Грамматический справочник, материалы к контрольным работам и зачетам
Грамматический справочник, материалы к контрольным работам и зачетам
по английскому языку для студентов-юристов заочного отделения
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МОДУЛЬ 1
СТРУКТУРА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Структура русского и английского предложения отличается, прежде всего, порядком слов.
Порядок слов в английском предложении строго фиксирован и соответствует модели
S+ V+O (КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО).
Где S- подлежащее (отвечает на вопрос кто? что?), V-сказуемое (что делает?) и O- дополнение (отвечает на вопросы косвенных падежей).
Способы выражения членов предложения частями речи.
| Члены предложения | Части речи | Примеры |
| Подлежащее ( S) | Существительное Личное местоимение Числительное Инфинитив Герундий | Students study at the University. A student takes a new course. The student passed the exam. She lives in London. Two multiplies two … To live means to study. Smokingmakes harm for your health. |
| Сказуемое (V) - глагольное - составное глагольное сказуемое - составное именное сказуемое Конструкция There be | Глагол Глагол + инфинитив To be+ · cyществительное, · прилагательное, · числительное, · наречие, · предлог | Students study at the University. They have many classes every day. I like to read books. He can speak English. Sheis an A-student. Heis smart. Weare twenty. Iam well. They are out. There aremany students in the classroom. |
| Дополнение (O) | Существительное- Объектное местоимение Числительное Инфинитив и причастие (в конструкции Complex Object) Герундий | They study Law. I see him in the street. Five plus three makes eight. I want him to know this rule. I have my car repaired. I like his reading. |
Функции глаголов to be и to have в предложении.
Упражнение 1
Определите тип сказуемого, обращая внимание на разные функции глаголов to be и to have.
- 3Mr. Flemming is an attorney, a member of American Bar Association.
- He had to pass Bar Exam to be an attorney.
- He has been practising criminal law for many years.
- Now Mr. Flemming has his own law firm.
- He is a senior partner.
- He has to have his team to prepare cases for hearing.
- He has to represent his clients in court.
- Mr. Flemming is to meet his clients before hearing cases.
- Not long ago he was invited to take part in International Conference in Austria.
Предлоги перед существительными в английском предложении выполняют функцию падежных окончаний существительных в русском языке. Отсутствие предлога перед существительным говорит о том, что оно является или подлежащим, (если стоит перед сказуемым), или прямым дополнением (если стоит после сказуемого).
Английские предлоги, соответствующие падежным
Окончаниям существительного в русском языке
- Именительный - подлежащее
- Родительный - of
- Дательный - to
- Винительный - место в предложении
- Творительный - by, with
- Предложный - about
Словосочетания
Трудность перевода словосочетаний типа a stone wall, a five-star concrete and glass hotel с английского на русский заключается в том, что только последнее слово (базовое существительное) переводится существительным, а все стоящие перед ним слова являются определением к нему и переводятся в соответствии с нормами русского языка.
Например N + N = a stone wall = каменная стена
N + N + N = a concrete and glass hotel
определения базовое сущ. отель из стекла и бетона
Adj N + N = warm waterport
определения базовое сущ. незамерзающий порт
Num + N + N + N + Adj + N = a five star concrete and glass modernhotel = пяти-звездный стеклянный бетонный современный отель (сделанный из стекла и бетона).
Упражнение 2
Найдите базовое существительное и его определения.
1. on verb dand dist of visit dash of start
2. at the start visit of dist dand verb of visit start verb dand
3. for the dist of the visit start verb dand of the dist
4. to the start dand verb dist transport of the start
5. by a ronk ronk with the ronk ronks at the ronk
6. about a dash dash dist for the dist dist dist to the dash
7. dash to the dist dash dist by the dist dist dist dash
8. for the start transport with transport start of the transport
9. a start dist dash at verb verb dist for dash
10. dashs to the dist verb start of the dash transport ronk for start
Интернациональная лексика.
Упражнение 3
Дайте эквиваленты следующим интернациональным словам.
Agent, argument, sphere, memorandum, object, partner, terror, veto, conference, convention, organ, sort, status, state, individual, private, group, element, presidium, Congress, address, visit, visa, project, Parliament, recruit, stimulus, decade , doctrine, base, culture, debate, nature, perspective, race, declaration, structure, consul, document, respondent, contract.
Упражнение 4
Переведите словосочетания с интернациональными словами, не пользуясь словарем.
Tour agent, logical argument, long- term valid contract, legal document, final –year journalism student, black- and-white documentary film, legal status, thesis statement, computer based programme, government- made laws, penal system, hallucinatory drugs, eight- man jury, prison terms, business press, Presidential Press Secretary, state Вar President, Bar Committee, Criminal court, a few government officials, oral arguments, military action, political problems, home policy, criminal police, practical politics, local politics, authority, civil servant.
Упражнение 5
Переведите словосочетания.
1. A white -snow five deck ship, a long term agreement, a red brick university, a newly born child, a shuttle bus, a warm water port, a wall stone, a benefit system, a return first-class ticket, a well equipped modern advertising agency, old- fashioned gas stove, over-made -up main structure, short-cropped jet black hair, aggressive body language, half-full glass, first-floor flat, a unisex barbershop, blue and narrow-eyed man.
2. Sentence of nine months imprisonment, a jail sentence, penal system, Scotland Yard Drugs Squad, forensic lab people, yellow crime scene tape, law enforcement agencies, first Deputy Department Chief, USA administration’s 7000 million dollar 2012 foreign aid budget, a drug possession charge.
1 2 3
1. КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО.
1 2 3 4
2. КТО вдоль чего-то ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3. КТО (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО.
1 2 4 5 6 7
4. Сделанный КТО (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5. Сделанный КТО (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО, (сделанное из чего-то).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6.Сделанный КТО (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то ДЕЛАЕТ делающее ЧТО (сделанное
из чего-то).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7. Сделанный КТО (делающий что-то) (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то ДЕЛАЕТ
9 10 11 12
делающее ЧТО (сделанное из чего-то).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8. (Делая что-то), сделанный КТО (делающий что-то) (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то
10 11 12 13 14
ДЕЛАЕТ делающее ЧТО (сделанное из чего-то).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9.(Делая что-то), сделанный КТО (делающий что-то) (с деланием что-то) вдоль чего-то
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
ДЕЛАЕТ делающее ЧТО (сделанное из чего-то) (чтобы сделать к чему-то).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10. (Как-то делая что-то), как-то сделанный КТО (делающий как-то что-то) (с деланием
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
как-то что-то) вдоль чего-то как-то ДЕЛАЕТ как-то делающее ЧТО (сделанное как-то
21 22 23 24
из чего-то) (чтобы сделать как-то к чему-то).
Упражнение 9
Разберите структуру предложений в соответствии с формальными признаками (порядок слов, окончания, артикли, предлоги).
1.The 1 2 the 3.
2.The 1 along the 2 3 the 4.
3.The 1 with 2ing the 3 along the 4 5 the 6.
4.The 1ed 2 with 3ing the 4 along the 5 6 the 7.
5.The 1ed 2 with 3ing the 4 along the 5 6 the 7 8ed from the 9.
6.The 1ed 2 with 3ing the 4 along the 5 6 the 7ing 8 9ed from the 10.
7.The 1ed 2 3ing the 4 with 5ing the 6 along the 7 8 the 9ing 10 11ed from the 12.
8.1ing the 2, the 3ed 4 5ing the 6 with 7ing the 8 along the 9 10 the 11ing 12 13ed from the 14.
9.1ing the 2, the 3ed 4 5ing the 6 with 7ing the 8 along the 9 10 the 11ing 12 13ed from the 14 to 15 for the 16.
10.1ly 2ing the 3, the 4ly 5ed 6 7ing 8ly the 9 with 10ing 11ly the 12 along the 13 14ly 15 the 16ly 17ing 18 19ed 20ly from the 21 to 22 23ly for the 24.
Упражнение 10
Разберите структуру предложений в соответствии с формальными признаками (порядок слов, окончания, артикли, предлоги).
1. The 1 2 the 3.
2.The 1 at the 2 3 the 4.
3.The 1 to 2 the 3 at the 4 5 the 6.
4.The 1 to 2 the 3 at the 4 5 the 6, 7ing the 8.
5.The 1 to 2 the 3 with 4ing the 5 at the 6 7 the 8, 9ing the 10.
6.The 1 to 2 the 3 with 4ing the 5 at the 6 7 the 8 9ing on the 10, 11ing the 12.
7.The 1 2ed to the 3 to 4 the 5 with 6ing the 7 at the 8 9 the 10 11ing on the 12, 13 ing the 14.
8.The 1 2ed to the 3ing 4 to 5 the 6 with 7ing the 8 at the 9 10 the 11 12ing on the 13, 14ing the 15.
9.The 1ed 2 3ed to the 4ing 5 to 6 the 7 with 8ing the 9 at the 10 11 the 12 13ing on the 14, 15ing the 16.
10.The 1ly 2ed 3 4ed 5ly to the 6ing 7 to 8 9ly the 10 with 11ing 12ly the 13 at the 14 15ly 16 the 17 18ly 19ing on the 20, 21ly 22ing the 23.
Упражнение 11
Разберите структуру предложений в соответствии с формальными признаками (порядок слов, окончания, артикли, предлоги).
1 2 3
1. The verb dist the dand.
1 2 3 4
2. The dand at the dist verb the dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6
3. The dist to verb the dand at the dist dand the verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4. The verb to dist the dand at the verb dist the dand, verbing the dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5. The dand to dist the verb with danding the dist at the verb dand the dist, verbing the dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6. The dist to dand the verb with disting the dand at the verb dist the dand verbing on the dist,
11 12
danding the verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7. The verb danded to the dist to verb the dand with disting the verb at the dand dist the verb
11 12 13 14
danding on the dist, verbing the dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8. The dand verbed to the disting dand to verb the dist with danding the verb at the dist dand
11 12 13 14 15
the verb disting on the dand, verbing the dist.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9. The disted dand verbed to the disting dand to verb the dist with danding the verb at the dist
11 12 13 14 15 16
dand the verb disting on the dand, disting the verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10. The verbly disted dand verbed distly to the danding verb to dist dandly the verb
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
with disting verbly the dand at the dist dandly verb the dist verbly danding on the dist,
21 22 23
verbly danding the dist.
Упражнение 12
Проанализируйте структуру предложений и найдите ядерную конструкцию
«КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО».
1. On 1ing 2ly the 3 the 4 5ly 6 the 7 8ly 9ed in the 10.
2. 1ing the 2, the 3 4 the 5ly 6ed 7.
3. The 1 2ed for the 3 on 4ing the 5 6 7ly the 8ly 9ed 10 to 11 12ly the 13 14ing in the 15.
4. 1ing at the 2, the 3 with 4ing 5ly the 6 7 the 8 in the 9 10ed in the 11 to 12 the 13 14ed through the 15 after the 16.
5. The 1ly 2ed 3 with 4ing the 5 6ed from the 7 8 the 9 10ing on the 11, 12ing in the 13 14ing in the 15 at the 16 into the 17.
6. 1ing to the 2, the 3 4ly 5 the 6 7ed from the 8 in the 9 on the 10 with 11ing the 12 to 13 the 14 in the 15 16ed in the 17 before 18ing from the 19 to the 20.
7. The 1ing 2 3ing the 4 after the 5 6ly 7 with 8ing the 9 to 10 the 11 in the 12ed 13 14ly 15ing on the 16ed 17 along the 18.
8. 1ing on the 2 at the 3 the 4ed 5 through 6ing the 7 8ly 9 the 10 to 11 to the 12 on the 13 among the 14ed 15.
9. The 1ed 2 with 3ing 4ly the 5 6 the 7 about the 8 9ed in the 10 11ed from the 12 on the 13 at the 14 15ed 16ly on the 17 from the 18.
10. The 1ly 2ed 3 4 the 5.
Упражнение 13
Проанализируйте структуру предложений и найдите ядерную конструкцию
«КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ЧТО».
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.On visiting visitly the visit the visit visitly visits the visit visitly visited in the visit.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2.Dashing the dash, the dash dashes the dashly dashed dash.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.The verb verbed for the verb on verbing the verb verb verbly the verbly verbed verb
11 12 13 14 15
to verb verbly the verb verbing in the verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4.Disting at the dist, the dist with disting distly the dist dist the dist in the disted dist
11 12 13 14 15
to dist the dist disted through the dist after the dist.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5.The dandly danded dand with danding the dand danded from the dand dand the dand
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
danding on the dand, danding in the dand danding in the dand at the dand to the dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
6.Visiting to the dand, the verb distly visit the dand visited from the verb in the dist on the visit
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
with danding the verb to dist the visit in the dand verbed in the dist before visiting
20 21
from the dand to the verb.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7.The verbing dand disting the visit after the verb dandly verb with dasting the visit to dand
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
the verb in the visited dist dandly verbing on the visited dist along the dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.Danding on the visit at the dist, the verbed visit through danding the verb distly visit
10 11 12 13 14 15
the dand to verb to the verb on the visit among the disted dand.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9.The disted dand with visiting verbly the dist dand the visit about the verb disted in the dand
11 12 13 14 16 17 18
visited from the dand on the verb at the dist danded verbly on the visit from the dist.
1 2 3 4 5
10.The visitly disted dand verb the serpantin.
Типы сказуемых
1.The 1 2 the 3. - Глагольное сказуемое в активе.
2.The 1is 2ed by the 3. - Глагольное сказуемое в пассиве.
3.The 1 is the 2. - Составное именное сказуемое с глаголом to be.
4. There is а1 in the 2. - С оборотом «имеется».
Упражнение 14
Проанализируйте структуру предложения и определите тип сказуемого.
1. The 1 at the 2 over the 3 4 the 5 for the 6 without the 7.
2.The 1 at the 2 over the 3 is the 4 for the 5 without the 6.
3. There is 1 at the 2 over the 3 for the 4 without the 5.
4. The 1 at the 2 over the 3 is 4ed for the 5 without the 6.
5. Under the 1 2 of the 3 4 there are 5 6 7s of the 8 9 on 10.
6.Under the 1 2 of the 3 4 the 5 6 7 8 was the 9 10 11 on 12.
7. Under the 1 2 of the 3 4 the 5 6 7 8 will be 9ed by the 10.
8.Under the 1 2 of the 3 4 by the 5 6s the 7 8 will be 9ing.
9. A 1 2 the 3 4 5 or 6 7 8 of any 9 10s of 11 in the 12s.
10.There are many 1 2 3 4 5s in every 6 7 of our 8 9s in 10.
11. Their 1 was a 2 3 of some 4 5 6 7s by the 8 9s of its 10.
12. Their 1 2 a 3 4 of some 5 6 7s by the 8 9.
13. Their 1 for some 2 3 4s of the 5 6s on sixth 7 8 9s.
14. For some 1 2 3s of the 4 5s their 6 have been 7ed by 8 9s.
15. For some 1 2 3s of the 4 5s their 6 have 7ed by the 8 9.
16. They 1 its 2 on the 3 4 of this 5 6 7 between the 8 and 9.
Упражнение 15
Найдите грамматическую основу предложений, определите тип и форму сказуемого.
1. There is a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10ly 11ed on the 12 13 14 15 16.
2. 1 2 3 is a 4 5 6 7 8ed in 9ing 11 12s.
3. 1 has always 2ed and 3 4 5 6 7.
4. Despite the 1 of 2 to 3 4 and 5 from the 6 of 7, the 8 has not 9ed enough to 10 11 12.
5. 1 2 were 3 and 4 5ed as a 6 7 8ed 9 10ing 11 and 12ing 13, 14ing 15 of the 16 17.
6. A 1 2 3 4 5ed on 6 7 for 8ing at the 9 on 10 11 12ly 13ed 14 as 15 was being 16ed in for 17ing.
7. Having 1ed during 2ing a 3 4 5 6 was 7ed by 8 9 yesterday.
8. 1 2 3 4ed on 5 6ing 7 from 8 9 have 10ed and 11 has 12ed his 13.
9. In1, it is 2 to 3 one’s 4 before 5ing 6 and some 7 8.
10. Since there is no 1 like the 2, 3 4ed it was 5 to 6 the 7.
МОДУЛЬ 2
ВИДОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
(Verb) Кто
(уже час)
Кто (с 2 до 3)
Кто
Кто (обычно) (уже)
Что (обычно)
Что
(уже)
Что (с 2 до3)
Найдите соответствие русских предложений, стрелочек и глаголов с параллелограммом Милашевича.
1. Автобус везет людей.
2. Мне сделали операцию.
3. Операции делаются опытными хирургами.
4. Студенты переводят текст.
5. Текст уже был переведен.
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Пишу (с 2 до 3), написал (уже), писал (вчера), уже было написано, писали (с 2 до 3), переписали (уже), построили (уже), строили (обычно).
 |
have
Been -ing
Be -ing
have
S, -es; ed (2ф) -ed (3ф)
be –ed (3ф)
have
Been
Ed (3ф)
Be being –ed (3ф)
Формы глаголов «to be» и «to have»
| Настоящее | Прошедшее | Будущее | |
| I you, we, they she, he, it | am are is | was were was | will be |
| Настоящее | Прошедшее | Будущее | |
| I you, we, they she, he, it | have have has | had | will have |
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Модуль 3
Неличные формы глагола
Причастие и герундий
Причастие и герундий (Participle & Gerund)–неличные формы глагола, не имеющие категории времени, числа, лица.
Причастие обозначает признак предмета по действию. В предложении может выполнять функции определения, обстоятельства.
Причастие II имеет форму –Ved (III)
Герундий обозначает название процесса или действия. В предложении может выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения, определения и обстоятельства.
Формы герундия и причастия I совпадают:
V + ing = reading, crying
 |
having
-ed (3форма)
V-ing
being -ed (3форма)
having
been -ed (3ф)
Запомните!
Герундий отличается от причастия I:
- Функциями в предложении;
- Наличием предлога или притяжательного местоимения.
Функции в предложении
Подлежащее
Именная часть сказуемого
ГЕРУНДИЙ Дополнение
Обстоятельство (с предлогом)
Определение (с предлогом)
Обстоятельство (без предлога)
ПРИЧАСТИЕ Определение (без предлога)
Упражнение 1
Определить грамматическое значение неличных форм глагола ( актив-пассив, характер действия)
| 1) asked asking being asked having asked having been asked with asking |
| 2) dictated dictating having dictated being dictated having been dictated |
| 3) having dictated being dictated dictated without dictating having been dictated dictating |
| 4) on discussing having discussed having been discussed discussed being discussed |
| 5) having transported having been transported before transporting on having been transported |
Инфинитив
Инфинитив(Infinitive) - неопределенная форма глагола, отвечающая на вопрос «Что (c)делать», не имеющая времени, числа, лица.
 |
to be -ing
to V to have
-ed (3форма)
to have to be -ed (3форма)
been -ed (3ф)
Упражнение 4
Определите грамматическое значение инфинитива (актив-пассив, характер действия)
| 1) to be asking to have asked to have been asked to ask to be asked to have been asking |
| 2) to be dictating to have dictated to have been dictated to dictate to be dictated |
| 3) to discuss to have discussed to be discussing to be discussed to have been discussed |
| 4) to be informed to inform to have informed to be informing to have been informed |
| 5) to be cooked to have cooked to have been cooked to be cooked to cook |
Упражнение 5
Определите личные и неличные формы глагола
1) To book, with booking, booked, has booked, books, to have been booked, having been booked, have been booked, is booking, without booking, being booked, was booked.
2) Were presenting, will present, to be presented, presented, am presenting, will have presented, is being presented, to present, presents, on presenting, to have been presenting.
3) On leaving, to have been leaving, have been leaving, should leave, has been left, left, to leave, having left, leaves, are left, to be leaving.
4) Will be written, to be written, being written, wrote, will write, to write, writes, having written, will have been written, writing, are written, have written, upon writing, was being written, .
Способы перевода инфинитива
| 1. To choose an exotic country to have a rest is a very difficult task. | Выбор экзотической страны для отдыха -очень трудная задача. |
| 2. His aim was to survive in a foreign country. | Его цель была выжить в чужой стране. |
| 3. A travel agent should find a proper route for his clients. | Турагент должен подобрать наилучший маршрут для своих клиентов. |
| 4. Tourists try to visit as many places of interest as possible. | Туристы стараются увидеть как можно больше достопримечательностей. |
| 5. Travelers are afraid to be bitten by poisonous snakes. | Путешественники боятся укусов ядовитых змей. |
| 6. To be solved by them the problem must not be difficult. | Для того чтобы они решили эту задачу, она не должна быть трудной. |
| 7. He had to be brought to the ancient castle. | Его должны были доставить к старинному замку. |
| 8. The return ticket to be booked is very expensive. | Билет в оба конца, который должны заказать, – очень дорогой. |
| 9. We were the first guests to have been accommodated in a new five-star hotel. | Мы были первыми постояльцами, которых должны были разместить в новом пятизвездочном отеле. |
| 10. We were curious to learn about the way of life of young Americans. | Нам было любопытно познакомиться с образом жизни молодых американцев. |
Упражнение 6
Составьте предложения с этими сказуемыми и переведите их на русский язык.
….must be reading
…may have read
…should have been read
…might have been reading
…could be read
…can read
…can’t have been read
…is to read
…was to read
…was allowed to be read
…had to be read
…has to read
…was able to read
…will be able to read
…was to be read
…must have been read
…can translate
…could translate
…was to translate
…was able to translate
…was allowed to translate
…was allowed to be translated
…should translate
…should have been translated
…was to translate
…had to be translated
…must be translating
…may have been translating
…could have been translated
…can’t have translated
…can’t have been translated
Упражнение 7
Найдите общее в структуре предложений в каждой колонке и проанализируйте отличия между ними.
| He is believed to be right. | I believe him to be right. |
| She was seen to cross the street. | I saw her cross the street. |
| They are thought to be good specialists. | We think them to be good specialists. |
| He is known to have been abroad. | She knows him to have been abroad. |
| The tickets are expected to be bought in advance. | He expects them to buy tickets in advance. |
COMPLEX SUBJECT
| S + be V – ed + to V passive 1. say (said), report, inform, declare, announce, state 2. see, hear, feel, watch, notice 3. know, think, believe, consider, find, mean, expect, suppose, regard, admit, assume, presume, predict, understand 4. make | He is said to play tennis. (Говорят, что он играет в теннис). She was announced to be the winner. The plan is reported to have been discussed. That man has never been seen to smile, he is so reserved. Soon he was heard to open the front door. He is supposed to be leaving tonight. She is believed to be a clever girl. Her father was thought to have died long ago. He was made to book tickets in advance. (Его заставили забронировать билеты заранее) |
| S + V to V active 1. seem, appear, prove, turn out, happen 2. be likely((вероятно), be unlikely(мало вероятно), be sure(несомненно), be certain(безусловно, определенно) | We all seem to like this voyage. (Кажется, нам всем нравится это морское путешествие.) I didn’t seem to have understood our guide correctly. It proved to be an exciting journey. He turned out to be an experienced diving instructor. Do you happen to know Jane Crooks, a well-known explorer of the Universe? They seem to have been living on water and bread for a month. He is likely to return soon. (Вероятно, он скоро вернется). The tourists are sure to return to the hotel in due time. |
Упражнение 8
Поставьте инфинитив в нужную форму.
1. She seems to (read) books a lot.
2. She seems to (read) a book now.
3. She seems to (read) a book already.
4. She seems to (read) a book since two o’clock.
5. The book seems to (read).
6. The book seems to (read) already.
7. Jane is sorry (to break) a cup.
8. We were happy (to do) all the work in advance.
9. I am glad (to communicate) with him for a long time.
10. The students are likely (to meet) by the representatives of the home University.
11. The student managed (to pass) a difficult exam.
12. He pretended (to sleep).
13. My friend seems (to lose weight).
14. I forgot (to take) an umbrella yesterday.
15. We decided (not to buy) a car.
16. The students appear (to wait) for the professor.
17. Not many people can afford (to visit) a foreign country.
18. One day I hope (to go) to Egypt.
19. I would like to learn (to swim) at last!
20. The project was agreed (to accept).
Упражнение 9
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкции с инфинитивом.
1. She is said to visit this fitness club.
2. He was said to study national customs and traditions of many English-speaking countries.
3. They are said to have conquered some mountain peaks.
4. They were said to be going sight-seeing for a week.
5. You are said to do a bit of yoga.
6. A famous explorer was known to have written that article about safari in South Africa.
7. That big elephant was reported to have been shot in the jungles.
8. English Rivera is considered to be the place admired by the majority of English people.
9. The weather is unlikely to change in the near future.
10. He proved to be a bold free rider.
11. The boat is reported to be passing the Channel.
12. Our journey proved to come to the end.
13. Do you happen to know the way to the railway station?
14. The Pyramids are thought to have been erected by aliens with the help of special devices.
15. The Kremlin is sure to be the glory of the ancient Russian architecture.
16. The Beatles are unlikely to be forgotten by rock-music fans of forthcoming generations.
17. He was made to open his trunk in the customs area.
18. Our flight seems to be delayed for three hours.
19. VAT refund is certain to be got in a special office in the airport before registration.
20. Their flight has been announced to arrive in due time.
COMPLEX OBJECT
| 1. see watch observe look notice feel hear listen to smell | smb/smth | V V-ing V-ed | him change the wheel;(Я видел, что… ) I sawhim changing the wheel; (Я видел; I want youкак… ) the wheel changed (by him) (Я видел, что колесо было заменено им). | ||||
| 2. want wish like dislike prefer would like desire intend love hat | smb/smth | to V V-ed | I want you to answer the question. I want the question answered at once. | ||||
| 3. know find think guess consider expect believe rely (on) suppose understand | smb/smth | to-V V-ed | I guess him to go shopping now. I find the hotel (to be) comfortable. I consider our trip finished. | ||||
| 4. order command allow tell ask beg | smb | to-V | The customs officer allowed me to proceed to the green corridor. He asked me to help him with packing his trunks. | ||||
| 5. keep, leave, set have, get make, let | smb smb/smth smb | V-ing V-ing V-ed V | Don’t keep me waiting. I’m in a hurry. Your words set me thinking about coming back home. I have my watch fixed.(Мои часы починили) She made me obey her.(Она заставила подчиниться ей). He made me declare that sum of money. Don’t let her walk at night in the strange city. Let’s go for a short walk after dinner. | ||||
Упражнение 10
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкции с инфинитивом.
1. I want you to visit as many foreign countries as possible.
2. I know him to have traveled a lot.
3. She knew him to have booked a single room in a three-star hotel.
4. They prefer her to stay with us in this country.
5. The tourists left their luggage to be brought upstairs.
6. Local traditions made mobility students think over their behavior in public.
7. Their words set me thinking about coming back home.
8. I consider our trip finished at last.
9. We guess her to go shopping now.
10. He made me declare some items.
Упражнение 11
Какое из русских предложений соответствует английскому?
ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Упражнение 1
Переведите предложения, используя знания о структуре предложения.
1.Suspended sentences are today introduced for the first time in the penal system in Britain.
2.Any court now passing a jail sentence of two years or less may suspend its operation for a period of between one and three years.
3.Quantities of the hallucinatory drug LSD worth $ 250,000 on the illicit market were found by Scotland Yard Drugs Squad men, a Bow Street magistrate was told yesterday. Six men and women who appeared on charges of possessing or receiving drugs were remanded for a week.
4.Sentence of nine months imprisonment was passed yesterday on Det. -Con. G.S. Dilley for assaulting a man being questioned at a police station.
5.Mr. H.S. Pears, prosecuting, said that while Mr. Bradshaw was being questioned, Dilley punched him a number of times. In May Dilley was fined on a charge of assault occasioning bodily harm.
6.An eight-man jury took only eight minutes to reach their verdict.
7.The appeals of 21 people convicted of assaulting a former U.S. Presidential Press Secretary seven years ago during anti-American demonstrations were rejected today by Tokyo High Court.
8.Prison terms ranging from eight to 18 months were imposed for assaulting Games C. Haggerty. He arrived in Tokyo in 1960 to prepare a visit by former President Eisenhower.
9.President Eisenhower's visit was later cancelled because of anti-American feeling. Mr. Haggerty, who had just flown in from Washington, was kept confined in his car for more than 20 minutes.
10.The defendants are reported to be planning appeals to the Supreme Court.
11.Six Madrid factory workers were seat to jail yesterday for taking part in street demonstrations a year ago. J. Santiago was sentenced to one year's jail, and five other men, to six month on charges of having demonstrated illegally.
12.The 585 draft resisters arrested during the week of demonstrations at the Whitehall Induction Center went on trial last week at the Criminal Court. They are charged with disorderly conduct and/or resisting arrest.
13.In the closing days of the last session of Congress, the discredited Subversive Activities Control Board was given a new lease on life and a blank check to expose for enclosure's sake and establish “a Register” of "Communist Action members, Communist Front and Infiltrated organizations".
14.Persons offending against the law are summoned before a court of law. The summons issued by a court states the charges moved against the offender by the persons suing him. When a defendant is brought before a court the charge is read out to him and he is asked whether he pleads guilty or not guilty. If he pleads guilty, he is sentenced by the court. If he pleads not guilty, .a jury of 12 persons must be formed and summoned to attend the court. When the jurors are sworn the trial proceeds.
15.The decision was expected to result in the dismissal of all charges against the Davises.
16.Most 10-year-old children are incapable understanding and waiving their own rights, much less those of their parents.
17.Some civil libertarians had compared the prosecution to the way Hitler enticed Germany's children to snitch on their parents by offering them rewards.
18.In oral arguments before the court, Atlanta lawyer Jay Boulding, who represented the Davises, had asked the justices to draw a bright line to make it clear that anyone under age 13 is not mature enough to consent to a search of his or someone else's property. The court, however, refused to go that far.
19.Prosecutors, who did not appear to argue the case, have not ruled out an appeal to the US Supreme Court when asked for comment, Douglas County District Attorney David McDaue responded:"Did they suggest what a 10-year-old should do when he finds drugs in his parents’ possession? I'm at a loss to give kids advice in the future."
20.They just wanted our family to snitch at each other and send each other to jail.
21.A juvenile court judge ruled that Darrin was not old enough to understand what he had done.
22.Guarino 71 was removed from the bench in November by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court for persistently punishing those who he felt were trying to get out of jury duty.
23.After getting the news, Guarino recessed a criminal trial and left the court house, reportedly in a state of shock. The judge could not be reached for comment.
24.Jeffrey Levy was punished last January for telling the judge he couldn't sit on a jury hearing a drug case because he is opposed to the criminalization of drugs.
25.Presser said there are ways for a judge to discipline prospective jurors who may be lying without violating their constitutional rights.
26.The duty of the US, attorney general is to seek justice without fear or favor.
27.To crack down on this hardened core of violent criminals you should draw a line leap in the sand.
28.Prosecution of white-collar crime and public corruption is important not only to punish illegal action, but also to send a powerful message to the public and potential law-breakers.
*Упражнение 2
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на их структуру.
1.Since late summer, the business press has been full of stories about hard times hitting law firms.
2. Big firms nationwide held down increases in starting salaries for new lawyers.
3. For Mark Peterson, an unemployed grocery clerk convicted for having sex with a woman suffering from multiple personalities disorder (MPD), the publicity has faded.
4. Now the spotlight has turned to the man who prosecuted him.
5. Paulus had joined Peterson’s attorney Mary, in asking Hawley to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial.
5. Both newspapers independently decided that they had to break their promise of confidentiality, and did so. The day the story ran, naming Cohen as its source, Cohen was fired from his job.
6. The duty of the U.S. attorney general is to seek justice without fear or favor.
7. The goal was to bring in challenging work.
8. Prosecution of white-collar crime and corruption is important not only to punish illegal action, but also to send a powerful message to the public and potential law-breakers.
9. If justice is to be done and be perceived to be done, it is essential that all who are touched by the functions you will supervise are certain that the rules to which they are subject are rules to all that apply.
2. Our law used to recognize litigation as a destructive thing and make people think twice about using it, except as a last resort.
3. The decision was expected to result in the dismissal of all charges against the Davises.
4. A committee appointed by the state bar president recommended changes in December that respond directly to weaknesses identified in the Murray and Arthur cases.
5. The bar committee, chaired by Richmond attorney W. Horsley also called for a «searching investigation» of the charges that some lawyers had failed to report Murray’s misconduct as required by ethics rules.
6. Virginia State Bar President William R.Rakes says he has been giving speeches to emphasize the obligation.
7. The changes being considered in Virginia are in line with recommendations contained in a comprehensive report adopted by the ABA’s House of Delegates in February 1992. Discipline reform, however, is likely to come slowly, state by state.
8. Lightning may not strike twice in the same place, but last year Virginia’s legal community was shocked twice by multimillion - dollar.
Стратегии понимания предложения, абзаца, текста:
1. Используйте значение других слов в предложении, (параграфе) и смысл предложения в целом, чтобы выбрать нужное значение слова.
2. Используйте грамматические и пунктуационные ключи, которые указывают на взаимоотношения слов в предложении.
3. Довольствуйтесь общим значением незнакомого слова; нет необходимости искать его точное определение или синоним.
4. Учитесь распознавать важные грамматические и пунктуационные ключи, которые могут изменить предложения.
| 1. I removed the _____ from the shelf and began to read. испо | book magazine paper newspaper | Набор предметов с полки, которые можно взять и прочитать, так что слово «книга» скорее всего придет на ум. Ассоциация между предметом и целью его использования так близка, что нетрудно догадаться о значении пропущенного слова. |
| 2. Harvey is a thief; he would _____ the gold from his grandmother’s teeth and not feel guilty. | steal take rob | Харви – вор. Вор крадет. Точка с запятой в английском языке показывает, что после нее идет объяснение предыдущей части предложения. |
| 3. Our uncle was a _____ an incurable wanderer, who never could stay in one place. | nomad roamer traveler drifter | Запятая в английском языке может обозначать синонимический род объясняемого слова. |
| 4. Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome person, Hogartty is quite_____. н | ugly homely рlain | Unlike сигнализирует, что в отличии от своего красивого брата, Хогарти некрасив. |
| 5. The Asia _____, like other apes is specially adapted for life in trees. | gibbon monkey аpe chimp | “Like” сигнализирует о том, что значения слов сходны. |
| 6. But surely everyone knows that if you step on an egg it will ______ . | break | Контекст однозначно подсказывает значение пропущенного слова. |
| 7. Tom got a new______ for his birthday. It is a sports model, red with white interior and bucket seats. | car | Контекст однозначно подсказывает значение пропущенного слова. |
Значение слов – сигналов.
Причинно-следственные связи: as a result of –
because of –
2. Начало и конец периода: from to (fill)
3. равнозначность обеих частей предположения “not only . . . but also”
4. указывает на то, что одно событие произошло вместо другого
Слова – сигналы
Условие, определяющее возможность наступления действия, следует за словами:
If
So long as если
Provided (that) при условии, что
Unless если не
1. Ifadditional objects are Если дополнительные цели
«political objects», they являются «политическими»,
must satisfy the statutory то они должны быть в рамках
requirements. закона.
2. So long as a trade union Если профсоюз отвечает
satisfies the requirements требованиям в отношении
as to the principal objects, главных целей, то он может
it may have any additional иметь любые дополнительные
objects provided that they цели при условии, чтоони
are lawful and authorized являются законными и
by its constitution. предусмотрены его уставом.
3. A strike is lawful unless Забастовка является законной,
its purposes and means are если ее цели и средства не
illegal. являются незаконными.
Высказывания, дополняющие и продолжающие мысль, содержат слова:
also and а также
Too again
as well (as) besidesдалее
similarly furtherкроме того
likewise (furthermore)более того
in addition (to) moreover
along withнаряду с
Together with
1. The principal objects of Главные цели профсоюза
a trade union are set out in изложены в его уставе.
its rules. Besides, it may Кроме того, он может
have some additional иметь и дополнител