campaign of sharp industrial action to win a claim over three times the limit set by the Tory government.

3. All this boiled down to a demand, not yet explicitly stated, for a program of aid and reconstruction the scale being planned for Europe at that time by the incipient Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC).

4. The coalition began campaigning for a tax to get at excessive oil profits early last fall.

5. It is time for a decision: without it, in the end, there will be no possible solution.

6. Washington – Twenty-four American political figures, most of them of Irish ancestry, Tuesday urged an end to «the fear and the terrorism and the bigotry» in Northern Ireland and proposed that the administration find a way to promote a peaceful settlement of the conflict.

7. Certainly there was little evidence that he would be able to shift the State Secretary from his fundamental lack of enthusiasm for the project.

Упражнение 6

1. «Do you know where he’s staying?» «At the Bristol». 2. Mr. Robinson arrived at London airport from New York yesterday on his way to the Soviet Union. 3. Usually he used to read a few articles out of the «Time» or the «Newsweek». 4. When last heard from he was at the University of Berlin. 5. They drove up to the main terminal – a brightly lighted, air-conditioned Taj-Mahal. 6. The «Friedrich Weber» was a freighter sailing from Hamburg to Colombo. 7. The lady talked bad French at the top of her voice. 8. There’s a good film at the Regal Cinema this week. 9. Andy grinned from ear to ear. 10. In the dining-room the child Terry was howling at the top of his voice. 11. The boy Roger had arrived home with measles; his mother blessed the measles that brought him home. 12. The Adamses were pleasant people with a large family. 13. «Is your father a businessman?» «Not really. He is a professor». «A teacher?» she asked with a note of disappointment. «Well, he is a kind of authority, you know. People consult him». «About health? Is he a doctor?» «Not that sort of doctor. He is a doctor of engineering, though». 14. It is necessary indeed to go back to the middle of the nineteenth century, when an industrious and intelligent man called Sibert Mason, who had been head gardener at a grand place in Sussex and had married the cook, bought with his savings and hers a few acres north of London and set up as a market gardener. 15. Aunt Milly was an enthusiastic liberal; my mother was a patriotic, true-blue conservative. 16. Hour after hour struck, and still he wandered on and on from room to room, from house to house, from corridor to corridor. 17. Margie soon came down with the grippe and was very hard to deal with. 18. As we were returning up the street, a cat darted out from one of the houses in front of us. Montmorency gave a cry of joy and flew after his prey. His victim was a large black Tom. I never saw a larger cat, nor a more disreputable-looking cat. It was a long, sinewy-looking animal. It had a calm contented air about it.

1. Tokyo – Japan Tuesday announced a broad plan to boost its sagging but still powerful economy, including more public works spending, aid for industries and a drive to export more industrial plant. The measures are designed in part to reduce reliance on exports for economic growth.

2. The disclosure that a Pulitzer Prize-winning account had been fabricated has focused attention on the steps a newspaper or a broadcast station takes to verify a story when a reporter says the main participants cannot be identified.

3. Washington – Justice Department officials are developing a package of legislative proposals to increase the federal government’s ability to fight violent crime.

4. A just and durable Mideast peace cannot be achieved piecemeal, or by exclusion of any of the parties. The U.S. Administration is playing this game by playing one against the other – with dangerous results for a just and lasting peace in the Mideast.

5. Bonn – An era has ended in West Germany. It lasted for 30 years and it was called «industrial peace».

6. An array of cheap government loans and services were made available to encourage investment in industry.

7. Washington – Well over a year ago, the West German paper Die Welt suggested that the U.S. President propose a tax on consumption, such as a value-added tax (VAT) or national sales tax.

Упражнение 7.

1. Интересно, что премьер-министр собирается делать со всем этим? 2. Мы сделали то немногое. что в наших силах. 3. Полковник Смит – наш большой друг. 4. Ну, он, конечно, не Шекспир... 5. Нагрейте воду до температуры 75°. 6. Эта женщина – вдова генерала. 7. Архитектор Андерсон был одним из лучших выпускников Академии. 8. Поторопись! Мы должны вернуться к рассвету. 9. Я ушел из дому холодным зимним утром. 10. Вас хочет видеть некий мистер Смит. 11. Он выпускник Гарвардского университета. 12. Я 7 лет проработал клерком в конторе. 13. Из открытой двери доносились звуки музыки. 14. Профессор Браун в больнице: у него сегодня сложная операция. 15. По воскресеньям мы всегда ходили в церковь. 16. Я выбрал книгу, в которой рассказывалось об истории моей родины. 17. В темноте он наткнулся на кровать, стоявшую в углу комнаты. 18. Доктор запретил мне вставать с постели до четверга. 19. Я не люблю людей, которые рассказывают посторонним о своей личной жизни. 20. В 1967 г. он был назначен редактором местной газеты. 21. Корабль «Куин Элизабет» недавно вернулся из кругосветного плавания. 22. В полночь раздался крик совы. 23. Все семейство собралось за унылым завтраком. 24. Энди улыбнулся от уха до уха. 25. На следующий день я слег с воспалением легких. 26. Эти данные я взял из «Нью сайентист». 27. Его слова напомнили мне об одном фильме, который я видел. 28. Как известно, Волга впадает в Каспийское море. 29. Его религия не позволяет ему иметь вторую жену. 30. Французы – очень любопытная нация.

Часть II